deemed to be the evils of universal suffrage and to avert the coup d'état which he saw was impending. When it came, he was conspicuous as one of the bitterest enemies of the Imperial régime, though he admitted that an empire was "the government which the poorer classes of France desired and the rich deserved." His last 20 years were devoted to philosophical and literary pursuits, as the result of which he published Ecrits et discours (Paris, 1863). With regard to the future he said, "I shall die a penitent Christian and an impenitent Liberal." He was a member of the Academy and other societies. He died in Paris, Jan. 25, 1870. Consult Guizot, Le duc de Broglie (Paris, 1872) and Broglie, Personal Reminiscences of the Late Duc de Broglie, trans. and ed. by Beaufort (London, 1888).

BROGLIE, JACQUES VICTOR ALBERT, DUC DE (1821-1901). A French statesman and his

torian, son of the preceding. His publication, in 1846, of a brilliant study, Système religieux de Leibnitz, brought him the place of Secretary of Embassy at Madrid and later at Rome. After the Revolution of 1848 he defended the temporal power of the Pope and moderate constitutional liberalism in the Revue des Deux Mondes. Then followed in 1853 his Etudes morales et littéraires, and from 1856 to 1866 his Histoire de l'Eglise et de l'Empire romain au IVe siècle (6 vols.), which gave him his seat in the French Academy in 1862. In 1870 he succeeded his father as Duke, and the following year was elected to the National Assembly. In 1871 he was also appointed Ambassador to Great Britain, but was recalled by Thiers the following year. When Marshal MacMahon assumed the presidency in 1873, the Duc de Broglie became Premier and held the office until May 16, 1874. In 1876 he was elected Senator and resumed the leadership of the reactionary parties; and in 1877 he was again Premier for a few months. He achieved greater distinction as a historian than as a statesman. Among his works, other than those mentioned above, are: Souveraineté pontificale et la liberté (1861); Le secret du roi: correspondance secrète de Louis XV (1878); Marie Thérèse impératrice (1888); Mémoires de Talleyrand (1891). Consult Tagniez, Le duc de Broglie, 1821-1901 (Paris, 1902).

An

BROGLIO, bro'lyo, EMILIO (1814-92). Italian statesman and author, born in Milan, and educated at the universities of Verona and Pavia. He took part in the Revolution in Lombardy in 1848 and was appointed Secretary of the Provisional Government. In 1856 he published 25 letters to Count Cavour "On the Income Tax" (Dell' imposta sulla rendita, Turin, 2 vols.). He was a member of Parliament from 1861 to 1876, and from 1867 to 1869 was Minister of Public Instruction. His works include: Studii costituzionali (1860); Delle forme parlamentari (1865); Vita di Federico il Grande (2 vols., 1874-76).

BROGUE, brōg (Scotch, from Gael. brog, shoe, hoof). A rudely formed species of shoe of many varieties, formerly used by the aboriginal Irish and the Scottish Highlanders. The name has been applied to a modern kind of shoe with a hob-nailed sole. It is also applied to the peculiar pronunciation of English that distinguishes natives of Ireland. See SHOES AND SHOE MANUFACTURE.

BROHAN, brô'äN', EMILIE MADELEINE (18331900). A French actress, born Oct. 21, 1833, in

Paris, the daughter of Augustine Suzanne Brohan (1807-87) and the sister of Joséphine Félicité Augustine Brohan (q.v.), both wellknown actresses. At the age of 15 she entered the Conservatoire, from which she was graduated in 1850 with the first prize for comedy. At her début the same year on the stage of the Comédie Française, she created the part of Marguerite in Les contes de la reine de Navarre, by Scribe and Legouvé, and made a great success. She was elected a sociétaire in 1852. Except for a two years' absence in Russia (1856-58), as a sequel to her unhappy marriage to M. Mario Uchard in 1854, she continued at the Théâtre Français till 1886, when she retired. Besides her successes in the classic repertory, notably as Elmire in Tartufe, and Sylvia in Le jeu de l'amour et du hasard, she created leading parts in a number of new plays, among them Par droit de conquête, Les doigts de fée, and Rêves d'amour, Les caprices de Marianne, Le lion amoureux, by Ponsard, and Le monde où l'on

s'ennuie.

