specially built for him excited curiosity. This vehicle became associated with his name and was the forerunner of the modern "brougham." When not engaged in Parliament, Lord Brougham resided chiefly at Cannes, in the south of France. The growth and prosperity of this seaside resort is mainly due to Brougham, and he is kept in remembrance by a monument erected by the grateful inhabitants. He died there, May 7, 1868. He left a memoir of his Life and Times (3 vols., New York, 1871). Written in his old age, it contains exaggerated statements; while the partisan tone of his biographers is also unreliable. Consult his Works (11 vols., 1855-62), and Campbell, Lives of Lord Lyndhurst and Lord Brougham (London, 1869). Brougham's letters to James Loch, one of his early friends, were edited by R. H. M. Buddle Atkinson and G. A. Jackson and privately printed in London in 1908.

BROUGHAM, JOHN (1810-80). An Irish actor and playwright. He was born in Dublin, May 9, 1810. Educated as a surgeon, a reverse of the family fortunes led him to the London stage in 1830, where he achieved success as an actor and writer of light burlesque and collaborated with Dion_Boucicault in the comedy London Assurance. For a time he managed the London Lyceum, but moved in 1842 to the United States, where he became a member of the stock company of Burton's Theatre, in New York, for which he wrote several now-forgotten comedies. He then undertook the management of Niblo's Garden, and in 1850 opened Brougham's Lyceum (later Wallack's Theatre), an unsuccessful venture. Then he became manager of the Old Bowery Theatre and finally accepted an engagement at Wallack's and soon after at Burton's. For all these theatres he wrote dramas of ephemeral interest, such as Playing with Fire and The Game of Love. The years of the Civil War he passed in England. Returning to New York, he made another unsuccessful attempt in theatrical management. His last appearance on the stage was at Booth's Theatre, Oct. 25, 1879, and he died June 7, 1880, in New York City. He was the founder of the New York Lotos Club and for some time its president. He also launched a short-lived comic paper, The Lantern (1852), and published two volumes of miscellanies, A Basket of Chips (1855) and The Bunsby Papers. In all, he wrote about 100 plays, none of them noteworthy. BROUGHTON, brou'ton, HUGH (1549-1612). A Protestant Bible scholar. He was born at Owlbury, Shropshire, England, and educated at Cambridge. At an early age he distinguished himself as a Hebrew scholar. He was a Puritan preacher in London for a while, but deemed it prudent to retire to the Continent in 1589, because the bishops thought his views dangerous. Henceforth he went back and forth and from 1603 to 1611 was pastor of the English congregation at Middelburg, Holland. He died in London, Aug. 4, 1612. Though as early as 1593 he had projected a new translation of the Bible, and his fitness for the work was universally acknowledged, he was given no part in King James's Version. This was a great disappointment to him, and he criticised the version unsparingly. John Lightfoot, a still greater Hebrew scholar, edited his literary remains, with a life (London, 1662).

BROUGHTON, brou'ton, JOHN CAM HOBHOUSE, BARON (1786-1869). An English states

man and writer, the friend of Byron. He was born near Bristol, June 27, 1786. He was educated at Westminster and at Cambridge, where, in 1808, he obtained both the Hulsean prize and his B.A. degree, graduating M.A. in 1811. In 1809 he visited Spain, Portugal, Albania, Greece, and Turkey, with Byron. In 1813 he followed the allied armies and was present at the battle of Dresden and at Paris when Louis XVIII returned in 1814. When Napoleon escaped from Elba, Hobhouse again sought Paris, and the following year published the Hundred Days in Paris. The work, of Napoleonistic sympathies, gave great offense both in England and France. The translator and printer in Paris were sentenced to fine and imprisonment for an "atrocious libel." In 1816 he joined Byron near Geneva, and together they visited Venice and Rome. Early in 1819 he unsuccessfully contested the parliamentary borough of Westminster, but the following year he was elected by a large majority, his three months' imprisonment in Newgate for breach of privilege of the House of Commons through the publication of a political pamphlet having brought him popular sympathy. For 12 years he was an advocate of liberal measures, among them the repeal of the Test and Corporations acts and Roman Catholic emancipation. In 1831 he succeeded to his father's baronetcy, and in the same year was Secretary of War in the Grey ministry. Subsequently he was in the cabinet of Lord Melbourne and Lord John Russell as Chief Commissioner of Woods and Forests and President of the Board of Control. In 1851 he was raised to the peerage and created Baron Broughton. At his death, June 3, 1869, the title became extinct, while the baronetcy passed to his nephew. Lord Broughton published: Imitations and Translations from the Classics (1809); Journey through Albania and Other Provinces of Turkey (1812); Historical Illustrations of the Fourth Canto of Childe Harold (1818). As Byron's intimate friend he was dissuaded from replying to Lady Byron's Remarks, but wrote a manuscript, now in possession of Lady Dorchester, containing a "full and scrupulously accurate account of the separation, to be used if necessary." The British Museum has his diary, which he desired to be left unopened till 1900. Consult his Recollections of a Long Life, edited by his daughter Lady Dorchester (London, 1909).

