He studied at the University of Pisa, and in 1860 was appointed professor in Genoa. Subsequently he was called to be professor of geology and paleontology in Bologna. He was one of the first Italian scientists to accept the Darwinian theory. He founded in Bologna a geological museum, and originated the international congress for anthropology and prehistoric archæology. His publications include: Delfini fossili del Bolognese (1864); Relazione d'un viaggio scientifico nell' America settentrionale (1867); and Armi e utensili di pietra del Bolognese (1870).

CAPELLO, kå-pěl'lô, or CAPPELLO (It., hair), BIANCA (1548-87). An Italian adventuress, wife of Francesco de' Medici. She was born of a noble Venetian family, and in 1563 eloped to Florence with Pietro Bonaventuri. Soon afterward she formed a liaison with Francesco de' Medici, who had recently married Joanna, Archduchess of Austria. Bonaventuri was appointed to a court position, and in 1572 was murdered-possibly at the order of Francesco. The lack of a male heir was a source of great sorrow to Francesco, and in 1576 Bianca foisted on him a child, whom the Duke named Antonio. To prevent detection, she caused the assassination of those who assisted her in the fraud. Three months after the death of Joanna in 1578, Bianca persuaded the Grand Duke to marry her publicly; they had been privately married immediately after Joanna's death. The marriage was approved by Philip II of Spain, and in October, 1579, Bianca was proclaimed Grand Duchess of Tuscany. She endeavored to secure the good will of the Medici family, and particularly of the Cardinal Ferdinand, brother and next heir to Francesco. In 1587 the two brothers and Bianca met at Poggio á Cajano, and a few days later the Grand Duke and his wife were suddenly taken ill and both died. Ferdinand has been accused of having poisoned them. Another story is that Bianca had prepared a poisoned tart for the Cardinal, who urged Francesco to taste it first, and that then Bianca swallowed some of it rather than survive her husband. Probably neither of the deaths was due to poison. Though she kept her power over the affections of her prince, Bianca did not succeed in making Antonio his successor. Many stories of her cruelty and propensity for magical arts are part of the popular tradition of Florence to-day. Consult: Saltini, Della morte di Francesco de' Medici e di Bianca Capello (Florence, 1863); Tragedie Medicee domestiche (ib., 1898); Steegman, Bianca Cappello (Baltimore, 1913).

CAPE LOOK'OUT. A point of land on the east coast of North Carolina, 63 miles southwest of Cape Hatteras, and 12 miles southeast of Beaufort, in lat. 34° 37' N. and long. 76° 31′ W. (Map: North Carolina, F 3). The lighthouse on this point has a fixed white light 156 feet above mean high water.

CAPE MATAPAN, mä'tå-pän'. The southernmost extremity of Greece, between the gulfs of Laconia and Messenia, in lat. 36° 23′ N. and long. 22° 29′ E. (Map: Greece, D 5). The ancient Greeks called it Tænarum, and made it sacred to Neptune, whose temple stood near the cape.

CAPE MAY. The southern point of New Jersey, on the north side of the entrance to Delaware Bay (Map: New Jersey, C 5). A lighthouse with light flashing every thirty seconds, 1642 feet above mean high water, is located here.

CAPE MAY CITY. A popular seashore resort, one of the oldest along the coast, formerly called Cape Island. It is the southernmost city of New Jersey, situated in Cape May County, 82 miles by rail south of Philadelphia, on the Pennsylvania and the Philadelphia and Reading railroads (Map: New Jersey, C 5). Cape May City has a fine beach, with excellent bathing facilities, a board walk five miles in length, and a driveway along the ocean front. There are also numerous hotels and boarding houses. The industries include fishing, canning, oyster raising, gold beating, and sand washing. Its harbor has an area of 500 acres and an average depth of 35 feet. It is the only port of refuge south of Sandy Hook on the New Jersey coast and is the scene of many important yachting events. The water works are municipally owned. The government is vested in a mayor, elected every three years, and a city council. Pop., 1900, 2257; 1910, 2471.

