and San Fernando valleys, and in the coast regions in Orange and Los Angeles counties. The first regular orchard was planted for the purpose of profit in 1886, and since then the progress of the industry has been very rapid. The orange crop of northern California matures from four to six weeks earlier than it does in the southern part of the State, notwithstanding the fact that it is from 200 to 500 miles farther north. This unusual condition is due to the topography of the Pacific coast. The two large San Joaquin and Sacramento valleys in central and northern California lie between the two great mountain ranges extending north and south. The Coast Range shuts off the modifying influences of the sea, causing relatively higher night temperatures during the summer months than prevail in the southern part of the State. In addition to oranges and lemons, pomelos are grown in considerable extent, as are also citrons, guavas, limes, and pineapples.

The lemon industry in the State has been developed by small landowners. There are a few groves which contain from 150 to 1000 acres, but the average grove contains less than 10 acres.

No attempt has been made to record the acreage devoted to fruit raising in the State. Statistics relate to the number of trees planted. The total number of fruit trees in 1909 was 30,895,257. Of these 22,484,195 were bearing. Orange trees numbered 8,709,215; lemon trees, 1,320,969; pomelos, or grape fruit, 1,256,262. The total number of trees of tropical fruits, including oranges, lemons, pomelos, mandarins, and tangerines, was 10,103,242. The quantity in bushels produced in 1909 was 15,319,052. The value was $16,076,051.

One of the largest and most important branches of fruit growing in the State is the cultivation of the raisin grape, the acreage of which is now by far the largest in the world. The first introduction of the raisin vine in California was in 1851, and development has been steady from that time. Many counties which have produced raisins within the past 20 years no longer do so, as it has been found that conditions are better for growing wines and table grapes or other fruits. Of the 58 counties in California, less than a dozen produce raisins in commercial quantities at the present time. Strong organization has been formed to control the production of raisins and to stimulate their consumption and use. The efforts of this organization have greatly increased the sale of raisins throughout the United States. Fresno County is the centre of the seeded-raisin industry, which grew up as the result of the invention of a raisin-seeding machine about 1870.

The production of olives in the United States is confined largely to California. It was estimated that in 1911 there was a total of 18,000 acres planted in olives in the State. The counties of San Joaquin and Sacramento valleys produced about 75 per cent of the entire crop. Olive oil was first made in Santa Barbara in 1872. The output of olive oil in 1912 was scarcely one-third of that of 1911, and of pickled olives from one-half to one-third. In 1910 there were 958,006 olive trees-836,347 bearing and 121,659 nonbearing. The quantity produced was 16,132,412 pounds, and its value was $401,277.

Orchard fruits are produced in large quantities. The total production in 1909 was 31,502,000 bushels, valued at $18,359,000. Plums and prunes, peaches and nectarines, apples and

The

apricots, are the most important orchard fruits. California has a monopoly of apricot growing, and in canned and dried forms the apricot is one of the leading fruits exported. Other orchard fruits grown in large quantities are pears, cherries, quinces, and mulberries. growing of figs is one of the important horticultural industries. There were, in 1910, 483,528 fig trees, of which 269,001 were bearing. The total quantity produced was 22,990,353 pounds, valued at $260,753. Experiments in date growing have been carried on for many years, and the success of some of the tests has encouraged a larger cultivation.

Of the small fruits, strawberries are by far the most important. The others include raspberries, loganberries, blackberries, and dewberries. The total acreage of small fruits in 1909 was 9687 compared with 6281 in 1899. The production in 1909 was 26,824,000 quarts, compared with 14,582,000 quarts in 1889, and the value was $1,789,000 in 1909, as compared with $911,000 in 1899.

In the production of canned apricots, peaches, and pears, and dried peaches and prunes, California ranks first among the States. In 1909 the value of the canned fruits produced was $7,248,342, and of dried fruits $18,212,316.

Statistics for the production of the most important fruits of 1912 will be found in the following figures. There were shipped 40,673 carloads of oranges and lemons, of which about 35,000 were oranges and about 6000 lemons. The number of boxes per car of oranges and lemons is about 396 for oranges and 336 for lemons. The total production of dried peaches and nectarines in 1912 was 53,500,000 pounds; dried pears, 3,500,000 pounds; dried prunes, 200,000,000 pounds; plums, 750,000 pounds; raisins, 185,000,000 pounds; canned fruits, 5,005,950 cases.

Viticulture.