BROHAN, JOSEPHINE FÉLICITÉ AUGUSTINE (1824-93). A French actress. She was born Dec. 2, 1824, the daughter of Suzanne Brohan, also a well-known French actress, who died in 1887. Augustine Brohan, after distinguishing herself at the Conservatoire, made, in 1841, a brilliant début at the Théâtre Français, as Dorine in Tartufe and Lisette in Rivaux d'euxmêmes. In 1842 she was elected a member of the company. Among the many plays in which she made her reputation were: Le mariage de Figaro; L'Avare; Le bourgeois gentilhomme; Le malade imaginaire; La vieillesse de Richelieu; Les aristocraties; La famille Poisson. She was the author of several of the short dramatic pieces, known as Proverbes, for private representation, and was famous for her witty sayings, such as her parody of Rohan's celebrated motto, "Coquette ne veux, soubrette ne daigne, Brohan suis." She succeeded Rachel as professor at the Conservatoire. In 1866 she retired from the theatre, owing to an affection of the eyes, and soon afterward became the wife of M. Edmond David de Gheest, who died in 1885.

BROILING (OF. bruiller, to boil, roast, probably from bruir, to roast; cf. Ger. brühen, to scald). A convenient and expeditious mode of cooking small pieces of meat by laying them on a gridiron over a bright fire or even on the coals themselves. The latter is perhaps the most primitive mode of preparing meat for eating, as may be supposed from the ease and simplicity with which it is managed. Broiling is, in fact, a quicker sort of roasting. The albumen of the outside being sealed up at once, the meat is rendered extremely nutritious, and therefore this process is much to be recommended.

BROKE, SIR PHILIP BOWES VERE (17761841). An English admiral. He went to sea at the age of 12, entered the navy in 1792, and in 1806 became captain of the Shannon, which his discipline brought to a high state of efficiency. In 1813 (June 1) he defeated the American frigate Chesapeake, commanded by Capt. James Lawrence. He was permanently disabled during the engagement, but was made a K.C.B. for his victory. Consult Brighton, Memoir of Admiral Sir P. B. V. Broke (2 vols., London, 1866). See CHESAPEAKE, THE.

BRO'KEN BOW. A city and the county seat of Custer Co., Neb., 80 miles from Grand

Island, on the Chicago, Burlington, and Quincy Railroad (Map: Nebraska, E 3). It is the centre of a productive farming and stock-raising district, and has bottling works and a creamery. The water works are owned by the city. Pop., 1900, 1375; 1910, 2260.

BROKEN HEART, THE. A tragedy by John Ford, first acted in 1629 at Blackfriars by the king's servants, and published in 1633 in quarto, under the pseudonym "Fide Honor," with a dedication to William, Lord Craven. It was reprinted in 1811 in Weber's collection of the author's works (2 vols.).

BROKEN HILL. A mining town of Yancowinna Co., New South Wales, Australia, 925 miles northwest of Sydney, 298 miles northeast of Adelaide and 16 miles east of Silverton (Map: New South Wales, A 3). The town is built on a ridge 150 feet above the plain, and has one of the richest silver lodes in the world. It has been worked since 1884. The export of silver, lead, gold, copper, and tin in the district in 1906 exceeded $10,000,000. In that year it produced 27 per cent of the lead output of the world. Pop., 1903, 27,160; 1911, 30,972.

BROKEN WIND. See HEAVES. BRO'KER (originally one who uses, manages, handles, OHG. brühhen, AS. brucan, ME. bruken, broken, Ger. brauchen, to use. For a similar development, cf. Ger. Mäkler, broker, from mäkeln, makeln, to act as broker, allied to Dutch maken, to make; also Ger. handeln, to deal, bargain, from Hand, hand-i.e., from "handling"). An agent employed to make bargains and contracts between other persons in matters of trade, commerce, and navigation for a compensation, commonly called brokerage. When a broker is employed to buy or sell goods, he is not intrusted with the custody or possession of them and is not authorized to buy or sell in his own name. In this respect he differs from a factor. A broker is strictly a middleman, or intermediate negotiator between the parties; and for some purposes he is treated as the agent of both parties, but primarily he is deemed merely the agent of the party by whom he is originally employed. As soon as the negotiation is concluded he makes a memorandum thereof, a copy of which he gives to each party. Brokers are of various sorts, such as bill and note brokers, stock brokers, insurance brokers, merchandise brokers, real-estate brokers, ship brokers, and the like.

