at Agbatana, but Cambyses always supposed the Median Ecbatana to be meant by this. In certain respects the accounts of Herodotus (iii. 64) and Ctesias differ as to the manner of his death, but both attribute it to an accidental self-inflicted wound. In the great Behistun inscription (i. 43) Darius says that Cambyses died by a death self-inflicted, but the word uvā-maršiyuš, lit. 'self-death,' seems rather, though not necessarily, to imply suicide. Regarding the character of Cambyses, if we follow Herodotus, his behavior in Egypt was little short of that of a madman. His cruelties and sacrilegious acts, due principally to drunkenness, were atrocious. He is said to have violated the tombs of the Egyptians and even to have put some of their leading men to death, among them the captive King Psammetichus. In an outrageous manner he stabbed the sacred bull of Apis so that it died, and he caused the ministering priests to be scourged (Herod. iii. 29). But it must be added that this account is not easy to reconcile with an existing stele on which Cambyses is portrayed as giving an honorable burial to the dead god Apis. It is even claimed that he murdered his own sister, whom he had wished to marry. On the whole there can be no doubt that he was a dissolute and inhuman ruler. Consult Lincke, "Kambyses in der Sage, Litteratur und Kunst des Mittelalters" (Leipzig, 1897), in the Ebers Festschrift; and see also CYRUS; DArius; MEDIA; PERSIA. CAMBYSES, KING OF PERSIA. A tragedy by Thomas Preston, published in London in 1569 by John Allde. An undated edition was later brought out by Edward Allde. It has been reprinted by Hawkins and Dodsley. It is important as marking the transition between the morality and the historical drama. It is written in Alexandrine rhymes, occasionally dropping into heroics in the comedy passages. The melodramatic treatment of its subject is probably referred to by Shakespeare in his now proverbial expression of "speaking in King Cambyses' vein." CAM'DEN. A town and the county seat of Wilcox Co., Ala., 62 miles west by south of Montgomery, on the Louisville and Nashville Railroad (Map: Alabama, B 3). It is the fertile "Black Belt" of Alabama and has a cottonoil mill and lumber, cotton, and stock-raising interests. Pop., 1890, 545; 1910, 648. CAMDEN. A city and the county seat of Ouachita Co., Ark., 115 miles south by west of Little Rock, on the Ouachita River, and on the St. Louis Southwestern and the St. Louis, Iron Mountain, the Rock Island, and Southern railroads (Map: Arkansas, C 4). It has a fine courthouse and public library and carries on a considerable river trade, shipping cotton, lumber, poultry, and live stock, and contains machine shops, cotton compress, stone mills, cottonseed-oil mill, lumber mills, manufactories of oars, sashes and doors, handles, and spokes, a bottling plant, and wagon works. Pop., 1900, 2840; 1910, 3995. CAMDEN. A town in Knox Co., Me., 37 miles east by south of Augusta, on the line of the Eastern Steamship Company (Map: Maine, C 4). It is an important wool-manufacturing town and carries on a considerable trade in felt goods. Camden is also a summer resort. Pop., 1890, 4621; 1900, 2825; 1910, 3015. CAMDEN. A city and the county seat of Camden Co., N. J., on the Delaware River, opposite Philadelphia, with which it is connected by several lines of steam ferries (Map: New Jersey, B 4). It is an important railroad centre, being the terminus of the Atlantic City and the West Jersey and Seashore railroads and of divisions of the Pennsylvania Railroad. The city, which occupies an area of about 10 square miles on level ground, contains, among its more notable features, a city hall and county buildings, four hospitals, an Elks Home, Carnegie libraries, Home for Friendless Children, the West Jersey Orphanage, and a school for manual training. Camden is an important shipping centre, has large market gardens in the suburban districts, and is noted for its manufacturing and shipbuilding interests, which in 1909 gave employment to 3682 persons, and whose products were valued at $5,626,000. The other leading manufactures are talking machines, canned soups, machinery, foundry products, cotton and woolen goods, oil cloth, lumber, chemicals, paints, steel pens, candies, and boots and shoes. In 1909 the combined value of all the manufactured products was $49,138,000. The government is vested in a mayor and a unicameral city council, with the usual staff of administrative officials. The annual income of Camden is $2,752,900, while its payments amount to $3,033,300, the main items of expenditure being $481,000 for education, $139,000 for the fire department, $158,000 for the police department, and $160,000 for water works. The sewerage system comprises about 