BROUGHTON, PHYLLIS. An English actress, who began her career as a London musichall dancer and afterward gained popularity in light comedy. Among the plays in which she has appeared are: The Forty Thieves (1880); Whittington and his Cat (1881); Aladdin (1881); Paul Jones (1889); Marjorie (1890); Blue-eyed Susan (1892); In Town (1892); Gentleman Joe (1895).

BROUGHTON, RHODA (1840-1920). A popular English novelist. She was born in North Wales, but has spent much of her life in Oxford. Among her works, all of which are clever and entertaining, are: Cometh up as a Flower (1867); Not Wisely but too Well (1867); Red as a Rose is She (1870); Nancy (1873); Belinda (1883); Doctor Cupid (1886); Alas! (1890); Scylla or Charybdis (1895); Dear Faustina (1897); Foes in Law (1901); Lavinia (1902); The Devil and the Deep Sea (1910); Between Two Stools (1912).

BROUSSA, broos'à. See Brusa.

BROUSSAIS, brōo'sâ', FRANÇOIS JOSEPH VICTOR (1772-1838). A French physician. He was born at Saint-Malo, France, and was educated in the Dinan Public School. He volunteered at the outbreak of the Revolution, but ill health caused his discharge from the army. He then studied medicine under his father, who was a physician, and returned to the service with a surgeon's commission, being attached first to the army and later to the navy. In 1799 he began a course of medical study in Paris. From 1804 to 1808 he was again a surgeon in the army, and from 1808 to 1814 he was chief physician of a division of the French army in Spain. In 1820 he was appointed professor at the military hospital of Val-de-Grâce, in Paris, after serving as assistant professor. In 1830 he became professor of general pathology and therapeutics in the Faculty of Medicine in Paris and afterward was made a member of the Institute. In 1841 a statue was erected to his

memory in the court of Val-de-Grâce. Broussais's peculiar views are ably explained in his chief works-the Histoire des phlegmasies ou inflammations chroniques (1808) and Examen de la doctrine médicale généralement adoptée (1816)-which assert the following principles: No life is possible without excitation or irritation. As long as the excitation is evenly distributed throughout the organism and remains within certain limits of intensity, the processes of life go on in a normal physiological manner; but if the limits are exceeded, i.e., if excitation becomes either too strong or too weak, the result is a condition of disease. Disease, originally local and generally caused by local over-excitation, gradually spreads in the body by physiological sympathy and thus becomes general. The organs most subject to local over-excitement are the stomach and the intestines, and hence a great many general diseases are directly traceable to local disease of these organs. The historical importance of the theory lies in the fact that it has led to a careful study of physiological sympathies and of pathological anatomy and thus to the building up of modern medical science. Besides the works already mentioned, Broussais wrote: Traité de la physiologie appliquée à la pathologie (1824); Commentaires des propositions de pathologie consignées dans l'examen (1829); Le choléra morbus épidémique (1832). Consult Montègre, Notice historique sur la vie, les travaux et les opinions de Broussais (Paris, 1839), and Reis, Etude sur Broussais et sur son œuvre (Paris, 1869). See BROWN,

JOHN.