The insurance broker is to be distinguished from the ordinary insurance agent, who represents and acts for the insurer; the broker is either the agent of the insured or a middleman between the insured and the insurer. His business is that of procuring insurance for those who choose to avail themselves of his services, and from any company which he or the insured may select. See INSURANCE.

BROMBERG, brōm'běrk (for Brahenberg, the fort or hill on the Brahe). The capital of the administrative district of the same name, in the Prussian Province of Posen, situated on the Brahe, about 6 miles from its junction with the Vistula and 69 miles northeast of Posen (Map: Prussia, H 2). Its position on the Bromberg Canal, built by Frederick II, which connects the Oder and the Elbe with the Vistula, and on the Berlin-Danzig Railway, makes it an important centre of trade, principally in lumber, flour, leather, coal, and wool. The principal articles of manufacture are vehicles, furniture, soap,

candles, alcohol, and snuff. There are also breweries, distilleries, iron foundries, locomotive works, and dyeing establishments. It is governed by a municipal council of 36 members, who elect an executive board of 14. (See PRUSSIA, Government.) On account of its strategical position there is always a large garrison stationed there. Bromberg was founded by the Teutonic Knights. It became part of Prussia in 1772, at the time of the first partition of Poland. Pop., 1890, 41,000; 1900, 52,154; 1910, 57,585.

BROME, RICHARD (c.1590-c.1652). A minor English dramatist. He was a servant to Ben Jonson and is mentioned in the Introduction to Bartholomew Fair. He was accused of gathering up for his own use his master's "sweepings." He wrote 24 popular plays, the best of which are: The Northern Lass (1632), The Sparagus Garden (1640), The City Wit, and The Jovial Crew, or the Merry Beggars (first acted, 1641), remarkable for its presentation of the joys of vagabondage. Fifteen were comedies, original in plot, and with striking and realistic characters. With Thomas Heywood (q.v.) he wrote The Late Lancashire Witches (1634), based on a contemporary trial for witchcraft. His dramatic works were published, in 3 vols., in 1873. Consult Andrews, Richard Brome: A Study of his Life and Works (New York, 1913).

BROME GRASS (Neo-Lat. bromus, Gk. ẞpópos, bromos, kind of oats, from ßißpwσkei, bibrōskein, to eat), Bromus. A genus of annual or perennial grasses nearly allied to the fescue grasses. There are about 40 species, mostly found in the north temperate zone, although some are found in South America. Some of the species are of considerable economic importance, while others are troublesome weeds. The brome grasses grow upon light soils and are quite resistant to drought. On this last account several species are highly valued in the semi-arid regions of the Great Plains, where they furnish considerable hay and forage. One of the best for this purpose is the smooth brome grass (Bromus inermis). This species is a native of Europe, grows to a height of 2 to 5 feet and, being perennial, soon completely occupies the land to the exclusion of all other plants. A somewhat similar species is the annual, Schrader's brome grass, or rescue grass (Bromus unioloides), of South America. In some of the Southern States it is considered one of the best winter grasses for pasturage. Bromus erectus, a native of southern Europe, is considered a valuable grass for dry limestone regions. The soft brome grass (Bromus mollis) is a native of England and introduced into the United States. It has soft, downy leaves, which are readily eaten by cattle, but neither the quality nor the quantity of the herbage is very high. The seeds of this and other species have been reputed to be poisonous, but the evidence is not conclusive.

The giant brome grass (Bromus giganteus) produces a large amount of fodder in England, but cattle do not seem to relish it. Bromus secalinus, called "rye brome," "chess," and "cheat," is a troublesome weed in fields of wheat and rye. The seeds retain their vitality for a long time and frequently appear in grain fields where from some cause the cereal has been destroyed. To this fact the somewhat common belief that "wheat turns to cheat" is to be attributed. That there is no foundation for such an idea is easily

demonstrated. A number of species are very ornamental, and Bromus brizaformis is sometimes grown for winter bouquets.

