been adopted and brought about the naming of Woodrow Wilson. Mr. Wilson made Bryan Secretary of State and he was confronted with many difficult situations, but his administration was not marked by skillful diplomacy or statesmanship. On June 9, 1915 owing to a difference of opinion with President Wilson he resigned. In the campaigns of 1916 and 1920 he was not conspicuous, and in the latter year did not support the Democratic nominee, Cox. In 1918 he became President of the National Dry Federation and advocated general Prohibition. He removed to Miami, Florida in 1920 and from that State was elected as a delegate to the Democratic Convention of 1924 at New York. Mr. Bryan was an outspoken defender of the old-fashioned expression of the Christian faith and the literal interpretation of the Bible as against modernism and evolution. His last public appearance was in July, 1925, at the trial at Dayton, Tenn. of John Thomas Scopes, a teacher of biology, on the charge of violating a State statute which forbade the teaching of evolution. On Sunday, July 26, 1925, after the termination of this trial, Mr. Bryan died while sleeping. He was buried in Arlington National Cemetery, July 31. His writings include, The First Battle (1897); Under Other Flags (1904): The Old World and Its Ways (1907); Heart to Heart Appeals (1917); The Menace of Darwinism, and The Bible and Its Enemies (1921); In His Image (1922).

BRYANSK. See BRIANSK.

BRYANT, HENRY GRIER (1859- ). An American explorer and traveler. He was born in Allegheny, Pa.; graduated in 1883 at Princeton University and in 1886 at the law depart ment of the University of Pennsylvania, and in 1892 was second in command in the Peary Relief Expedition to Greenland. In 1894 he commanded the Peary Relief Expedition of that year and in 1897 the expedition to Mount St. Elias, Alaska. He was president of the Geographical Society of Philadelphia in 1897-1900, 1904-06, and 1909-10.

BRYANT, JOSEPH DECATUR (1845-1914). An American surgeon, born in East Troy, Wis. He attended Norwich Academy in New York and graduated in 1868 at the Bellevue Hospital Medical College. With the faculty of the latter institution he soon became identified, being advanced until in 1883 he was made professor of anatomy and clinical surgery and associate professor of orthopedic surgery. He accepted (1898), in addition, a professorship in the principles and practice of surgery and became consulting surgeon to a large number of New York hospitals. He was a personal friend and physician of Grover Cleveland. His writings on surgical subjects include Operative Surgery (2 vols., 1905) and Bryant and Buck's American Practice of Surgery (8 vols., 1906-11).

BRYANT, WILLIAM CULLEN (1794-1878). A distinguished American poet and journalist. He was born in Cummington, Mass., Nov. 3, 1794, the son of Dr. Peter Bryant, a physician and a member, for several terms, of the Massachusetts Legislature. He showed his precocity as a poet by publishing verse, at the age of 13, in the New Hampshire Gazette, and by writing the following year a satirical poem, "The Embargo," in the eighteenth-century manner; his most famous poem, "Thanatopsis,” was probably composed in 1811, though it was not published till 1817. Bryant studied for a year at Williams

College, then took up law. He was admitted to the bar in Plymouth, Mass., in 1815, practiced in Plainfield, Mass., for a year, and in Great Barrington for nine years. During this time he was so well known as a poet that he was invited to deliver the Phi Beta Kappa poem at Harvard College in 1821, and his poem on that occasion, "The Ages," was published with several others in the same year. In 1825 Bryant removed to New York, where he became editor of the New York Review. In the following year he became assistant editor of the New York Evening Post and in 1828 was made editor in chief of that paper-a post which he held till his death. During this time he wrote and published many poems and several works in prose, besides his regular newspaper articles. Aside from his poems, which were published occasionally in various newspapers and magazines, Bryant's chief published works are the following: Letters of a Traveler (1850); Letters from Spain and Other Countries (1859); Letters from the East (1869); Orations and Addresses (1873); and several volumes of collected poems. During the period of his active literary work he found time to translate the epics of Homer, his wellknown version of the Iliad appearing in 1870, and that of the Odyssey in 1871-72. His death occurred in New York, June 12, 1878, as the result of a sunstroke, while he was making an address at the unveiling of a statue in Central Park.