140 miles of mains, and the water works, including two plants built by the city in 1870 and 1889, at a total cost of $2,500,000, are under municipal operation. Pop., 1890, 58,313; 1900, 75,935; 1910, 94,538; 1914 (est.), 105,000; 1920, 116,309. Camden was chartered as a city in 1828; the Camden and Amboy Railroad, incorporated in 1833, gave the city its early importance as a railroad terminus. It was the home of Walt Whitman from 1873 until his death in 1892. Consult Fisler, A Local History of Camden (Camden, 1858). CAMDEN. A town and the county seat of Kershaw Co., S. C., 32 miles northeast of Columbia, on the Wateree River, and on the Seaboard Air Line, the Southern, and the Atlantic Coast Line systems (Map: South Carolina, D 2). It is known as a winter resort, carries on a trade in cotton, rice, and naval stores, and manufactures cotton cloths and yarns, cottonseed oil, lumber products, and bricks. Camden was settled in 1750 by Quakers from Ireland and in 1791 was incorporated as a town. It is governed under a charter of 1890, which provides for a mayor, elected every two years, and a municipal council. Here, on Aug. 16, 1780, an English force of 2000 under Lord Cornwallis defeated an American force of 3000 under General Gates, Baron DeKalb being wounded mortally in the engagement; and near here, at Hobkirk's Hill (see HOBKIRK'S HILL, BATTLE OF), an English force under General Rawdon repulsed an American force under General Green on April 25, 1781. In 1825 a monument was erected to the memory of DeKalb, LaOn Feb. 25, fayette laying the corner stone. 1865, General Sherman entered Camden and destroyed 2000 bales of cotton, a large quantity of tobacco, and a number of buildings. Pop., 1900, 2441; 1910, 3569, including Kirkwood, which was annexed in 1905. CAMDEN, CHARLES PRATT, first EARL (171494). An English chief justice and lord chancellor, third son of Sir John Pratt, a chief justice under George I. He was born at Ken- tion organized in London in 1838 and named in sington and educated at Eton and Cambridge. honor of William Camden. Its object is the pubIn 1734 he became a fellow of his college, the lication of historical and literary remains of next year obtained his B.A. degree and in 1740 antiquarian and general interest. The publicathat of M.A. He studied law and was admitted tions began in 1847. After 105 volumes had been to the bar in 1738. His prospects were dis- issued, a new series began (in 1871) which up to couraging until 1752, when he successfully de1901 includes an additional 62 volumes. In 1901 fended a bookseller for libel on the House of began a new (3d) series in which 23 volumes Commons. In 1757 he was appointed Attorney- have been published up to 1913. General, and in 1762 Chief Justice of the Com- CAMEL (OF., Lat. camelus, Gk. κáμnλos, mon Pleas. He presided over the trial of Wilkes kamēlos, from Heb. gāmāl, camel). A large and declared the action of government illegal, desert-dwelling ruminant of two species, constian opinion which, according with public senti- tuting the typical genus, Camelus, of the family ment, made him the most popular of judges. In Camelida. Both have been subjugated to man 1765 he was created Baron Camden by the Rock- since prehistoric times, and neither is known or ingham administration, whose American policy remembered in a wild state. The free camels and treatment of Wilkes, notwithstanding, he which now roam in northern Turkestan, where constantly opposed. The following year, al- they are hunted for their flesh, hides, and supethough appointed Lord Chancellor, he did not rior wool, are descendants of the few which surabandon his principles; and four years after vived the vast sand storms which, about 1700, supported an amendment made by Chatham on overwhelmed the villages on the Gobi Plateau the government address and resigned his office. and killed all the people. The two species of Henceforth he was a political character. He camel are the true or Arabian camel (Camelus took an active part against the ill-advised Amer- dromedarius), having one hump, and the Bacican policy pursued by Lord North, and in dis- trian camel (Camelus bactrianus), with two cussions on the law of libel was called "the humps. These humps are stores of flesh maintainer of English constitutional liberty." and fat, reabsorbed in support of the animal During the Revolutionary War he was very when overtaken by famine, as is so likely to popular in the United States, and his memory happen. is perpetuated by many counties, towns, and villages named after him. He was President of the Council under Rockingham in 1782-83 and under Pitt from 1783 until his death, April 18, 1794. He was created Earl Camden and Viscount Bayham in 1786. CAMDEN, WILLIAM (1551–1623). An