BROMELIA (after the Swedish botanist Bromel). A genus of monocotyledonous plants, the type of the family Bromeliacea (q.v.). The bromelias are West Indian and Brazilian in origin, but some have been introduced into other countries for the fibre they yield. Bromelia pinguin, called the wild pineapple, is a very common species. It is valuable as a hedge plant, the rigid, spiny leaves resisting perfectly the attacks of animals. The leaves are very numerous, 5 to 6 feet long and 2 inches wide, tapering gradually to the tip. Another and perhaps more valuable species is Bromelia sylvestris. It has leaves 3 or 4 feet long and 11⁄2 inches in width. The fibre of this is believed to be superior to that of Bromelia pinguin. The fibre of a number of other species has been more or less favorably reported upon, but so great is the confusion of the species that their botanical origin cannot be definitely stated. The fruits of some of the wild species of Bromelia are used for various purposes.

see

BROME'LIA'CEÆ (for derivation BROMELIA). The pineapple family. An order of mostly stemless monocotyledonous plants, or with short stems, and rigid, channeled, and often spiny, fleshy leaves in rosettes. The flowers are borne in panicles or racemes on flower stalks springing from the cluster of leaves. As a rule the three-parted flowers have highly colored bracts subtending them. There are about 40 genera and 400 species belonging to this order, most, if not all, of which are indigenous to tropical America. Some are terrestrial plants, living in dry situations, but most live attached to trees, not as parasites, but as epiphytes, and they form a very conspicuous feature of the flora of Brazil and elsewhere. The leaves of many are channeled above, and as they overlap below they hold considerable water in their funnels or pitchers. This habit and their abundant seed make them especially adapted to their epiphytic method of growing. In the water cups or funnels are found all sorts of débris, and in Venezuela a species of bladderwort (Utricularia) often grows in these situations. These plants often send out roots, but it is considered doubtful whether they have much use, aside from aiding in attaching the plant to its support. Some species show especial adaptations for the reduction of transpiration from their leaves. This is secured by the presence of a thickened cuticle, or by covering the leaves with peculiar scales, rendering the leaves scurfy. In the case of the common Spanish or New Orleans moss (Tillandsia usneoides), which hangs in such peculiar bunches from the trees of the Southern States, the stems are reduced to threadlike strands of a grayish color, covered with scales. From this plant is obtained much of the so-called hair used in mattresses and furniture. To this order belongs the pineapple (q.v.), which is useful for its fruit as well as for the fibre which is secured from its leaves. This fibre is useful for many purposes, and the finer qualities make the piña cloth of the East Indies. This is often confused with "grass cloth," from which it can be distinguished by microscopical examination; the piña fibre is said to be without any twist. Pita fibre is obtained from Bromelia sylvestris, a member of this order, as well as from other plants. According to Wittmack's

classification, the chief genera of this order are: Bromelia, Ananas, Billbergia, Echmea, Pitcairnia, Puya, Dyckia, and Tillandsia. BROMELIN. See ENZYME.

BRO'MIC ACID (see BROMINE), HBrO,. A colorless liquid with a bromine-like odor, discovered by Balard in 1826. It may be prepared by the action of bromine on silver bromate suspended in water. The latter is made from potassium bromate, which is readily obtained by the action of bromine on caustic potash. Bromic acid combines readily with bases forming a series of salts called bromates, none of which are of any commercial importance. By heat they are all decomposed with evolution of oxygen. Like the chlorates, when mixed with sulphur or charcoal, they explode by percussion.

BROMIDES, bro'midz or -midz (see BROMINE). The salts of hydrobromic acid (HBr) may be produced by the action of this acid on metals, metallic oxides, or metallic carbonates; also by the action of bromine vapor on metals. At ordinary temperatures the bromides are solid, but when heated they generally fuse and volatilize with decomposition.