The literary and journalistic career of Bryant comprises nearly two-thirds of a century. Noted, as a boy, for his precocity, and as a man, living for fifty years in the largest city in America, for the simplicity and wholesomeness of his life and for his distinction of mind and bearing, his career is one of the longest in the history of American letters. He is best known as a poet. His "Thanatopsis," "To a Waterfowl," "The Death of the Flowers," "The Fringed Gentian," "The Crowded Street," "My Country's Call," "The Battlefield," and several other poems are popular, and such lines as "Truth, crushed to earth, shall rise again" (from "The Battlefield"), and "The melancholy days are come, the saddest of the year" (from "The Death of the Flowers"), have become household quotations. The poems named were produced at widely different periods during his life, but they may be taken as representative of the quality of his work, which during his long life changed very little. Generally speaking, the poetry of Bryant is distinguished for its restrained and grave thoughtfulness. Though in finish of form, restraint, lack of fire, reflectiveness, and sentiment, it belongs to the type of the eighteenth century rather than to the period of passionate expression which in England was contemporaneous with it, Bryant's poetry, nevertheless, is not wanting in originality. Besides its frequent tenderness and sympathy with sadness, one notes in it a feeling of refined patriotism, a constant love of liberty, and a zeal for the institutions of freedom. So, too, one finds in his poetry admiration for whatever is noble and generous in the life of the North American Indian and other primitive peoples, though his feeling for the red man is probably based on a vaguer and even more remote tradition than that of his contemporary, Cooper. In all the poems, however, the constant note is moralizing, void of subtlety. Most of the poems of Bryant are short, and the verse forms are not very numerous; the one in

which he attained greatest skill is a simple blank verse, as in "Thanatopsis." This verse is employed in his translations of the Iliad.

As a journalist, Bryant is less known to-day than such an editor as Horace Greeley. For a full half century he was, as proprietor and editor of the New York Evening Post, one of the most insistent and uncompromisingly urgent of all the antislavery propagandists of the North. The prose style of his editorial articles was simple, straightforward, and vigorous, lacking in subtlety and ambiguity, and never failing to make its point, and is marked, in substance, by common sense and breadth of view. Like all ephemeral writing, Bryant's leading articles are unread; and the same remark, in general, applies to his more elaborate prose productions, especially his literary essays, of which that on Irving is the best.

It should be added that Bryant deserves some praise as a poetic delineator of American scenery. It is worth noting, also, that between 1828 and 1845, when the cares of journalism pressed heavily upon him, his poetic productivity suffered. After the latter date, almost to his death he showed a rather surprising affluence and power, publishing many of his best poems, such as "The Flood of Years." Readers should be cautioned against believing that "Thanatopsis" is entirely the product of a mere youth, since the famous passage about the quarry slave was apparently added several years after Bryant reached his majority.

The best edition of Bryant is that of his sonin-law, Parke Godwin, in 6 vols., The Life and Works of William Cullen Bryant (New York, 1883-84). There is a Life by John Bigelow, in the "American Men of Letters Series" Boston, 1890). Good critical appreciations are those of E. C. Stedman, in Poets of America (Boston, 1885), of Prof. Barrett Wendell, in A Literary History of America (New York, 1900), in Stoddard's introduction to his Poetical Works of Bryant (New York, 1903, 1907); and W. A. Bradley, W. C. Bryant (New York, 1905).

BRYAX'IS (Gk. Bpúagis). A Greek sculptor, contemporary of Scopas, Timotheus, and Leochares, with whom he participated in the work on the Mausoleum at Halicarnassus about 350 B.C. He also created five colossal figures of the gods at Rhodes, statues of Bacchus at Cnidus, of Esculapius and Hygeia at Megara, of Apollo in the grove of Daphne at Antioch, of Serapis at Alexandria, and a portrait of Seleucus. In 1891 a basis for a tripod, bearing his signature and three small reliefs, showing figures of horsemen, was found in Athens, and has suggested the possibility of identifying his work among the reliefs from the Mausoleum. His statue of Serapis seems to have given the type for all the later heads of this deity. Consult Bull. corresp. hellénique, vol. xvi (Paris, 1892).

BRYCE, GEORGE (1844- ). A Canadian historian, born at Mount Pleasant, Ontario, Canada. He was educated at the University of Toronto and at Knox College, Toronto. Having been selected by the Presbyterian Church of Canada for the task, he organized Manitoba College is 1871, and Knox and St. Andrew's churches, Winnipeg, in 1871-72. He served as the first moderator of the Synod of Manitoba in 1885, and as moderator of the General Assembly in 1902-03. He was a founder, and from 1877 to 1907 a councilor and examiner, of the University of Manitoba. From 1891 to 1904 he was

head of the faculty of science and lecturer in biology and geology. His publications include: Manitoba: Infancy, Progress, and Present Condition (1882); The Apostle of Red River (1898); Remarkable History of Hudson's Bay Company (1900); The Romantic Settlement of Lord Selkirk's Colonists (1909); The Canadianization of Western Canada (1910); Life of Lord Selkirk (1912), and A Short History of the Canadian People (new ed. 1913).

