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volume of currency elastic, it would at any rate make elastic so much of the volume as rested upon the savings of the working poor.

The scheme has proven of great value in Great Britain, where they have had the benefit of postal savings banks for more than a generation. Every money order office over there is a postal savings bank, and is open during the hours appointed for the sale of stamps, beginning at 8 A. M. It is also open for withdrawals on all week days during certain hours. Deposits may be made from I shilling (25 cents) to £50 ($250) in one year (ending December 31), the total not to exceed £200 ($1,000). Interest accrues at the rate of 21-2 per cent. For the convenience of the poorer depositors, penny stamps can be affixed to a piece of paper until they amount to a shilling and then deposited. A depositor can withdraw his money at any postoffice bank in Great Britain, no matter where it was originally deposited. In 1902-the latest period for which statistics are at hand-there were nearly 9,000,000 depositors, one in five of the population, and the deposits aggregate more than $700,000,000.

AT the twenty-fifth anniversary of the Charity Organization Society of New York, Prof. Graham Taylor, in an address, stated that without the help of the labor organizations of the country charity would not go very far. The professor also commended the sane and practical views of the labor press, of which the best example was shown in the reciprocal action of the labor unions in Chicago in sustaining the banks in the matter of pay checks during the present financial stringency, a step which he held did much to tide over the situation.

As a result of several experiments, the eight-hour day was introduced by a number of state establishments in France in 1901. Upwards of 35,000 workmen were affected by the change. According to an official résumé of the effect of the change, it appears that in the post and telegraph workshops a reduction of hours from ten to eight-labor by the day being substituted for piece work— brought no decrease in production, but that an increased efficiency and greater economy resulted.

The New York Newspapers.

It is a singular fact that, notwithstanding the great increase of the population of the city of New York in the past twenty years, there has been no increase in the number of newspapers, declared Louis Wiley, of the New York Times, in a recent adddress. He asserted further that this is largely due to the fact that it is impossible to obtain an Associated Press franchise, which is almost essential to the New York daily newspaper. Among other things, Mr. Wiley said:

The city of New York has a population of about 4,000,000, and the number of copies of New York morning newspapers sold in the city is 750,000.

The number of agate lines of advertising space in New York morning newspapers in February, 1906, was over 3,500,000, while that of the evening newspapers was 2,500,000 lines. It is understood, of course, that the evening newspapers publish on six days of the week, while the morning newspapers publish on seven days of the week.

The annual expenditure for advertising in the newspapers of the city of New York is greatly in excess of $10,000,000. The annual receipts from newspaper sales in the city of New York are not much over $3,000,000. The annual expenditures of the New York newspapers are probably about $10,000,000. The receipts from circulation in the main represent the profits of the newspapers. Advertising is therefore essential to the existence of the newspapers of New York.

For the newspapers which are sold for 1 cent per copy the news companies pay 50 cents per 100, which rate scarcely pays for more than the white paper used in the production of the newspaper.

The highest rate for general advertising, run of paper, in New York city is 50 cents per agate line, and the lowest rate for general advertising is 10 cents per agate line. The average rate is 20 cents per agate line.

Most of the advertising in the New York newspapers comes through advertising agents, who receive commission on their orders, in most cases 10 per cent.

A large part of the advertising of New York newspapers is devoted to the announcements of the dry goods stores. The average rate for dry goods advertising in New York is 20 cents per agate line.

Individuality was the predominant factor in metropolitan journalism fifty years ago. Today there is more impersonality and better service to the people. Horace Greeley was America's greatest editor, but as a practical newspaper manager James Gordon Bennett, the father of the present Bennett of the Herald, easily led him. Henry J. Raymond, editor of the New York Times, was a more cultured man than Greeley, but his influence upon his time was not so great. The late Charles A. Dana made the New York Sun the brightest newspaper of its day. He gave the Sun that sparkling literary touch it has never lost. Joseph Pulitzer is one of the most resourceful newspaper men that has ever

lived. The development of the modern newspaper to its present proportions began with his acquisition of the New York World. Adolph S. Ochs, the principal owner of the New York Times and of the Public Ledger of Philadelphia, has taken rank among the foremost newspaper men of the country. At a time when the sensational newspapers were making their greatest success in New York he took hold of the moribund New York Times and made it one of the most powerful and successful journals in the world.