The most important bromide is that of potassium (KBr). This salt is made by adding bromine to a solution of potassium hydroxide, evaporating and heating the residue with some charcoal, the latter serving to reduce the bromate (KBr0.) at first produced along with the bromide (KBr). The only salt thus obtained is potassium bromide, and this may then be purified by re-crystallization from water. Pure potassium bromide is a colorless, translucent, crystalline salt with a pungent, saline taste; it is extensively used in medicine, both as a sedative and a hypnotic. It is much used in the treatment of epilepsy. The bromide of sodium is often preferred to that of potassium, as it is less liable than the latter to cause disturbances in the alimentary tract. Another important bromide is that of silver, which is made by adding silver nitrate to an aqueous solution of some other metallic bromide. Silver bromide is exceedingly sensitive to the action of sunlight and is consequently much used in photography.

With the exception of silver bromide, which is insoluble, and of lead and mercury bromides, whose solubility is slight, the bromides of the metals are more or less readily soluble in water. Other bromides used in medicine are ammonium bromide (NH,Br), lithium bromide (LiBr), calcium bromide (CaBr), zinc bromide (ZnBr2), and strontium bromide (SrBr2), each having its special indication. In general these salts act as cerebral, circulatory, and respiratory depressants and find application in a wide variety of diseases, among them being delirium tremens, insomnia, migraine, tetanus, hysteria, and neuralgia. If taken over a considerable period, the bromides are apt to produce a series of symptoms, collectively denominated bromism, consisting of an acneiform rash, lowered cutaneous sensibility, mental dullness and depression, diminution of sexual power, and chronic fatigue.

BRO'MIDRO'SIS (Gk. Bpwμos, brōmos, a bad smell + lopás, hidros, sweat), OSMIDROSIS. An affection of the sweat glands, in which the perspiration has a foul odor. For convenience, the condition of offensive perspiration from any cause is called bromidrosis. Perspiration, in ordinarily cleanly people, is practically odorless. The consumption of garlic, onions, whale oil, sulphur, phosphorus, alcohol, musk, and

other substances gives a peculiar smell in each case to the perspiration. Constipated people have sweat with a fæcal odor, and some people excrete considerable urea by means of the skin. In smallpox, typhus fever, rheumatism, and pyæmia there is a distinctive odor to the skin and the perspiration. Other people have perspiration with an odor like that of orris or bananas. All the odors of sweat, except those due to drugs or food ingested, are due to decomposition of the fatty acids in the secretion. The armpits and the feet are the offending parts of the body in most cases. Internal treatment to relieve excessive sweating (hyperhydrosis) and to stimulate the action of the kidneys is generally necessary; and salicylic acid, boric acid, sulphate of zinc, and other medicaments are used locally.

BROMINE, bro'min or men (Neo-Lat. brominium, from Gk. Sp@uos, brōmos, stench; referring to its suffocating odor). An elementary chemical substance discovered by Balard in 1826. It does not occur in the isolated state, but is found in combination with silver, as bromyrite and iodobromite; in combination with alkalies and alkaline earths, in sea and mineral waters, and in some saline springs; also in many marine plants and animals. Bromine is prepared commercially from liquors containing bromides, by treating them with chlorine, the latter being produced either from chlorides present in the same solution as the bromides themselves, or else in separate apparatus and introduced into the bromide solution subsequently. The crude bromine thus isolated may be purified by repeated fractional distillations, and, finally, by distilling with potassium bromide, for the purpose of removing any chlorine that may be present. Bromine is thus manufactured from the mother liquors of salt works, especially at Stassfurt in Germany; also at Syracuse, N. Y., Pomeroy, Ohio, the Kanawha region in West Virginia, and Michigan.

Bromine (symbol Br, atomic weight 79.92) is a dark, brown-red volatile liquid with a most irritating odor. Its specific gravity at 0° C. is 3.188. It freezes at -7.3° C. to a reddish-brown crystalline solid with a semimetallic lustre and boils at 63° C. Its critical point is 302.2° C. It is an irritant poison. It is used as a bleaching agent and as a disinfectant; also in medicine, in the manufacture of certain coal-tar dyes (e.g., eosin), and in chemical laboratory practice. During the year 1911, 651,541 pounds of bromine were produced in the United States, valued at $110,902. Among the inorganic compounds of bromine are hydrobromic acid with the bromides, bromic acid with the bromates, and hypobromous acid with the hypobromites. Bromine is contained also in a large number of organic compounds.