BROUSSON, broo'sôn', CLAUDE (1647-98). A French Protestant martyr. His house was the rendezvous of certain Protestant leaders, and he was compelled to fly from his native city (Toulouse), barely escaping into Switzerland. He ventured into France twice afterward, at great peril, to preach and give comfort to his coreligionists. Finally, in 1698, after a great price had been set on his head, he was caught, and on the flimsy charge of treason was sentenced to be broken on the wheel. He left a large number of works, including L'Etat des réformés de France (3 vols., 1685); Lettres pastorales (1697); Lettres et opuscules (1701). Consult Payne, The Evangelist of the Desert (1853).

BROUSSONET, broo'so'na', PIERRE MARIE AUGUSTE (1761-1807). A French naturalist. He received his doctorate when only 18 and

visited London, where he published his Ichthyologiæ Decas Prima (1782) and was made a member of the Royal Society. He returned to Paris in 1783, taught in the College of France, reorganized the Society of Agriculture, and in 1785 was made a member of the Academy of Sciences. He was elected to the Legislative Assembly, but under the Convention was suspected of being a Girondist and fled to Spain. He was physician to an embassy which the United States sent to Morocco and afterward was French consul at Teneriffe. In 1805 he was appointed professor of botany at Montpellier. Broussonet is stated to have first introduced the Angora goat and Merino sheep into France. He published many memoirs on botany and ichthyology, including: Ichthyologiæ decas prima (1782); Anneé rurale ou Calendrier (2 vols., 1787–88); Elenchus horti Monspeliensis (1805).

BROUWER,

brou❜er, or BRAUWER, ADRIAEN (c.1605-38). The greatest of Flemish genre painters, also a landscape painter of note. He was born at Oudenarde, and, according to a very probable tradition, was the son of a designer of tapestries, from whom he received his earliest instruction. An orphan at 16, he ran away to Antwerp, where he first studied from or under the influence of Pieter Breugel the Younger. He was present at the siege of Breda in 1625, practiced in Amsterdam in 1625-26, and in the latter year settled at Haarlem. Here he became a follower of Frans Hals. In the winter of 1631-32 he was again at Antwerp, where he was imprisoned in the citadel in 1633, probably on account of his Dutch sympathies, and afterward lived with the engraver Paulus Pontius until his death in 1638. A universal and wellfounded tradition records him as a jovial and dissipated character, whose favorite resort was the tavern. This view is confirmed by the subjects of his paintings, most of which represent tavern scenes and brawls. Such a life, however, did not prevent him from becoming one of the greatest painters the Netherlands ever produced. His works were highly esteemed during his lifetime, especially by his brother artists, on account of their remarkable technical qualities. His drawing is sure, and the rapidity with which in his drawings he notes expression, movement, and space is unsurpassed in the art of his country. His color is delicate and has fine atmospheric effect; his composition is always good. He exercised a dominant influence upon the peasant genre of the Netherlands, not only in Flanders, where Teniers the Younger was one of his followers, but also in Holland upon such painters as Adriaen van Ostade and Heemskerck.

Three periods of his art may be distinguished. An early period (1621-26), thoroughly Flemish in character and reminding somewhat of Pieter Breugel the Elder. This is best represented in the "Peasants of Moerdyck," formerly in the Kahn collection, Paris, and "Peasants Feasting," in the Schloss collection, Paris. The paintings of his second or Haarlem period (1627-31), dominated by Hals, show fresher color and bolder brushwork and are larger in size. They are excellently represented in the well-known "Smoker" of the Louvre, the life-size "Drinker" and the little "Smoker" in the Schloss collection, the well-known "Tavern Interior" of the Dulwich Gallery, and similar subjects in Munich and elsewhere. His third or Antwerp period (1632-38) shows stricter composition, brilliant

but careful execution, and finer characterization. Good examples are the scattered series of the "Seven Deadly Sins" and the "Five Senses," examples of which are at Munich, Paris, and Frankfort, and the fine "Quarreling Players" in Munich. His last surviving works are quieter in sentiment and deeper in psychology. They include: "The Politicians" (Schloss collection), "Spanish Soldiers at Dice" (Munich), and the well-known "Tavern Scene" (Haarlem). Among his portraits of himself the example in the gallery of The Hague is the finest. His striking originality is nowhere more brilliantly shown than in his landscapes, the inspiration for which he received while at Haarlem. In their broad execution and fine atmospheric effects they foreshadow the plein-air work of Constable (q.v) and of the painters of Barbizon (q.v.). Consult Bode, Great Masters of Dutch and Flemish Painting (New York, 1909); Schmidt-Degeener, Adriaen Brouwer (Brussels, 1908).