Van Cleave's Latest.

Employers are still receiving circulars from the National Association of Manufacturers. The following is one of the latest, and needs no comment:

NEW YORK, November 21, 1907. GENTLEMEN-As a large employer of labor I am sure you will be interested in giving your earnest attention to the article which I enclose from Amer

ican Industries, referring to the losses to capital resulting from the domination of union labor.

As you are well aware, there is hardly a prominent manufacturer or business man in this country whose interests have not suffered as a result of the conditions described.

I write to you personally and confidentially, as one of the great number of employers who at the present moment are standing together to resist the unreasonable demands and domination of union labor, and I should esteem it a particular favor if, after reading the enclosed article, you take the time to dictate a letter to me, under personal cover, indicating something of your own experience with the unions. Any communication from you will be treated as strictly confidential. Very truly yours, J. W. VAN CLEAVE, President.

For the Removal of the Tariff. The following resolutions were recently adopted by the Joint Conference Board, composed of representatives of the International Typographical Union, International Printing Pressmen and Assistants' Union, International Stereotypers' and Electrotypers' Union, International Photo-Engravers' Union and the International Brotherhood of Bookbinders:

Whereas, We, the workers employed in the various departments of newspaper and commercial printing offices throughout the United States, i. e., compositors, pressmen, stereotypers and electrotypers, photo-engravers and bookbinders, to the number of over 100,000, feel that any combination which produces an artificial scarcity of news print paper, and which unduly stimulates the price of product, is an oppression that affects alike the employe as well as the employer; and

Whereas, The almost prohibitive and ruinous

price of such paper has curtailed to an alarming extent the number of workers employed in the printing industry, and has further acted as a preventive to the printing trades artizans from securing higher compensation for their services, to which they are justly entitled; therefore, be it

Resolved, That this Joint Conference Board, in session at Indianapolis, Ind., December 16, 1907, submit a memorial to the president of the United States and the congress, and appeal for the abolition of the duty on white paper, wood pulp and the materials which are used in the manufacture thereof.

Resolved, That all local unions affiliated with our various international organizations are requested to endorse these resolutions and forward copies to their representatives and United States senators.

Where Labor is Most Quiescent.

Each issue of American Industries contains articles picturing in the most favorable light different communities where nonunion conditions prevail. One of the most recent is a story which asserts that Pittsburg is acknowledged as the "scene of the greatest liberty of the open shop." Part of the statement reads:

The population of Greater Pittsburg alone is now estimated at more than 500,000. To this must be added an equal number in the circumvallating area, making a total of more than 1,000,000 souls who are engaged, most of them directly, in industrial production. Out of this total it is estimated that at least 250,000 are wage-earners. At least 150,000 are employed in the iron and steel industry, and not more than 2,000 are members of labor unions. It is a most astounding fact that at the same time within this area of active production of wealth, this focus of aggregation of all materials and center of distribution of finished products, where the assertions of organized labor might in theory be expected to be most aggressive, they are in reality most quiescent.

The above statement may or may not be true, but if it is, it affords much food for thought. Twenty years ago the Amalgamated Association of Iron and Steel Workers was probably the most highly organized and powerful trade union in the world, and its passing from perfect organization to perfect quiescence under enforced disunion marks a transition in sentiment and action in the steel industry of such scope and meaning as to weaken our faith in facts deemed fixed and fundamental in human nature. A writer in one of the leading newspapers takes this view of the conditions said to exist:

When General Snowden, with his 7,000 soldiers, appeared at Homestead, it could be foreseen that

the right of the steel worker to co-operate with his fellows and confer with his employer in the matter of wages was to be denied-at least for a time. But it could not be foreseen that in a few short years the American would either give place to or take on the servile attitude of the Hunyak. And yet he has done both of these things, and that, in my opinion, is exactly what is meant by this "most quiescent" period in the history of steelmaking in the United States.