BROMLEY, brum'lê. A town in Kent, England, 101⁄2 miles southeast of London, on the Ravensbourne River. Besides modern institutions there is Bromley College, an almshouse founded in 1666 by Bishop Warner, for widows of clergymen. Affiliated with it is Sheppard College, established in 1840 for unmarried daughters of such widows. There is also a fine Gothic church and a palace built in 1777. St. Blaise's well (a chalybeate spring) in the palace gardens was famous for its reputed miraculous powers before the Reformation. Pop., 1891, 21,684; 1901, 27,358; 1911, 33,646.

BRÖMSEBRO, brẽm'se-bry (the river Brömsa

Scand., bro, O. Icel. brū, bridge). A village of Sweden, about 30 miles south of Calmar, celebrated for treaties concluded there between Denmark and Sweden in 1541 and 1645. BRO'MUS. See BROME GRASS.

BROMVOGEL, brom'fo-gel. The Dutch name in South Africa of the ground hornbill. See HORNBILL.

BROM/YRITE. A silver bromide which occurs as a bright yellow to greenish crust as a secondary alteration on other silver ores. It is found principally in Mexico, Chile, and Arizona.

BRONCHITIS, bron-ki'tis (from Gk. ẞpóyxos, bronchos, trachea, windpipe, Spóyxia, bronchia, the bronchial tubes). A disease of the bronchial tubes. It includes: (1) an acute catarrhal process involving the larger bronchioles; (2) an acute catarrhal process involving the smaller and capillary tubes; (3) a chronic catarrhal process involving both larger and smaller tubes; (4) an acute fibrinous process; and (5) a chronic fibrinous process. It is caused by exposure to cold or wet; irritants such as dust, coal, etc.; congestion dependent upon kidney disease, gout, or rheumatism, and even constipation, as well as heart disease. The symptoms of bronchitis are pain in the chest, fever at the outset or continuing, cough, generally with expectoration of mucus, at first scanty, later, perhaps, profuse and sometimes containing pus, shortness of breath on exertion, and occasionally, in the fibrinous varieties, the coughing out of casts of the tubes, resembling branches, of mucoid material. Various physical signs are found in the chest; but examination by a competent person alone will determine whether the attack be one of pleurisy, tubercu losis, pneumonia, or bronchitis. (See AUSCULTATION.) The acute form, when of the smaller tubes, may result in death. Many patients suffer with the disease every winter, and emphysema (q.v.) often coexists in these cases. In young infants lobular pneumonia (q.v.) regularly accompanies capillary bronchitis, which is also a frequent occurrence in cases of epidemic influenza (la grippe). There are hereditary tendencies and individual predispositions which operate in some cases. On the approach of an attack the patient should take a hot bath, go to bed, and take a purgative. Inhalation of hotwater vapor, through the small end of a funnel inverted over a vessel containing very hot water, relieves the irritation which causes coughing. Twenty drops of compound tincture of benzoin added to a pint of hot water will aid in making the inhalations soothing. Preparations of opium taken unadvisedly may do much harm. daily cold sponge bath is an efficient preventive of bronchitis; it is best taken when the skin is warm and relaxed, immediately after rising from the bed in the morning. Ventilation and the avoidance of overheating rooms in winter, the avoidance of wetting the shoes-either soles or uppers and abstinence from alcoholic beverages, will do much to prevent acute bronchitis. Abnormally narrow nostrils in adults, and enlarged tonsils and adenoid vegetations in children, are predisposing but easily removable causes. See INFLUENZA. Consult Osler, Principles and Practice of Medicine (New York, 1907).

The

BRONCHO-PNEUMONIA. See PNEUMONIA, BRONCHUS, bròn'kus (Neo-Lat. from Gk. póyxos, bronchos, windpipe). One of the sub

a, the bronchi; b, small bronchial tubes; c, the trachea; d, the larynx.

bronchi, one goes to each lung, the right being little more than an inch; the left, about two inches in length. On entering the substance of a lung, the bronchi divide into smaller branches, which again subdivide, until they are no larger in diameter than one-fiftieth to one-thirtieth of an inch. These are the bronchioli. At the extremity of these smaller branches and opening into them are found clusters of small polyhedral cells, the air cells, which consist of elastic tissue, with a lining of mucous membrane, and beneath the latter a layer of minute blood vessels. For further details of the histology of the bronchi, see RESPIRATION, ORGANS AND PROCESS OF.