BROW'ER, DANIEL ROBERTS (1839-1909). An American physician, born in Philadelphia, Pa. He graduated at the Polytechnic College there in 1860, at the medical department of the University of Georgetown in 1864, and in that year was appointed assistant surgeon of United States Volunteers. From 1868 to 1875 he was medical superintendent of the Eastern Lunatic Asylum of Virginia (Williamsburg), and later became professor of nervous and mental diseases in the Rush Medical College of Chicago, Ill. He was also appointed professor of nervous diseases in the Woman's Medical College of the Northwestern University (Evanston) and in the Post-graduate Medical School. For several years he was editor of the Medical Journal, and he has published numerous monographs. He wrote A Practical Manual of Insanity for the Medical Student and General Practitioner (1902).

He

BROWN, AARON VENABLE (1795-1859). An American politician. He was born in Virginia, graduated at the University of North Carolina in 1814, and later removed to Tennessee. practiced law for a time in partnership with James K. Polk and was a member of Congress from 1839 to 1845, when he was elected Governor of Tennessee. In 1852 he was a delegate from Tennessee to the National Democratic Convention in Baltimore, where he reported the platform ultimately adopted by the Democratic party. From 1857 until his death he was Postmaster-General of the United States. His speeches were published in Nashville (1854).

BROWN, ADDISON (1830- ). An American lawyer and judge. He was born at West Newbury, Mass., and was educated at Harvard College and Law School, graduating from the latter in 1854. Admitted to the bar of New York in 1855, he practiced there with success until 1881, when he was appointed judge of the District Court of the United States for the Southern District of New York. This office he filled until 1901, when he resigned.

Judge Brown has also gained a reputation as a botanist. He was one of the founders of the New York Botanical Garden (1891) and published the following works: Illustrated Flora of the Northern United States and Canada (3 vols., 1896-98; new ed., 1913-with Nathaniel L. Britton); The Elgin Botanical Garden and its Relation to Columbia College and the New Hampshire Grants (1908). His judicial opinions, upward of 1800 in number, dealing largely with the law of shipping, admiralty,

extradition, and bankruptcy, are printed in The Federal Reporter, vols. viii-cxv.

BROWN, ALEXANDER (1843-1906). An American historical writer, the author of several books on the early history of Virginia. He was born in Glenmore, Va., studied for a short time at Lynchburg College, served in the Confederate army throughout the Civil War, and since then has been engaged in mercantile pursuits and farming. He has devoted most of his time, however, to the study of the early history of Virginia, from the standpoint of the Virginia Company, and by his writings has connected his name with the view that the commonly accepted account of the early Virginia history, based almost solely, as it is, on works and documents approved by the Court party, is largely inaccurate, and is grossly unjust to the original founders and their patrons. To establish this thesis, and to correct current misconceptions and misjudgments, has been the aim of the various volumes published by him. Besides numerous magazine articles and papers read before historical societies, he has written: New Views on Early Virginia History, a pamphlet (1886); The Genesis of the United States (2 vols., 1890), a valuable collection of previously unprinted historical manuscripts and of rare tracts; The Cabells and their Kin (1895); The First Republic in America (1898), an account of the early history of Virginia; The History of our Earliest History (1898); and English Politics in Early Virginia History (1901).

BROWN, ALICE (1857- ). An American writer. She was born in Hampton Falls, N. H., and graduated from Robinson Seminary, Exeter, N. H., in 1876. She wrote a biography of Mercy Otis Warren (1896), some verse, and a book on English travels, but she is better known for her artistic analysis of New England characters and consciences, in short stories and novels, such as: The Rose of Hope (1896), The Day of his Youth (1897), Tiverton Tales (1899), Margaret Warrener (1902), The Story of Thyrza (1909), John Winterbourne's Family (1910), The One-Footed Fairy (1911), The Secret of the Clan (1912), Robin Hood's Barn (1913), and Vanishing Points (1913).