It

The introduction of European wine into California dates back to 1771. was first brought from Spain by way of Mexico to the Catholic Missions. The Mission of San Gabriel at Los Angeles planted the first vineyard, and the planting of vines extended from mission to mission, until vineyards of from 5 to 30 acres stretched from San Diego to Sonoma. With the downfall of the Spanish power the missions waned, and with them the viticulture declined also. Production of wine continued to some extent, and in 1850 about 60,000 gallons of wine were produced in two counties, Los Angeles and Santa Barbara. In 1861 about 1400 different varieties of grapevines of Europe were propagated in Sonoma County. Cuttings from these vines were distributed among the growers in different parts of the State. From that time the manufacture of wine in California has had a continuous and marvelous growth. In 1890 the vintage amounted to about 15,000,000 gallons. In 1900 the production was over 8,000,000 gallons of sweet wines and 15,000,000 gallons of dry wines, or a total of over 20,000,000 gallons.

Some of the California vineyards are among the largest and best cultivated in the world. The wine-producing areas of the State are usually classified into dry-wine districts and sweet-wine districts. Those included in the former are situated chiefly in the valleys and hills of the counties of the Coast Range from Mendocino to San Diego. The sweet-wine district includes the great central valleys of Sacra

mento and San Joaquin. This classification is not strictly logical, because both sweet and dry wines can be made in nearly, if not all, the grape-growing districts. Practically all the principal wine grapes of Europe have been introduced and tested in California. About fourfifths of the wine, both sweet and dry, however, is made from about a dozen varieties. The Zinfandel is the typical red-wine grape of California, and it is grown in larger quantities than any other. From it the bulk of all dry and sweet red wines is made. The average yield of vineyards varies from 1 to 2 tons per acre to 8 or 10 tons. The difference depends principally on soil, climate, and the methods of the grape grower. The production of sweet wine in 1911 constituted a record. It amounted to 23,467,444 gallons, of which 9,522,237 gallons were port, 8,559,872 sherry, 2,609,518 angelica, and 2,247,279 muscatel. The remainder was malaga, madeira, and tokay.

The manufacture of sparkling wine has been undertaken in recent years and promises to be successful. The production of natural champagne in bottles in 1913 was about 1,000,000 compared with 800,000 in 1912 and 580,000 in 1911. Nearly all the brandy made in the United States is produced in California.

The total production of all vintages of wine in the State in 1912 was 47,491,772 gallons, of which 25,000,000 were dry wine and 22,491,772 were sweet. The brandy produced in that year was 6,153,131 gallons. In 1913 the estimated total production of wine was 39,719,113 gallons, of which about 22,000,000 were dry wine. The production of brandy in that year was 7,373,013 gallons, of which 4,460,707 gallons were used in the fortification of wines.

Irrigation. In nearly all sections of the State there is sufficient rainfall for the maturing of some crops, although there are other sections where no crops can be grown without

TABLE.

irrigation. The normal annual precipitation ranges from about 2 inches in the Imperial valley in the southeast to about 60 inches along the coast in the northwestern part. Irrigation is practiced to some extent throughout the State, but the largest part of irrigated land lies in the southern part of the Sacramento and the San Joaquin valleys and in the north. In 24 of the 58 counties, more than half of the farms are irrigated. The total area irrigated in 1910 was 2,664,104 acres. Of this, by far the larger part was irrigated through private and commercial enterprises. The United States Reclamation Service had up to that time irrigated 400 acres and the United States Indian Service 3490. As in other States, streams are the principal source of supply of water for irrigation, but in California wells supply much more land than in any other State. Of the entire acreage crops in the State, slightly less than onefifth is irrigated, the proportion varying widely for the different crops. Cereals are very generally grown without irrigation. Of the entire acreage for potatoes, about 50 per cent is irrigated, and of small fruits 71 per cent. Sugar beets are grown for the most part without irrigation.

The increase in irrigation during the decade 1900-10 was very large. The total number of farms irrigated in the latter year was 39,352, compared with 25,657 in 1900. The Colorado River, which is the division line between California and Arizona, is of great value in irrigating lands which otherwise would be arid. This river has been called the "Nile of America," as it is subject to a large rise annually. waters have turned the desert lands of the Imperial valley into fertile lands, and more will be claimed by the Yuma project of the United States Reclamation Service. See IRRIGATION.

Its

Manufactures. Although agriculture and mining are the principal industries in California, the State has shown a marked increase