The peace of Pittsburg means more than mere quietude. Any one who has been in the district knows that it means that the toilers in this great industry have learned to touch their caps in truckling allegiance to the man who gives them work. It means the disappearance of American homes, the disappearance of robust American manhood, and the extinction of that fighting spirit which successfully resisted the aggressions of King George and his ministers, which created a government of the people and gave it a place of commanding power among the nations of the earth.

I do not say that the Pittsburg steel workers are slaves, because there have been slaves whose souls were never in thrall, but I charge them with unmurmuring subserviency, a gradation in degradation which does not necessarily adhere to the victim of involuntary servitude.

As a Briton Sees It.

Just before taking passage for home, John Hodge, fraternal delegate from the British Trades Union Congress to the American Federation of Labor convention at Norfolk, uttered the following:

In my opinion, what some of the workmen in this country need is a stirring up. A 50 per cent reduction would do some of the American labor men good. It would wake them up to present conditions.

The British delegate thinks the American workmen are lacking in appreciation of the power that comes from organization intelligently directed. He claims that the workers of Great Britain are more alive to the possibilities presented to them through combination, and that the militant spirit is stronger with them than with the workingmen of this country. Mr. Hodge asserted further:

English workmen are now getting in a position to enjoy some of the fruits of their labor, but having made such progress it is not their intention to relinquish what they have gained, but to fight on for all time to come. During the past decade labor has accomplished great things in England, and a great many changes will take place during the next few years.

In Great Britain thirty-one members of the house of commons were elected as trade unionists, and I would advise my fellow trade unionists in the

United States to go and do likewise. If this would be done, instead of having only two members in your national congress, you would be able to have at least fifty or sixty.

Union Men as Good Citizens.

Writing of the significance of the San Francisco elections in Charities and the Commons, O. K. Cushing, who has been called "the hero of the San Francisco relief work," says:

In the region south of Market street, where the labor vote is heaviest, the union labor candidates for both mayor and district attorney received fewer votes than the reform candidates for the same offices. In the territory north of Market street and west of Van Ness avenue, embracing the best resi dence district of the city, the union labor candidate for district attorney received nearly 2,500 more votes than the same party cast for mayor. It is fair to assume that union men throughout the city cast their votes for mayor and district attorney in the same relative proportion. We are therefore led to the conclusion that on the simple question of good government, when freed from any question involv ing organized labor, the union man makes a better showing than the so-called "good citizen" in other walks of life. Notwithstanding the corruption that has existed, it is apparent that there are still business men here who think the prosecution of crime. in high places "hurts business;" but fortunately they are greatly in the minority.

"If Any I Have Offended."

There is pretty good evidence at hand that the Order of Owls is as wise as "our feathered friend," from which it derives its name, is reputed to be. THE JOURNAL takes pleasure in reproducing an article from the official magazine, the Owl, written by Joseph E. Talbot, general counsel of the organization:

John Long, of New Orleans, on June 2, 1907, subscribed for the Owl. Under date of October 29, he writes a severe criticism of the magazine.

The Owl is frequently praised and occasionally censured. When the Owl is criticized we read the criticisms. Where we believe the critic is right, we try to remedy the cause of criticism.

John Long's criticism we believe to be unjust. Of the merits of the controversy our readers must each judge.

JOHN LONG'S SIDE.

NEW ORLEANS, LA., October 29, 1907. "EDITOR OF THE OWL-Discontinue sending the Owl to me. My objection to it is the union label printed inside the back cover. I am an American and refuse to be labeled. I don't have to wear a tag. Men who join unions believe in closed shops. A closed shop means no man can work in it unless

he joins the union and pays dues. A union man is run by some union official and he holds his union in higher regard than he does his employer. The Order of Owls is a fraternal society. The Owl is the mouthpiece of the order, and has no business with unions. Yours, JOHN LONG."

OUR SIDE.

Sorry you quit us John Long.

Your opinion is yours. We concede your sincerity. We believe you want to do the right thing. We treat life as a game and try to play the game fair. We believe you are wrong-or, rather, that you are mistaken. We will tell you here why we believe you wrong, and we will not discontinue sending you the magazine until you have had a chance to read our side.

You are unfair-just a little-in giving us your side and trying to quit without waiting for our side.