antiquarian and historian, surnamed "The British Pausanias." He was born in London, where his father was a house painter, May 2, 1551. His education begun at Christ's Hospital, was completed at St. Paul's School and at Oxford. In 1575 he was appointed second master of Westminster School, and while discharging the duties of this office he undertook the work which made his name famous. His Britannia, written in elegant Latin and giving an account of the British Isles from the earliest ages, was first published in 1586, and it at once brought him into communication with the learned men of his time. Before 1607 the work had passed through six editions, being enlarged and improved by the industry of the author. At first a comparatively small volume, it received much additional matter from other writers. The best-known edition is that of Edmund Gibson, in English, 2 vols., folio (1722). The latest translation is that of Gough and Nichols (2d ed., 1806). Bishop Nicholson said of this work that it was "the common sun whereat our modern writers have all lighted their little torches." In 1593 Camden was appointed head master of Westminster School; and in 1597 Clarencieux King-at-Arms, an appointment which gave him more time for the pursuit of his favorite studies. His other important works are: Annals of the Reign of Elizabeth (latest ed., 1717); A Collection of Ancient English Historians (6th ed., 1607); An Account of the Monuments and Inscriptions in Westminster Abbey (1600); and a Narrative of the Gunpowder Plot (1607). He died Nov. 9, 1623, at Chislehurst, in the house which afterward belonged to Napoleon III, and was buried in Westminster Abbey. Before his death he endowed a professorship of history at Oxford, CAMDEN SOCIETY. An English associaVOL. IV.-25 The former is the common and widespread species, found from northwestern India and the lowlands of Afghanistan down to the extremity of Arabia east of the Red Sea and Somaliland to the south, and westward as far as the African deserts extend. They have also been introduced into Australia, Spain, Zanzibar, and the southwestern United States, but without permanent economic success. The United States govern ment spent much money and pains to acclimatize them as an army transport service in the dry southwestern regions, about 1857; the Civil War interrupted the arrangements, but the attempts made by private hands to utilize the animals were not profitable. Many were turned loose and remained wild along the Mexican border, but multiplied very little, and they are now supposed to be extinct. The British government has made extensive use of them in its military operations in India and Upper Egypt, both as baggage animals and in hauling artillery, and as mounts for a division of "cavalry" known as the "camel corps." Consult Gleichen, With the Camel Corps up the Nile (London, 1888), wherein many interesting facts as to the habits and qualifications of the animal are given. What country was the original home of this species is uncertain; it seems more thoroughly adapted to a sandy region than the Bactrian, and is presumed to have had a more southerly habitat than the latter, probably inhabiting Arabia and perhaps the Sahara when first enslaved by primitive men. It is singularly adapted to subsistence in the desert by the structural quali ties elsewhere mentioned (see CAMELIDE), and by its ability to bite off and consume the tough shrubbery and even thorny plants which alone grow there, and to endure the burning heat and flying sand. To this end it has acquired not only the thick and broad sole pads, but the thick callosities on the joints of the legs and on the chest upon which it rests (in a kneeling posture) when it lies down; moreover, the nostrils may be closed against the flying dust, and the eyes are shaded and shielded by very long eyelashes. Its extremely acute sense of smell, especially for water, is another life-saving provision. All these qualities have combined to render it so highly serviceable to man in the great wastes that separate the habitable regions south and east of the Mediterranean, Black, and Caspian seas, that it is safe to say these could never have been colonized and have been the scenes of the momentous incidents and impulses they have contributed to civilization had it not been for the assistance of this ungainly and unlovely creature. speak from experience," remarks Captain Wellby (Twixt Sirdar and Menelik, New York, 1901), "of this marvelous endurance of camels, for on a previous trip in Somaliland I once marched with a string of camels for 11 days, during which time none of them had a drop [of water]." "I can The Bactrian camel is better adapted by its smaller size and heavier build, harder and more cloven feet, longer