(1887); The College Student and his Problems (1902).

It

CANG, CANGUE, or KIA. An instrument of degrading punishment in use in China. consists of a large wooden collar fitting close round the neck, the weight of which is usually from 50 to 60 pounds. Over the parts where the cang fastens are pasted slips of paper, on which the mandarin places his seal, so that the culprit may not be relieved until the full term of his sentence has expired, which sometimes extends to 15 days. On the cang is also inscribed, in large letters, the offense and the duration of the punishment. The criminal, having been paraded through the streets by the police, is then left exposed in some thoroughfare of the city or at the place where the crime was committed. As he is incapable of using his hands, he has to be fed during the time he is suffering the penalty.

CANGA ARGÜELLES, käṇ'gå är-gwa'lyâs, José (1770-1843). A Spanish statesman. He was an active opponent of Napoleon, did his best to foment the Spanish insurrection against the French armies, and became an energetic member of the Cortes of 1812, but on the return of the

Bourbons was exiled. Under the restoration of the Constitution of 1812 in 1820, he was made Minister of Finance, and in this position effected many important reforms. He resigned in 1821. After the overthrow of the Constitution in 1823 he went to England, but returned to Spain in 1829 and was appointed keeper of the archives at Simancas. He was the author of Elementos de la ciencia de hacienda (1825); Diccionario de hacienda, con aplicación á España (1827; 2d ed., 2 vols., Madrid, 1833-34); and Observaciones sobre la guerra de la Peninsula (5 vols., 183336), under which modest title he challenged the statements of certain British historians of that war to the effect that all the credit for its conduct was due to the British troops; for he showed the infinite sacrifices that Spain had imposed upon herself during that memorable struggle. During his early youth he had given himself to poetry, and not the least of his achievements is a verse translation of the Odes of Sappho.

CÁNGAS DE ONÍS, kän'gås dâ ô-nes'. A town of Spain, in the Province of Oviedo, 35 miles east of the city of Oviedo (Map: Spain, C 1). It is known chiefly for its connection with the famous Pelayo (q.v.), and the reconquest of Spain from the Moors. A Latin inscription on the town hall states that this city was the first residence of Spanish kings after the Moors had overrun the land. The historic Cave of Covadonga, in which Pelayo took refuge, is only 8 miles away. There are interesting churches in this vicinity, one containing the tomb of Alfonso I. Inscriptions and remains of bridges indicate that Cangas de Onís was of some importance under the Romans, but its identity has not been fixed. Pop., 1900 (commune), 8559; 1910, 9103.

CÁNGAS DE TINEO, känʼgàs dã tê-na's. A town of north Spain, in the Province of Oviedo, on the Río Narcea, 37 miles southwest of Oviedo (Map: Spain, B 1). It is surrounded by high hills and possesses an interesting bridge. Though the adjacent region is rough and mountainous, it is well watered, and agriculture and stock raising are carried on. There are manufactures of liquors, flour, and linen and woolen goods. Pop., 1900 (commune), 23,658; 1910, 24,103.

CANGE, käNzh, Du. See DU CANGE. CAN GRANDE DELLA SCALA, kån grän’dâ děl'lå skä'la. See SCALA.

CANICATTI, kä'nê-kat'tê. A city in the Province of Girgenti, Sicily, 28 miles north of Licata, in a rocky valley 1500 feet above the sea (Map: Italy, H 10). It has a technical school, and the country produces grain, wine, and fruit, and contains sulphur mines. Pop. (commune), 1881, 20,000; 1901, 24,564; 1911, 31,204.

CANICHANA, känê-chinh. A tribe formerly residing upon the Mamoré River, Bolivia, between 13° and 14° south, and on the Machupo from its mouth to the present mission of San Joaquin. They were once savage and brutal cannibals living in fortified villages, from which they made constant raids upon their more peaceable neighbors. Notwithstanding their savage character, they willingly accepted the Jesuit missionaries and are now gathered into the mission villages of San Pedro and Trinidad. They were visited by Heath in 1880, Balzan in 1892, and earlier by D'Orbigny in 1830. Their Consult "La language forms a distinct stock. langue Kaničana," by G. de Créqui-Montfort and P. Rivet, in the Mémoires de la Société de Linguistique de Paris, 1913, vol. xviii, pp. 354-377.