BRONDEL', JOHN BAPTISTE (1842-1903). An American Roman Catholic divine born in Bruges, Belgium. He studied in the American College of the University of Louvain and in 1864 was ordained priest in Mechlin. In 1866 he volunteered for missionary service in America and was rector of Steilacoom, Wash., from 1867 to 1877, when he was transferred to Walla Walla. He returned to Steilacoom in 1878, became Bishop of Vancouver Island in 1879, and was appointed administrator apostolic of Montana in 1883, and in the following year became Bishop of Helena. His labors among the Indians were highly successful, and his influence among them frequently enabled him to be of great service to the national government.

BRÖNDSTED, bren'stěd, PETER OLUF (17801842). A Danish archeologist, born at Fruering in Jutland. He studied at the University of Copenhagen. He then visited Paris, Italy, and Greece. In Greece, at Bassæ in Arcadia and in Egina, he made excavations which furnished valuable materials for the study of classical antiquity. After his return he became professor in the University of Copenhagen. In 1818 he became envoy from Denmark to the Vatican; in 1820-21 he visited Sicily and the

Ionian Islands. He was in London in 1826 and in Paris in 1828-32. Later, he became director of the Museum of Antiquities in Copenhagen. He wrote in six different languages. His principal work was Voyages dans la Grèce accompagnés de recherches archéologiques (1826); in this he treated especially the island of Ceos and the Metopes of the Parthenon. In addition to several smaller archæological papers, among which were An Account of Some Greek Vases Found near Vulci (1832) and an account of the bronzes of Siris (1837), he also made valuable contributions to Danish history.

BRONGNIART, bro'nyär', ADOLPHE THÉODORE (1801-76). A French botanist, son of Alexandre Brongniart. He studied medicine and in 1826 received a diploma, but he subsequently devoted himself particularly to the study of the physiology of plants and also made valuable researches on fossil seeds and on the development of pollen. In 1833 he became professor of botany at the Jardin des Plantes, in Paris, and in 1834 a member of the Academy of Sciences, succeeding Desfontaines. His principal work, and one that gave him an international reputation, was his Histoire des végétaux fossiles (1828-47). His Enumeration des genres de plantes cultivées au Musée d'Histoire Naturelle de Paris (1843) played an important part in the development of the modern systems of

classification.

BRONGNIART, ALEXANDRE (1770-1847). A French naturalist. In 1790 he visited England for a scientific examination of the Derbyshire mines and pottery works and, on his return to France, published a Mémoire sur l'art de l'émailleur. In 1797 he became professor of natural history in the Ecole Centrale. He was appointed in 1800 director of the porcelain manufactory of Sèvres, where he developed the art of painting on glass. In 1815 he was elected a member of the Academy of Sciences and in 1822 became professor of mineralogy in the Paris Museum of Natural History. His work, the Classification des reptiles (1797), was long the authority in herpetology, and his Traité élémentaire de minéralogie (2 vols., 1807) became a textbook for lecturers. In connection with Cuvier he published a famous work entitled Essai sur la géographie minéralogique des environs de Paris (1811). He also published in 1844 a Traité des arts céramiques et des poteries and other works on the products of the Sèvres establishment.

BRONN, bron, HEINRICH GEORG (1800-62). A German naturalist. He was born in Ziegelhausen and studied in Heidelberg. In 1828 he became professor in the university, and after Leuckart's departure from Heidelberg Bronn was appointed director of the zoological collection of the university. He wrote several important scientific treatises. His first was System der urweltlichen Konchylien (1824), which was followed by System der urweltlichen Pflanzentiere (1825). His most important geological work was Lethaa Geognostica (1836-38), on rock formations. Allgemeine Zoologie (1850) was the first attempt to develop zoology in its entirety with reference to extinct organisms. He published, in 1860, a translation of Darwin's Origin of Species.

BRONSART, brôN'sär', HANS VON (full name HANS BRONSART VON SCHELLENDORFF) (1830- ). A German pianist and composer. He was born in Berlin, studied there under