and finer wool, and other qualities, to a rocky and cooler region, and its home is Central Asia, from northern Turkestan to Mongolia. Its endurance is equally remarkable, under different circumstances, with that of its southern congener, for it withstands the awful climate of the Tibetan Plateau, where the temperature rises to 140° F. in summer and sinks to Arctic cold in winter; it tramps with burdens of tea or hauling wagons or sledges over the plains, and often through wintry snows, from Peking to Lake Baikal, and carries heavy loads over the lofty passes of the Hindu Kush, and across the flinty plains of Afghanistan, and thence to Persia. It is this ability to endure climatic extremes, variety of fare, and famine, which has perpetuated the camel through a longer generic history than that of almost any other animal and has made it of so much service to mankind in regions unendurable by most cattle or horses. The Arabian camel carries twice the load of a mule. The Bactrian camel is sometimes loaded with 1000 or even 1500 pounds weight, although not generally with so much. A caravan sometimes contains 1000, sometimes even 4000 or 5000 camels. The supply of food carried with the caravan for the use of the camels is very scanty; a few beans, dates, carob pods, or the like, are all that they receive after a long day's march, when there is no herbage on which they may browse. The pace of the loaded camel is steady and uniform, but slow-about 21⁄2 miles per hour. Some of the slight dromedaries, however, can carry a rider more than 100 miles in a day. The motion of the camel is peculiar, jolting the rider in a manner extremely disagreeable to those who are unaccustomed to it; both the feet on the same side being successively raised, so that one side is thrown forward and then the other. The patience of the camel has been celebrated by some authors, but this is mainly indifference and stupidity. It submits because it knows no better, cares nothing for its master, is influenced to a very slight degree by either kindness or harshness, is unhappy when alone, and always untrustworthy; is cowardly, and, at the rutting season, is subject to sudden and violent fits of rage, when it uses its teeth with terrible effect. The camel produces only one young one at a time, or rarely two. It lives 30 or 40 years. During the long ages it has been subjected (the word "domesticated" hardly applies) to man, almost as many breeds have been created as in the case of the rose, and there is a vast difference between those bred as baggage animals and those reared for the saddle; the latter, light and swift, often capable of traversing 100 miles of desert a day, are "dromedaries," whether onehumped or two-humped. The great value of the camel to the desert people is due to its manifold usefulness, for besides its utility as a carrier of both man and his burden, and as a means of trade, its flesh is good food, and the milk is excellent; from the hair, cloth, ropes, etc., are made; the hide is serviceable; the bones (in eastern Asia) serve as ivory; and the dung is in some regions almost the sole dependence of the nomads for fuel. The animal is nevertheless steadily decreasing in importance by the advance of railways, the opening of wagon roads, and other supersessions of its service, even in the remoter parts of its arid domain. Consult Leonard, The Camel (London, 1894). See Plate of CAMELS AND LLAMAS. The CAMEL (from camel, as carrying heavy burdens). A water-tight, boxlike contrivance designed for lifting ships, sunken weights, etc. The use of wooden floats for lightening the draft of a ship to permit her to pass over a shoal or bar is very old, but the invention of hollow floats, or camels, is ascribed to the Dutch, and their first use is said to have been about 1688. The ordinary camel is a simple rectangular box float, and is much used in navy yards and private shipbuilding establishments. camels designed by the Dutch were sometimes a hundred feet or more in length, 20 feet broad, and made to fit the sides of the ship; they were allowed to fill with water, hauled up close to the vessel's sides, and secured in place by chains and lashings. When the ship reached the shoal or bar, the water was pumped out of the camels, and the increased buoyancy thus obtained raised the ship enough to materially decrease her draft. Modern camels which are used in wreck raising are generally built of steel and fitted with machinery for working the chains which support the wreck or attach it to the camel. CAMEL BIRD. The ostrich; a book name. CAMEL CRICKET, or CAMEL LOCUST. mantis (q.v.). A CAMEL'IDA (Neo-Lat., from Gk. káμnλos, kamēlos, camel). The camel family, constituting a section of the ruminants termed Tylopoda, in |