CANIC'ULA (Lat. canicularis, from caniculus, little dog), CANICULAR DAYS, or Dog Days, CANICULAR YEAR. Canicula was an old name of the constellation Canis Minor; it was also used to denote Sirius, or the dog star, the largest and brightest of all the stars, which is situated in the mouth of Canis Major. From the heliacal rising (q.v.) of this star (Sirius) the ancients reckoned their dog days, or dies caniculares, which were 40 in number-20 before and 20 after the rising of the star. The rising of the dog star was supposed to be the occasion of the extreme heat and the diseases incidental to these days. It was by mere accident that the rising of the star coincided with the hottest season of the year, in the times and countries of the old astronomers. The time of its rising depends on the latitude of the place, and is later and later every year in all latitudes, owing to precession. In time the star may rise in the dead of winter. The canicular year was that known among the Egyptians and Ethiopians. It was computed from one heliacal rising of Sirius to the next, and consisted ordinarily of 365 days and every fourth year of 366. This year is sometimes called the heliacal year. The reason for computing the year from the rising of Sirius seems to have been that, at the time, the heliacal rising coincided with the greatest swelling of the Nile.

CAN'IDE (Neo-Lat., from Lat. canis, dog). A family of carnivores, the dog tribe, now usually classified between the hyenas and the bears. Their whole organization fits them to be less exclusively carnivorous than the feline tribe. They have generally three incisors or cutting teeth, with one large canine tooth, and four premolars on each side of the jaw, two true molars on each side in the upper jaw, and three in the lower. The true molars are adapted for crushing either bones or vegetable food. The last premolars in the upper jaw are remarkably large and particularly adapted for cutting flesh. The legs are comparatively long, the claws are nonretractile, and with one exception (Lycaon) the toes are five in front and four behind. The thumb is small and considerably above the other digits.

Symptoms.-It usually commences by discharge from the heels or the cleft of the frog of the horse's foot. The horn becomes soft and disintegrated, the vascular structures beneath become inflamed, and the pain which the animal endures is severe, making it very lame. Though there is no constitutional fever, the horse becomes emaciated and unfit for work. During wet weather and on damp soil the symptoms increase in severity. The soft structures bleed on the least touch, and considerable fungous granulations form rapidly. Dirt, cold, and wet favor the production of the disease, and there is always a tendency to relapse when once an animal has been affected.

Treatment. The foot should first be cleaned with warm baths, after which a poultice containing charcoal or carbolic acid is to be applied. The diseased portions of the horn should be pared away until only healthy horn borders the affected parts. In mild cases sprinkle powdered acetate of copper over the sore; apply over this pledgets of tow, fixed over the foot by strips of iron or wood passed between shoe and foot. In severe cases tar and nitric acid, creosote and turpentine, chloride of zinc paste, or other active caustics have to be used for a time, with the regular employment of pressure on the diseased surface. The animal requires to be treated constitutionally by periodical purgatives and tonics or alteratives. Good food, fresh air, and exercise often aid much in the treatment of the disease.

The

CANKER. A disease of forest and orchard trees characterized by the roughening and splitting of the bark and the gradual dying of the limb or tree. Originally only certain fungous diseases of trees were called by this name, but it has been extended to include many diseases of plants where there is a manifest wound or abnormal development of tissues. In Europe the larch canker, Dasycypha calycina, is especially injurious to larch, fir, and pine trees. fungus Nectria ditissima is the cause of the socalled European apple-tree canker; the Illinois apple-tree canker is due to Nummularia discreta; the Oregon apple canker to Glæosporium malicorticis; and the New York apple canker to Sphæropsis malorum. The bitter rot fungus, Glomerella rufomaculans, forms cankers on apple trees from which the fungus spreads to the fruit. The bacterial blight of pears, apples, etc., has lately been found to form cankers on tree trunks, which become centres of infection. Cutting out the cankers, treatment of wounds, and timely spraying with Bordeaux mixture or lime sulphur is advised.