BRYCE, JAMES (1838-1922). An eminent English writer and legislator. He was born in Belfast, Ireland, studied at Glasgow University, and in 1862 graduated at Trinity College, and won a fellowship in Oriel College, Oxford. In 1864 he published a monograph, The Holy Roman Empire, which quickly gave him a reputation as an historical writer of unusual insight and ability. Scholarly, brilliant, and original in treatment, a model of condensation and lucidity, this book has been widely read in England, in America, and on the continent of Europe, and has been translated into several European languages. In 1867 Mr. Bryce became a barrister at Lincoln's Inn and practiced until 1882. He was appointed regius professor of civil law at Oxford in 1870, but resigned in 1893. In 1880 he entered political life as a member of Parliament for the Tower Hamlets and attained immediate prominence as a Liberal and a follower of Gladstone. In 1885 he was chosen member for Aberdeen, South. He became Undersecretary of State for Foreign Affairs in Gladstone's government in 1886, Chancellor of the Duchy of Lancaster, with a seat in Gladstone's cabinet, in 1892, and President of the Board of Trade in 1894. In 1894 he also served as chairman of the Royal Commission on Secondary Education and was elected fellow of the Royal Society. He became Chief Secretary for Ireland in the Campbell-Bannerman ministry formed in December, 1905. In 1907 he became British Ambassador to the United States, which post he filled until 1913. In the latter year he was appointed by the British government a member of The Hague International Arbitration Court. After leaving Washington he made an extensive tour of the Orient. He received honorary degrees from a number of universities. On Jan. 1, 1914, he was created Viscount Bryce of Dechmont, already possessing, since 1907, the Order of Merit. As a politician he has consistently taken the Liberal side in all the great controversies that have arisen since his election to the House of Commons, and has been especially conspicuous as an advocate of home rule for Ireland, of the abolition of university tests, of international copyright, and of the thorough revision of the statute law. He is perhaps even better known as a writer, and especially as the author of The American Commonwealth (1888), the material for which was collected during three visits to the United States in 1870, 1881, and 1883. In this work he gives, with remarkable accuracy, sympathy, and insight, probably the best account ever written of the political institutions of the United States, considered in their relation to the history, the character, and the habits of the American people. He has published also two excellent books of travel: Transcaucasia and Ararat (4th ed., 1896) and Impressions of South Africa (1897); a volume of Studies in History and Jurisprudence (1901); Studies in Contemporary Biography (1903); South America: Observations

and Impressions (1912; Sp. trans., La América del Sud, by Guillermo Riviera, 1913).

He

BRYCE, LLOYD (1851-1917). An American diplomat and writer, born at Flushing, L. I., and educated at the Jesuit College in Georgetown, D. C., and at Christ Church, Oxford. studied law at Columbia University, filled several political positions in New York State, and was a member of Congress in 1887-89; then, being left a controlling interest in the North American Review by Allen Thorndyke Rice, he purchased the remaining interests and conducted this periodical until 1896. In 1911 he was appointed Minister to the Netherlands and Luxemburg. His writings include: Paradise: A Dream of Conquest (1887); The Romance of an Alter Ego (1889); Friends in Exile (1900); Lady Blanche's Salon (1900); The Literary Duet; After Christianity, What?

BRYDGES, GEO., first BARON RODNEY. RODNEY.

See

BRYDGES, brij'ez, SIR SAMUEL EGERTON (1762-1837). An English bibliographer and genealogist. He was educated at Cambridge and was admitted to the bar, but never practiced. He claimed, unsuccessfully, in 1789 the barony of Chandos of Sudeley. He edited Collins's Peerage (1812), and Tudor writers, privately printed at Lee Priory, Kent. He wrote Censura Literaria (5 vols., 1805-09); The British Bibliographer (1810-15) with J. Haslewood; Restituta (1814-16); and an Autobiography (1834).