BROWN, ARTHUR JUDSON (1856- ). An American Presbyterian clergyman, born in Holliston, Mass. He graduated at Wabash College in 1880 and at Lane Theological Seminary in 1883 and was immediately ordained. He had charges in Ripon, Wis., Oak Park, Ill., and Portland, Ore., and in 1895 became one of the secretaries of the Presbyterian Board of Foreign Missions. He traveled on inspection tours in 1901-02 and 1909 and wrote: The New Era in the Philippines (1903), New Forces in Old China (1904); The Foreign Missionary (1907); The Nearer and Farther East (1908); The How and Why of Foreign Missions (1909); The Chinese Revolution (1912).

BROWN, BENJAMIN GRATZ (1826-85). An American politician. He was born in Lexing ton, Ky.; graduated at Yale in 1847, practiced law in St. Louis, and during 1852-58 was a member of the Legislature. In 1854 he started the Missouri Democrat. In the Civil War he fought on the Union side and rose to the rank of brigadier general of volunteers. He served as United States Senator from Missouri (186367) and in 1871 was elected Governor of the State. In 1872 he was candidate for Vice President on the ticket headed by Horace Greeley.

BROWN, CHARLES BROCKDEN (1771-1810). An American novelist and editor. He was born in Philadelphia, Jan. 17, 1771. As a boy he was very precocious, and at the age of 11 he entered the school of Robert Proud, an historian and noted teacher, where he remained for five years and by zealous application to his books frequently overtaxed his naturally weak constitution. He never after enjoyed perfect health. On leaving school he studied law, but soon chose literature as his profession. He wrote much verse and practiced his pen in numerous essays for a belles-lettres club, of which he was the leading spirit. He now drew gradually away from the Quaker modes of life and thought and yielded to the influence of the current French philosophy and to the social teachings of Godwin and other English radicals. Growing out of touch with his Philadelphia surroundings, he moved to New York and in 1797 published Alcuyn: A Dialogue on the Rights of Women; but its radical teaching on divorce attracted little attention. The next year he issued his first novel, Wieland, or the Transformation, a story of ventriloquism. This was his third attempt at fiction, and parts of an earlier novel, Sky Walk, were afterward incorporated in Edgar Huntley. Both of these early novels are tales of terror, improbable, sometimes horrible, but with scenes of great power, though as radically morbid as the work of his master, Godwin. During the next three years he published four other novels-Arthur Mervyn, Ormond, Edgar Huntley, and Clara Howard-establishing his rank as the first and unrivaled American novelist, until the appearance of Cooper's Spy (1821). At this period of feverish activity Brown attempted to establish a Monthly Magazine and American Review, which did not outlive its second year. He was more successful in 1803, with the Literary Magazine and American Register (1803-08), and in 1806 began to issue a semi-annual American Register, which continued till his death, from consumption, Feb. 22, 1810. He published also another novel, Jane Talbot (1801), did some translating, and wrote several political pamphlets, of which the most noteworthy is an Address to Congress on the Utility and Justice of Restrictions on Foreign Commerce. Death found him engaged in completing a System of General Geography and a Treatise on Rome during the Age of the Antonines. Brown made early use of American frontier life. Thus he suggests Cooper, while his morbid psychology has a tinge of Poe and sometimes seems precursive of Hawthorne. Like the English novelists of his school, his work is improbable, sentimental, and unreal. In construction it shows marks of haste, but it never fails to bear witness to native genius. There is a weird intensity of power in Wieland, and the description given in Arthur Mervyn and Ormond of the yellow-fever epidemics in Philadelphia is generally acknowledged to be masterly. W. H. Prescott, Margaret Fuller, and others have praised him highly, but he has not held his popularity. He should be remembered as the first really professional American man of letters. His novels were collected in 7 vols. (1827), with a Life by Dunlap, originally published in 2 vols. (1815). These volumes contain many minor writings of Brown. The works were reëdited in 6 vols. (Philadelphia, 1857), and again enlarged with critical comments by McKay (Philadelphia, 1887). For

his biography, consult also: Prescott, Biographical and Critical Miscellanies (Philadelphia, 1867), Wendell in A Literary History of America (New York, 1900); A. R. Marble, Heralds of Literature (Chicago, 1907); Erskine, Leading American Novelists (New York, 1909).

).