CAPE MAY COURT HOUSE. A town and the county seat of Cape May Co., N. J., on the Atlantic City and the Pennsylvania railroads, 71 miles south of Philadelphia and 12 miles north of Cape May City (Map: New Jersey, C 5). It contains a prison and two churches and the chief industries are glass blowing, agriculture, and fishing. Pop., 1914 (est.), 1300.

CAPE MENDOCINO, měn'do-se'no. A cape in Humboldt Co., Cal., the extreme western point of the State, in lat. 40° 26' 24" N. and long. 124° 23' 27" W. (Map: California, A 1). On its highest point, 422 feet above sea level, is located a lighthouse of the first class.

CAPE MOLE. See GOLDEN MOLE. CA'PEN, EDWARD WARREN (1870- ). An American sociologist, born at Jamaica Plain, Mass. He was educated at Amherst College, Hartford Theological Seminary, and Columbia University. In 1902 he became lecturer on sociology at Hartford Theological Seminary, engaged in special sociological and missionary research in the Far East in 1907-09, and in 1910 was one of the organizers of the World Missionary Conference at Edinburgh. In 1911 he became organizing secretary of the Hartford School of Missions. He wrote "Historical Development of the Poor Law of Connecticut" in the Columbia University Series (New York, 1905).

CA'PEN, ELMER HEWITT (1838-1905). An American clergyman and educator, born at Stoughton, Mass. He graduated at Tufts College in 1860, and was admitted to the Suffolk bar in 1863. After studying theology, he was ordained pastor of the Independent Christian Church of Gloucester in 1865, and held pastorates at St. Paul, Minn., and Providence, R. I., from 1869 to 1875, when he became president of Tufts College. Consult A. Tombo, Jr., In Memoriam E. H. Capen (New York, 1905).

CAPE NOME. A projection from the western mainland of Alaska, extending into the northwest part of Norton Sound, in about lat. 642° N. and long. 165° W. In the sands near the seacoast, and in the valleys of the streams, are found very rich deposits of gold, which are easily accessible (Map: Alaska, B 3). (See NOME.) Consult Dunham, "The Yukon and Nome Gold Regions," in Department of Labor Bulletin 11 (Washington, 1900).

CAPE OF GOOD HOPE. A promontory of South Africa, rising 1000 feet above sea level, and popularly regarded as the southernmost point of the continent, though it is half a de

gree to the north of Cape Agulhas (Map: Africa, F 8). The latter is merely a projection on a coast line, which diverges inconsiderably from a parallel; but the former is really the turning point from south to east on the voyage from Europe to India. It is situated in lat. 34° 22' S. and long. 18° 30′ E., being the termination of Table Mountain (q.v.). The cape was discovered by Dias, a Portuguese navigator (who christened it the Cape of Storms), as early as 1486-six years before Columbus, in aiming at the same goal by a different route, led the way to America. But it was only in 1497 that Vasco da Gama realized the value of Dias's discovery, by rounding it on his adventurous voyage from Lisbon to Calicut. Besides opening a new channel for the traffic of the East, the discovery of the cape was partly instrumental in removing the trading superiority from the republics of Italy to the states of western Europe.

CAPE OF GOOD HOPE, formerly CAPE COLONY. A province of the Union of South Africa, and a British possession in South Africa, between lat. 26° and 34° 50' S., and long. 16° 25′ and 30° E. (Map: Africa, G 8). It is bounded by German Southwest Africa, Bechuanaland Protectorate, the Orange River Colony, Basutoland, and Natal on the north, the Indian Ocean on the east and south, and the Atlantic on the west. Its area thus defined and including the British possession of Walfish Bay, on the west coast, is 276,995 square miles.

