ated from the United States Naval Academy in 1864; served on the Marblehead, the Susquehanna, and several other vessels; was on duty at the United States Naval Academy from 1872 to 1875, and at the New York Navy Yard in 187980. Subsequently he was naval attaché at the American Embassy in London, chief of the Intelligence Office, and chief of the Bureau of Equipment. During the Spanish-American War he commanded the battleship New York and was chief of staff for Admiral Sampson, participating in the most important engagements in the Atlantic during the war. From 1900 to 1903 he was president of the Naval War College, in 1904 was commander in chief of the South Atlantic squadron, and in 1906 was retired from active service. His writings on diplomacy and history are considered among the most important of their kind. He wrote: Temperament, Disease, and Health (1892); An Unsolved Problem (1896); Causes of the Civil War, in the "American Nation Series" (1906); Relations of the United States and Spain, 1776-1898; Diplomacy, vol. i (1909), and the Spanish-American War, vols. ii and iii (1911).

CHADWICK, GEORGE WHITEFIELD (1854). An American composer, born in Lowell, Mass. He studied under Eugene Thayer in America and under Jadassohn, Reinecke, and Rheinberger in Europe, where he went in 1877. Returning to America in 1880, he became organist in the South Congregational Church, Boston, and instructor in harmony and composition in the New England Conservatory of Music, of which he became director in 1897. For several seasons he also was conductor of the Springfield and Worcester festivals. He was elected to the American Academy of Arts and Letters. With the exception of MacDowell, Chadwick is the most important composer America has produced so far. His leaning is towards the highest instrumental forms, which he handles with considerable skill. In the treatment of these larger forms and of his thematic material he easily surpasses MacDowell, while the latter shows a more striking individuality in the invention of the themes themselves. Chadwick's works are: for orchestra-three symphonies in C m, B flat, and F; six overtures, Rip van Winkle, Thalia, The Miller's Daughter, Melpomene, Adonais, Euterpe; Serenade in F; Suite in A; Sinfonietta; for chorus with orchestra-The Viking's Last Voyage, The Pilgrim's Hymn, Lovely Rosabelle, Phoenix Expirans, The Lily-Nymph, Dedication Ode, Columbian Ode; chamber music-six string quartets, a piano quintet, and a string trio. His most ambitious work is a lyric drama, Judith. Two other works for the stage are the comic operas Tabasco and The Quiet Lodging. He has also written about 50 songs and compositions for piano and organ.

CHADWICK, JAMES READ (1844-1905). An American gynecologist, born in Boston. He graduated at Harvard University in 1865 and at the Harvard Medical School in 1871. He founded the American Gynecological Society, was its secretary from 1876 to 1882, and became its president in 1897. He became librarian of the Boston Medical Library Association in 1875, and president of the Massachusetts Cremation Society in 1892. His works include: The Boston Medical Library (1876, 1903); The Study and Practice of Medicine by Women (1879);

Obstetric and Gynecological Literature, 1876– 1880 (1881). Consult the sketch of his life by his grandson (Boston, 1905).

CHADWICK, JOHN WHITE (1840-1904). An American clergyman of the Unitarian Church, born in Marblehead, Mass. For a time he was a shoemaker. He graduated in 1864 at the Harvard Divinity School and was in the same year ordained to the Unitarian ministry and installed as pastor of the Second Unitarian Church of Brooklyn, N. Y. He was known as one of the leading preachers of his denomination, of whose most advanced thought he was a representative. His published discourses, including Some Aspects of Religion (1879), Belief and Life (1881), Origin and Destiny (1883), and A Daring Faith (1885), have been extensively read and have been characterized as constituting "a noble body of ethical literature." Best known, however, of his literary works, are his collections, A Book of Poems (1876; 7th ed., 1885); In Nazareth Town; A Christmas Fantasy and Other Poems (1883); A Few Verses (1900); Later Poems (1905). Among his other publications may be cited a biography of Rev. N. A. Staples (1870); The Bible of To-Day (1875); The Faith of Reason (1879); Old and New Unitarian Belief (1894); Theodore Parker, Preacher, Reformer (1900); William Ellery Channing, Minister of Religion (1903); Cap'n Chadwick, Marblehead Skipper and Shoemaker (1906).

CHÆNOMORPHÆ, ke'nô-môr'fê (Neo-Lat. nom. pl., from Gk. xalveu, chainein, to gape + μopp, morphe, form). An order of birds, embracing the ducks, geese, swans, screamers, and flamingoes and their allies. They are characterized by cranial features in common, being desmognathous, with the palatal bones united across the median line.

CHÆREA, kẽ rê-å, GAIUS CASSIUS. The murderer of the Emperor Caligula (q.v.). He was tribune of the prætorian cohort. With Cornelius Sabinus and others he formed a conspiracy, and on Jan. 24, 41 A.D., the fourth day of the Palatine Games in honor of Augustus, was the first to strike down the Emperor as the latter returned through the palace. On the following day Claudius, who had been proclaimed Emperor by the soldiers, caused him to be executed.

The

CHÆREAS (kē'rê-às) AND CALLIRRHOË, kå-lir'ô-ē. A Greek romance, by Chariton (q.v.). The heroine is married to Chæreas, and soon apparently dies, but comes to life in the tomb. She is carried off by robbers and after various adventures is restored to her husband. work was printed from the only known manuscript by James Philip d'Orville, at Amsterdam, in 1750, with a complete commentary. It has been translated into the principal modern languages.

CHREMON, (kê-rẽ mòn) OF ALEXANDRIA. Stoic philosopher and grammarian, and custodian of the annex of the Alexandrian Library (q.v.) in the Serapeum. In 49 A.D. he was summoned to Rome, to become tutor of Nero. He was a priest of high rank and deeply interested in the religious history of Egypt, especially of the earlier times. He wrote a History of Egypt, on Comets, on Egyptian Astrology, and on the Hieroglyphics. He explained the Egyptian religious system as an allegory of the worship of nature. For his fragments, consult Müller, Fragmenta Historicorum Græcorum, vol. iii.