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INTERNATIONAL ENCYCLOPÆDIA

and was educated in Leipzig, Göttingen, and Bonn, completing his studies in Paris and Oxford. In 1839 he was called as assistant professor at Jena. Two years later he became lecturer at Leipzig, and in 1848 was elected professor of Sanskrit language and literature there. His works include the first five books of the great collection of fairy tales of Somadeva, Kathasaritsagara ("The Ocean of the Flow of Story,' 1839-66); an edition (1845) of the play Prabodhachandrodaya (The Rise of the Moon of Intelligence') of Krishna Miśra; and a critical edition of the Lieder des Hafis (3 vols., 1854-60). In 1841 he proposed the plan of printing Sanskrit works in the Latin alphabet, and he did much in other ways to increase interest in and knowledge of the Oriental languages. He prepared the first European glossary of the Avestan language, which was appended to an edition of Vendidad Sade (Leipzig, 1850). In 1856 he became editor of Ersch and Gruber's Allgemeine Enzyklopädie, and prepared vols. Ixii to xcix of that work. In 1853 he founded the Zeitschrift der deutschen morgenländischen Gesellschaft, in which he published numerous articles relating to the languages of India, Arabia, and Persia.

BROCK'PORT. A village in Monroe Co., N. Y., 18 miles west of Rochester, on the Erie Canal and on the New York Central and Hudson River Railroad (Map: New York, C 4). It is the seat of a State normal school. The village is the centre of a fruit-growing and agricultural region, and manufactures shoes, canned goods, pianos, piano cases, tractors, spraying outfits, globes, clocks, etc. The water works are owned by the village. Pop., 1900, 3398; 1910, 3579.

BROCK TON. A city in Plymouth Co., Mass., 20 miles south of Boston, on the New York, New Haven, and Hartford Railroad (Map: Massachusetts, E 3). Its manufactures include shoes, lasts, mechanics' tools, rubber goods, furniture, paper boxes, pianos, etc. The city has a public library of about 60,000 volumes. First settled in 1700, and originally a part of Bridgewater, Brockton was incorporated as the town of North Bridgewater in 1821. Its present name was adopted in 1874, and a city charter secured in 1881. The government is administered by a mayor, elected annually, and a bicameral city council. The executive appoints the license commissioners, and, with the concurrence of the board of aldermen, the board of health, members of the police department, and trustees of the public library. Other officials, excepting the school committee which is chosen by popular election, are selected by the council. Pop., 1890, 27.294: 1900, 40,063; 1910, 56,878; 1913 (local), 65,000; 1920, 66,138. Consult Kingman, History of Brockton (Syracuse, 1895).

BROCK/VILLE. The capital of Leeds Co., Ontario, Canada, taking its name from Gen. Sir Isaac Brock (q.v.); on the left bank of the St. Lawrence, about 60 miles below Kingston and 125 southwest of Montreal (Map: Ontario, J 4). It is an important railway and commercial centre, being a division point of the Grand Trunk, and the southern terminus of the Ottawa and Brockville branch of the Canadian Pacific and of the Brockville, Westport, and Northwestern, and a port of call for St. Lawrence steamers. It manufactures stoves and hardware, steam engines, agricultural machinery, carriages, etc., and has an extensive trade in cheese and butter. Brockville has a large asylum for the insane,

two well-equipped hospitals, and is the seat of a United States consulate. Pop., 1901, 8940; 1911. 9374.

An

BROCK'WAY, HOWARD (1870- ). American musician and composer, born in Brooklyn, N. Y., Nov. 22, 1870. After pianoforte studies with H. O. C. Kortheuer from 1887 to 1889, at the age of 20 he went to Berlin, where he continued his instrumental studies with Barth, and composition with O. B. Boise. At the age of 24 he had composed a symphony (op. 12), a ballade for orchestra, and a violin and piano sonata (op. 9); as well as a cavatina for violin and orchestra. These, together with other piano solos, were given at a concert of Brockway's own works in February, 1895, at the Berlin Sing-Akademie. A few months later he returned to New York, where he remained until 1903. In 1903-09 he was professor of composition at the Peabody Institute in Baltimore. Thereafter he made New York his residence.