Topography. In its physical aspect Cape of Good Hope presents a series of elevated plateaus bounded by mountain ranges running parallel to the south coast and increasing in altitude towards the north. The first and most southern mountain chain has an altitude of 3000 to 5000 feet and runs along the south coast at a distance not exceeding 50 miles. Several small rivers intersect it in a direction from north to south and divide it into several sections called Swellendam, Lange, Ontenigma Mountains, and a few others. The second mountain chain runs parallel with the first and has an altitude of 5000 to 7000 feet. It is also divided into several sections, known as the White and the Great Black Mountains, and terminates in the summit of Cockscomb (6000 feet high), northwest of Algoa Bay. The third mountain range has an altitude of 6000 to 8000 feet, and reaches in the summit of Compass, which is the highest of Cape of Good Hope, an altitude of 8500 feet. It is also divided into several parts, the principal of which are the Roggeveld, Nieuwveld, Sneeuwbergen, and Stormberg. The plateau inclosed by the second and the third mountain ranges is known by the name of Great Karroo and has an average width of about 60 miles. The west coast of Cape of Good Hope is also traversed by a mountain chain, the Karree Bergen, an offshoot of the western section of the first mountain range. The east coast of the province is almost without a single indentation, in contrast to the south and west coasts, which form a considerable number of bays and capes. The most important are Algoa Bay, Mossel Bay, Cape St. Francis, Cape Agulhas, the southernmost point of Africa, False Bay, Cape of Good Hope, Table Bay, and Saldanha Bay. The chief river of Cape of Good Hope is the Orange River, which forms a great part of the northern boundary. The coast lands are intersected by numerous small rivers and streams, most of them very short and unnavigable, with the exception

of the Breede and the St. John. The inland rivers are very few in number and fall into the Orange River, the Sneeuwbergen marking the division between the Atlantic and the Indian Ocean. Certain indications, such as the numerous saurians and reptiles as well as the dry basins which occur in the Karroos, seem to point to the fact that this part of the province was in former times more abundantly watered.

Climate. The climate of Cape of Good Hope is, on the whole, dry and very healthful. Rains are more abundant in the east than in the west. The winters are cold in the elevated regions, and some of the higher mountain tops are covered with snow for a considerable part of the year, but the air is dry and bracing. The annual average at Cape Town is over 62° F.

Flora. The flora of the province varies considerably in accordance with the soil and the climate of the locality. The Karroos are generally covered with many varieties of acacia, euphorbia, and aloe, and are especially rich in bulbous plants. Forests are generally found on the coast lands and furnish many useful varieties of wood, such as the yellow and the black ironwood and several species of palms. Among the cereals the most important is wheat, which is famous for its excellent quality. All the common European fruits grow in abundance, and the production of wine is a very important industry in the province.

Fauna. The fauna of Cape of Good Hope has undergone considerable changes since the settlement of the colony by Europeans, and many species which were formerly common and abundantly represented in that country have either entirely disappeared or are of rare occurrence. Among these may be mentioned the rhinoceros and the giraffe, while the lion and the elephant are found only in the eastern parts of the colony. The hippopotamus is still met with in the Orange and in some other rivers. The various species of the antelope family, as well as jackals, hyenas, and monkeys, are still abundant. Among the birds the most important is the ostrich, which is quite domesticated and furnishes large quantities of feathers, forming one of the staples of the province.

Geology. In their geological formation the mountain ranges of Cape of Good Hope are of almost a uniform character, the base being composed in most cases of granite and covered with quartzose sandstone, in some cases to a thickness of 1500 to 2000 feet. Some of the ranges, such as the Stormberg, still show some signs of comparatively recent volcanic action. The surface of the Karroo is generally composed of sand and clay, with a stratum of blue slaty rock underneath, which keeps it from drying up entirely during the rainless season.

Mineral Resources. The mining industry is of the utmost importance, and Cape of Good Hope is the greatest diamond-producing country in the world. The diamond fields are almost exclusively situated in Griqualand West, and the mining of diamonds has reached a very high degree of development, the output for 1910 amounting to 2,586,295 carats of $25,653,500 value. It is estimated that from 1867 to 1913 diamonds of the value of over $500,000,000 were exported. The first discovery of diamonds was made in the Hopetown district in 1867, and by 1870 there were about 10,000 men digging for diamonds along the Vaal River. In the same year the "dry diggings"