BRYENNIOS, Gk. pron. Brê-en'nê-ōs, PHILOTHEOS (1833- ). A Greek theologian. He was born in Constantinople, was educated in the Patriarchal Seminary at Chalkis, and attended courses at the universities of Berlin, Leipzig, and Munich, where he became familiar with German theology. He consorted with Western theologians more frequently than is customary among Greek ecclesiastics and attended the Bonn Conference of Old Catholics in 1875. He was professor of church history at Chalkis, Metropolitan of Seres, and afterward Metropolitan of Nicomedia. He was the discoverer of the first complete manuscript of the two Epistles of Clement, published in 1875, and of the only known manuscript of The Teaching of the Twelve Apostles. The publication of the latter, in 1883, along with notes and prolegomena, all in Greek, was one of the most notable theological events of the day and led to the production of an extensive literature. Both manuscripts were found in 1873 in the Monastery of the Holy Sepulchre, Constantinople, in one cover along with four others. See TEACHING OF THE TWELVE APOSTLES. BRYM'NER, DOUGLAS (1823-1902). A Canadian journalist and archivist. He was born in Greenock, Scotland; was educated in a grammar school there and in 1857 removed to Canada, where for a time he devoted himself to farming. He afterward became a journalist and for some time was editor of the Presbyterian (the official organ of the Presbyterian church in Canada) and associate editor of the Montreal Daily Herald. In 1872 he was appointed Archivist of the Dominion of Canada, and in this capacity he rendered important services to students of American and Canadian history by issuing a series of volumes containing abstracts of the valuable manuscripts stored in the Canadian archives.

BRYMNER, WILLIAM (1855- ). A Canadian painter. He was born in Scotland, but

In

came to Canada at an early age and was educated in the Province of Quebec. He studied painting in Paris under Bougereau, Tony, and Fleury, and afterward exhibited in the Paris Salon and the Royal Academy, London. 1886 he was elected a member of the Royal Canadian Academy, vice president in 1907, and president in 1909. He was awarded medals at the Pan-American Exposition, 1901; the St. Louis Exposition, 1904, and the Louisiana Purchase Exposition, 1905. He excels both in landscape and the painting of the human figure. BRYN MAWR (mär) COLLEGE. An institution for the higher education of women at Bryn Mawr, Pa., about 10 miles northwest of the centre of Philadelphia. The college was founded by Joseph W. Taylor, was incorporated in 1880, and opened for students in 1885.

Bryn Mawr is distinctive among women's colleges in that its course and method of study are based upon the university model. The system of "major and minor electives in fixed combination" has been adopted; students are grouped in accordance with the work they have actually accomplished, instead of by arbitrary "classes"; original research is in all cases encouraged; and, in pursuance of the same policy of placing the scholarship of the college upon a basis of pure merit, candidates for admission as undergraduates are not accepted upon certificate, and honorary degrees are not granted. The college offers the graduate degrees of A.B., A.M., and Ph.D. Fifteen resident fellowships, 24 graduate scholarships, and 4 European fellowships are offered to graduate students, 10 graduate scholarships are offered to English, German, and French women, and there are also 50 scholarships and a students' loan fund for undergraduates.

Bryn Mawr has grown rapidly since its foundation, and in 1913 had 66 professors and instructors and a student body of 467. The library, largely designed for specialized study, contained in the same year over 68,000 bound volumes and 10,000 pamphlets, including the classical library of Professor Sauppe of Göttingen. The college buildings include six halls of residence, accommodating from 60 to 70 students each-Taylor Hall containing the lecture rooms and office of administration, a large library building, with a. book capacity of 187,000 volumes, 14 seminar rooms, lecture rooms, laboratories, a model school, etc., a well-equipped gymnasium, Dalton Hall, a lighting and heating plant, an infirmary, two apartment hotels for men and women professors, and nine houses for professors. The endowment fund is $1,890,000, the value of the buildings and grounds $1,950,000, and the annual income about $302,700. President. Miss M. Carey Thomas. Consult the president's Annual Report (Philadelphia, 1887 et seq.).

BRY'ONY (Lat. bryonia, Gk. Bpvwvia, bryōnia, from ẞpóew, bryein, to teem, swell). A genus of plants of the family Cucurbitaceæ. The common bryony (Bryonia dioica), the only British species, is frequent in hedgerows in England, but is not indigenous to Scotland. It has cordate-palmate leaves, axillary bunches of flowers, and red berries about the size of a pea. It abounds in a fetid and acrid juice. The root is perennial, very large, white, and branched, has a repulsive smell, and is acrid, purgative, and emetic. Bryonia alba, common in the middle parts of Europe, possesses similar properties.

LIVERWORTS:

1. MARCHANTIA (Male). 2. MARCHANTIA (Female). 5. ANTHOCEROS.

3. BAZZANIA.

4. NOTEROCLADA.

MOSSES:

6. SPHAGNUM.

7. POLYTRICHUM.

8. HYPNUM.