BROCKWAY, ZEBULON REED (1827-1920). An American penologist. He was born in Lyme, Conn., April 28, 1827. In 1850 he entered upon prison service at the Connecticut State Prison. Thence he went to Albany Co., N. Y., as deputy superintendent of the penitentiary, and in 1854 became superintendent of the Monroe County (N. Y.) Penitentiary. In 1861 he took charge of the House of Correction, Detroit, Mich., which position he gave up in 1876 to assume the superintendency of the New York State Reformatory at Elmira. This position he resigned in 1900. In 1898 he was elected president of the National Prison Association of America, and was honorary president of the International Prison Congress meeting in Washington in 1910. He was elected mayor of Elmira in 1905. Mr. Brockway's fame as largely upon his work in introducing the ina prison reformer rests determinate sentence at the Elmira Reformatory. The success of the indeterminate sentence in this institution was largely responsible for its wide acceptance in other prisons. Consult his book, Fifty Years of Prison Service (New York, 1912). See ELMIRA REFORMATORY; PENOLOGY.

BRO’DERICK, DAVID COLBRETH (1820-59). An American politician. He was born in Washington, the son of a stonecutter; but early removed with his father to New York City, where he attended the public schools and afterward learned his father's trade. He then kept a grog shop for some time, became prominent as leader of the rougher element in Tammany, and company, which had a considerable political inwas chosen foreman of a volunteer fire-engine

a

fluence. He nevertheless devoted much of his

time to private study and by his moral habits and his personal integrity earned the respect of the better element in the city. In 1846 he failed to secure a coveted election to Congress, and three years later removed to California, where he soon became the recognized leader of one of the two factions into which the Democratic party in the State was then divided. He was a member of the California Constitutional Convention in 1849, and served two terms in the State Senate, for part of the time as presiding officer. In 1856 he was elected to the United States Senate and soon became conspicuous for his opposition to the admission of Kansas under the Lecompton Constitution. In 1859 he took an active part in a rancorous political campaign in California, and, challenged at its close by Judge Terry on account of certain strictures in one of

BRODERIP

3 his speeches, he fought a duel on September 13, His death in which he was fatally wounded. under such circumstances caused a deep sensation in the East as well as in the West and was generally attributed to the animosity aroused among slaveholders and their political sympathizers by Broderick's unyielding opposition to the further spread of slavery, especially in

Kansas.

BRODERIP, brōd'rip, WILLIAM JOHN (17891859). An English lawyer and naturalist. He graduated at Oxford, studied and practiced law, edited law reports, and was for 34 years a London police magistrate. He was devoted to science, and wrote the zoological articles for the Penny Cyclopædia. He published Zoological Recreations (1848) and Leaves from the Note-Book of a Naturalist (1852). He was secretary of the His great Geological Society for many years. conchological collection is in the British Museum. Consult Berger, W. J. Broderip (Paris, 1856).

BRODEUR, bro'der', LOUIS PHILIPPE (1862). A Canadian statesman, born at Beloeil, Quebec. He was educated at the College of St. Hyacinthe and at Laval University. In 1884 he was admitted to the bar and in 1891 was elected as a Liberal to the House of Commons, retaining his seat until appointed Speaker of the House in 1901. In 1904 he became Minister of Inland Revenue in the cabinet of Sir Wilfrid Laurier (q.v.), and two years later was appointed Minister of Marine and Fisheries, in which capacity he did much to improve conditions of navigation on the St. Lawrence River. He also introduced legislation which prevented the American Tobacco Company from establishing a foothold in Canada. In 1907 and 1911, respectively, he was a delegate to the Colonial and Imperial conferences in London, and in the former year was associated with William Stevens Fielding_(q.v.) in negotiating the Franco-Canadian Treaty. Upon the establishment of a Canadian naval service in 1910 he became its head. Canada was represented by him at the Imperial Defense Conference in London (1909), and at the North Atlantic Fisheries Conference held in Washington in pursuance of The Hague Tribunal's decision. In 1911 he was appointed a judge of the Supreme Court of Canada.