CANKER SORE. A small, yellow, round or linear ulcer, very tender, occurring on the under side of the tongue or inner surface of the lips or cheeks. It is temporary and only local and may be removed by the application of silver nitrate or pure carbolic acid. It develops chiefly among children and is generally caused by digestive derangements.

CAN'KERWORM'. A gregarious caterpillar of either of two moths of the geometrid family Monocteniidæ. One is on the wing in the autumn and the other in the spring. The moths of the spring cankerworm (Paleacrita vernata) come forth from the chrysalis in the spring, but a few of them appear in the fall or on warm days of winter. The moths of the autumn cankerworm (Anisopteryx pometaria) emerge during October. Some few may delay coming out

until warm days in winter. The moths of both sexes of the autumn cankerworm differ from those of the spring form in the absence of abdominal spines. The autumn form pupates in the ground in well-spun cocoons, while the cells of the spring forms are lined with only a few threads of silk. The body of the caterpillar of the autumn form is marked by six light longitudinal bands, and that of the spring form by eight. The eggs of the autumn form are laid in regular rows or masses and are truncated in form, while those of the spring brood are ovoid and are laid in irregular bunches. Both forms agree in that the caterpillars feed on the leaves of fruit and shade trees and descend to the ground to pupate. The female moths of both forms are wingless. The caterpillars are so voracious that they may denude whole orchards or groves of trees in a few days as though a flame had swept through, whence has arisen the local name "fireworm." This is the worm that strips currant bushes of leaves in the spring, and it was to combat this caterpillar that the English house sparrow was introduced into the United States; but it checked the cankerworms but little. (See HOUSE SPARROW.) The wingless females may be caught as they creep up the trunk of a tree by bands of tarred paper or other sticky substance wrapped about the trunk of the tree. Shade trees may be sprayed with Paris green in water, but this poison must be used with caution on fruit trees.

The

CAN'NA (Lat., Gk. κávva, kanna, reed). A genus of succulent herbs of the family Scitaminaceæ, natives of warm countries in both hemispheres, and extensively cultivated as foliage plants for heavy or mass effects. stem is 3 to 14 feet high, unbranched; the leaves are large; the flowers are mostly red or yellow and borne irregularly in a terminal raceme or panicle. Many varieties are in cultivation. The dwarf (seldom exceeding 4 feet), large-flowered, French, and Italian varieties are most in favor, and are much used as centrepieces in formal beds and in small clumps in borders. Cannas are propagated either from seed (new varieties) or by dividing the rootstock and planting in pots. They are of easy culture. A rich, warm soil with plenty of moisture is desirable. When wanted for mass effects, they are set about 6 inches apart each way, after danger of frost is past. The flowers should be picked as soon as they wilt, to prevent the formation of seed, and thus prolong the flowering season. After the stalks are cut in the fall, the roots are stored and handled like potatoes until wanted for planting. The roots of some species of canna, especially C. edulis, contain considerable amounts of starch. Canna coccinea is sometimes used to supply starch. See Plate of CAMELLIA, ETC.

CANNABICH, känʼnå-bĭK, CHRISTIAN (173198). A German composer and orchestral conductor. He was born in Mannheim, where his father was a flutist in the orchestra of the Elector. He studied violin with Jomelli and composition with Stamitz. In 1757 he became concert master and in 1775 conductor of the orchestra, which under his leadership became world famous for a variety of dynamic shading before then unheard of. He is practically the first conductor who introduced the crescendo and decrescendo as a means of expression. His compositions, though lacking both depth and originality, were important at the time because they materially