BROWN, CHARLES REYNOLDS (1862An American Congregational clergyman and educator, born in Bethany, W. Va. He graduated at the University of Iowa in 1883 and studied theology at Boston University. He lectured at various times at Leland Stanford, Yale, Cornell, and Columbia universities, and was pastor of the First Congregational Church at Oakland, Cal., from 1896 to 1911. In the latter year he became dean of the Yale Divinity School. He wrote: Two Parables (1898); The Main Points (1899); The Social Message of the Modern Pulpit (1906); The Strange Ways of God, a Study of the Book of Job (1908); The Cap and Gown (1910); The Modern Man's Religion (1911); The Quest of Life and Other Addresses (1913).

An

BROWN, CHARLES RUFUS (1849-1914). American Baptist clergyman and Semitic scholar. He was born in Kingston, N. H.; graduated from the United States Naval Academy and reached the grade of master (1871) in the United States navy, from which he resigned in 1875. Thereafter he studied at Harvard, Newton Theological Institution, Union Theological Seminary, and the universities of Berlin and Leipzig. In 1883 he became associate professor of biblical interpretation and in 1886 professor of Hebrew and cognate languages in Newton Theological Institution. In 1910-11 he was resident director of the American School of Oriental Research in Jerusalem. He published An Aramaic Method (1884; 2d ed., 1893), a translation of the book of Jeremiah (1906), and a Commentary on Jeremiah (1907).

).

BROWN, ELMER ELLSWORTH (1861An American educator, born at Kiantone, Chautauqua Co., N. Y. After graduating from the Illinois State Normal University in 1881 and the University of Michigan in 1889, he studied in Germany and received a Ph.D. degree in 1890. He was principal of public schools in Belvidere, Ill. (1881-84), assistant State secretary of the Y. M. C. A. of Illinois (1884-87), and principal of the high school at Jackson, Mich., in 1890-91. In 1891 he went to the University of Michigan as assistant professor of pedagogics, and in 1893 to the University of California as professor of pedagogics. Honorary degrees he received from Columbia, Wesleyan, and George Washington universities. In 1906 he became United States Commissioner of Education, and in 1911 chancellor of New York University. His books include: The Making of Our Middle Schools (1903); The Origin of American State Universities (1905); Government by Influences, and Other Addresses (1909); An Efficient Organization and Enlarged Scope for the Bureau of Education (1910).

BROWN, ERNEST WILLIAM (1866– ). An American mathematician, born at Hull, England. A graduate of Christ College, Cambridge, he became professor of mathematics at Haverford College in 1891 and at Yale University in 1907. Besides many papers on celestial and general mechanics he is author of: Treatise on the Lunar Theory (1896); A New Theory of the Moon's Motion (1897-1905); The Inequalities in the Motion of the Moon Due to the Direct

Action of the Planets (1908), the Adams prize essay in the University of Cambridge for 1907. He edited at one time the Transactions of the American Mathematical Society and later became editor of the Bulletin of the American Mathematical Society.

BROWN, FORD MADOX (1821-93). An English historical painter. He was born at Calais, France, and studied principally at Antwerp under Gustave Wappers. After further studies of the nude and of the old masters in Paris and Rome, he settled permanently in London in 1846. His Wiclif and Chaucer pictures, in the manner of Peter Cornelius and the German PreRaphaelites, were painted shortly afterward. One of these, "Wiclif Reading his Translation of the Bible" (1848), aroused Rossetti's admiration and caused his enrollment among Brown's pupils. The latter thus came into intimate relations with the Pre-Raphaelites (q.v.), upon all of whom he exercised a strong influence and was in turn afterward influenced by some of them, although he declined to join the society. His paintings are characterized by conscientious detail, careful archæological study, and rugged truth. His "Pretty Baa-Lambs" has been called the first plein-air picture with figures that was ever painted. Among his most important works are: "Cordelia at the Bedside of Lear" (1849), "Chaucer Reading the Legend of Custance" (Municipal Gallery, Sidney), "Christ Washing Peter's Feet" (1852, National Gallery, London), "Work" (1863, Manchester Gallery), "The Last of England," "English Afternoon," and a historical series in the Town Hall, Manchester,-the most important work of his later years (1878-93). Consult Stephens, in The Portfolio (London, 1893), and the biography by his grandson, Hueffer (ib., 1896).