ROMEYN (1814-73). BROD'HEAD, JOHN An American historian, born in Philadelphia, Pa. He removed with his parents to New York City in 1826, graduated at Rutgers College in 1831, and in 1835 was admitted to the bar, but soon abandoned the practice of law and devoted his attention almost entirely to the study of the For several years after history of New York. 1839 he was connected with the United States legation in Holland, and while there was appointed (1841), in pursuance of an act of the New York Legislature, to procure and transcribe documents in European archives relating to the history of the State. He devoted himself to this task with great energy and succeeded in collecting more than 5000 documents, many of which had been previously unknown to historians. "The ship in which he came back," says Bancroft, "was more richly freighted with new material for American history than any that ever crossed the Atlantic." The documents were printed by the State, under the editorship of O'Callaghan and Fernow, as Documents Relating to the Colonial History of the State of New York (14 vols., Albany, 1856-86). From

1846 to 1849 Brodhead was Secretary of Legation in London, George Bancroft then being the United States Minister to England, and from 1853 to 1857 he was naval officer of the port of New York. His reputation rests chiefly on his History of the State of New York (2 vols., 185371), which is notable for its thorough scholarship, its candor, and its painstaking accuracy, and which, though left incomplete, remains the standard work for the period covered-1609–91. Brodhead also published An Oration on the Conquest of New Netherland (1864) and an address entitled Government of Sir Edmund Andros over New England (1867).

BRO'DIE, ALEXANDER OSWALD (1849-1918). An American army officer, born in St. Lawrence Co., N. Y. He graduated from West Point and was appointed a first lieutenant of cavalry in 1875. Two years later he resigned, engaged in the cattle trade in Kansas, and later took up During mining and engineering in Arizona. this period he was a second time enlisted (188384), serving in two Indian campaigns. At the outbreak of the Spanish-American War he became a major in Theodore Roosevelt's "Rough Riders," saw fighting in Cuba and elsewhere, and was promoted to be lieutenant colonel. In 1902 he was appointed temporary Governor of Arizona; in 1905 he became assistant chief of the Record and Pension Office (rank of major) and then military secretary (lieutenant colonel), and in 1907 adjutant general.

BRODIE, SIR BENJAMIN COLLINS (17831862). An English surgeon. He studied under Sir Everard Home at St. George's Hospital and was surgeon there, having previously lectured both on anatomy and surgery. In 1810 he was elected to the Royal Society, in 1811 received its Copley medal for physiological papers, and in 1858 was elected president. He became professor of comparative anatomy in the Royal College of Surgeons in 1819, and later president. He was attending physician to George IV. William IV made him sergeant surgeon (1832) and a baronet (1834). He was sergeant surgeon to Queen Victoria. He was one of the leaders in His work on diseases of England of the opposition to homœopathy and to Gall's "phrenology." He the joints promoted conservative treatment and decreased the frequency of amputations. was an able diagnostician and a cool steady surgeon, but his passion was prevention of disHe wrote two volumes of Psychological Inquiries (1854; 1862). His professional papers, with his Autobiography, were collected (1865) by Hawkins. Consult Acland's biography (London, 1864).-His son, SIR BENJAMIN COLLINS BRODIE (1817-80), became eminent as a chemist and studied particularly the constitution of carbons. In 1855 he was elected Aldrichian professor of chemistry at Oxford, his Alma Mater.

ease.

BROD'RICK, WILLIAM ST. JOHN FREMANTLE, ). An English VISCOUNT MIDLETON (1856statesman.

He graduated in 1879 at Oxford, sat as a Conservative for West Surrey from 1880 to 1885, and for the Guildford division of Surrey after that year until 1906. From 1886 to 1892 he was financial secretary to the War Office. In 1895-98 he was Undersecretary of State for War, and in 1898 was appointed Undersecretary of State for Foreign Affairs. He was Secretary of State for War in 1900, and his management of the War Office during the South African War was criticised. In 1903 he was made Secretary