BROWN, FRANCIS (1849-1916). An American educator and biblical scholar. He was born in Hanover, N. H., and graduated at Dartmouth in 1870 and at Union Theological Seminary, New York City, as fellow of his class, in 1877. He then studied in Germany (1877-79), was appointed instructor in biblical philology at the Union Theological Seminary in 1879, and became associate professor of biblical philology there in 1881, and professor of Hebrew and the cognate languages in 1890. He became president of Union Theological Seminary in 1908 and was director of the American School of Oriental Study and Research in Palestine in 1907-08. He published Assyriology: Its Use and Abuse in Old Testament Study (1885) and contributions to periodicals. After 1883 he devoted himself chiefly to the preparation, in collaboration with Drs. C. A. Briggs and S. R. Driver, of the Hebrew and English Lexicon of the Old Testament (18911905), based on Gesenius. He also published The Christian Point of View (with A. C. McGiffert and G. W. Knox, 1902).

BROWN, SIR GEORGE (1790-1865). A British soldier. He was born in Scotland, entered the army in 1806, and was at the capture of Copenhagen. He rose to the rank of major in the Peninsular War, was sent with General Ross to the United States in 1814, was wounded at the battle of Bladensburg, and was promoted lieutenant colonel for his gallantry. For the next 25 years he served as a staff officer, becoming adjutant general in 1850 and lieutenant general in 1851. He then served in the Crimean War (1854-55), commanding the left wing at

Alma, and being severely wounded at Inkerman (Nov. 5, 1854). He returned to the front before the war was over, and commanded the expedition to the Sea of Azov, and the storming party in the first attack on the redan of Sebastopol. He was created G.C.B. in 1855, was promoted general in 1856, and in 1860 became commander in chief in Ireland.

The

BROWN, GEORGE (1818-80). A Canadian journalist and statesman. He was born at Alloa, Scotland, a seaport 35 miles from Edinburgh, and was educated at the high school and Southern Academy in that city. He came to New York with his father in 1838, but in 1843 he removed to Toronto and in 1844 founded, and became the first editor of, the Globe. His object was to aid in renewing the struggle for full responsible government and to oppose special privilege. At that time political feeling ran high, and the issues which compelled the rebellion of 1837-38 were yet smoldering. (See POLITICAL PARTIES, Canada.) In molding public opinion the Globe soon exerted a powerful influence, which became commanding after 1853, when the paper was issued as a daily. impetuous eloquence and forceful personality of its editor had made him politically conspicuous, and in 1851 Brown was elected to the Parliament of Canada, where he soon became the ablest representative of the advanced Reformers. The measures for which he contended were representation in proportion to population, secularization of the clergy reserves (with disendowment of rectories), and unsectarian schools. (See CANADA, History.) Underlying the two latter was the acute issue, on which Reformers themselves were divided, as to diversion of public money to sectarian purposes. Brown opposed all sectarian money grants and brought with him a large section of his party. In 1858 he became Premier, but resigned after two days, on the refusal of the Governor-General, Sir Edmund Head (q.v.), to accept the advice of the ministry to dissolve Parliament. Constitutional difficulties due to the union of 1841 had practically reduced party government to deadlock, from which public attention was diverted to confederation as a solution. In order to lessen these difficulties and prepare the way for a true national life, Brown put aside his political and personal objections, and in 1864-65 acted as the Reform leader in a coalition ministry of which he and Mr. (afterward Sir) John Alexander Macdonald (q.v.) were the chief members. In the preliminary measures and eventual accomplishment of confederation he bore a foremost part, and also in the acquisition of the Northwest Territories by the new Dominion. 1873 he was nominated a member of the Senate. In 1874, with Sir Edward Thornton, he successfully negotiated between Canada and the United States a reciprocity treaty which, however, the United States Senate refused to ratify. In his later years Brown had the satisfaction of knowing that the clergy reserves had been secularized (1854), largely through his efforts, and that representation by population had become a part of the Federal constitution; but the school system was not established wholly on an unsectarian basis. (See ONTARIO, Education.) On March 25, 1880, he was shot by a discharged employee, and died in the early morning of May 9. Consult: Dent, Canadian Portrait Gallery (Toronto, 1880); Mackenzie, Life and Times of Hon. George Brown (Toronto, 1882);

In