There are only two kinds of printing-union

and

A union is a body of men organized to support each other in sickness; to feed each other when out of work; to do what they can to get fair treatment from their employers and the public. A union man stands for clean working places, good morals, good clothes, a clean face, wholesome food and manliness. A union endeavors to get the producer his share, and a true union man is loyal to his em ployer.

Men

Originally there was the earth-and men. worked at the earth and thus made wealth. Wealth can only be produced from the earth. All wealth is produced by applying human labor to the earth. "Way back yonder" the earth produced mammoths and clubs. Men used labor in conjunction with the clubs and thereby killed the mammoths. A killed mammoth was wealth because it could be eaten. Cold storage had not been invented; therefore, in that period there were no millionaires and no labor unions. The mammoth killer called in all his neighbors and they all ate the mammoth.

At a later period in the pioneer days your fathers lived in thinly settled communities on "new land." In those pioneer days there were less people, less wealth and less suffering. The tramp came with the steam engine. Beggars are usually to be found on streets lighted by electricity and patrolled by policemen. Labor unions did not cause millionaires to come into existence. Millionaires did cause labor unions.

Vagrants spring into being as an incident to millionaires. The productive power of labor has not been decreased. It has been increased, but its production is not distributed. The mammoth killer has been converted into a shop slave who is given just enough of the mammoth (his own production) to keep him. All the employer does is to let the slave use the club which God grew, and the employer puts the mammoth on cold storage and thus makes himself a millionaire, and the employer of today says if you don't like it you can quit.

The man sees another way. He don't quit. He forms a union. The union forces up wages. There are always weak spots. Traitors are common to humanity. There are laboring men who would sell

out their fellow creatures. Such vile beings cry they do not wish to be made to join the union. Children are made to go to school.

Vagrants are compelled to take baths in our jails.
Rabid dogs are killed.

"Self-preservation is the first law of nature." Men are compelled to conform to Sunday laws and quarantine regulations. It is no great hardship to be compelled to co-operate with one's fellow men-to procure better conditions for labor.

Nobody compelled us to put the union label on Owl printed matter. We asked for it. We have ordered it put on all our printed matter. We don't buy anything but union-made goods for the Owls. The reason the Order of Owls does this is: It is an order formed for the purpose of aiding its fellow men. It believes when it encourages labor unions it helps its fellow men.

This does not hurt an employer.

Better machinery and improved appliances aid an employer. A better paid man is better fed, better clothed, better housed and more intelligent. An intelligent workman produces more than an ignorant workman. A well-fed man works better than one that is under-fed. Good, wholesome, comfortable surroundings produce good, sound, strong, intelligent, competent workmen.

Good workmen are a paying investment to any employer. Employers are not complaining that there are too many good men.

These are our convictions, Brother Longbrother in the flesh and the devil (if not in the Order of Owls).

We trust you will give our side as much consideration as we have given your side.

IN connection with the campaign inaugurated by the typographical union against the great white plague, "Big Six" has a standing committee on the prevention of tuberculosis, and this committee invites correspondence from other local unions which may have a similar object in view, or which may have any special line of action in contemplation for the elimination of the disease. The secretary of the committee of No. 6 is Joseph A. Gardner, to whom all communications on the subject should be addressed.

IT appears from advices received from Scranton, Pa., that the Ladies' Home Journal has received a knockout blow in that city. After the executive board of Typographical Union No. 112 had interviewed the aid society of the First Baptist church, an agreement was canceled with the Curtis Publishing Company by the terms of which the church women had agreed to circulate 5,000 postcards for the unfair publication.

AN increase in the scale of Oneida (N. Y.) Typographical Union went into effect January 1.

TYPOGRAPHIA No. 5, of Rochester, N. Y., has secured an increase of $1 a week for its members employed on other than machine composition.

ORGANIZER MCLOUGHLIN reports that both the hand and machine scale at Norwich, N. Y., has been increased $1 per week, with little trouble.

BEGINNING January 28, the book and job printers of Burlington, Iowa, will receive $16 per week for forty-eight hours, an increase of $1 per week.

*

CONTRACTS for one year were secured by Organizer McLoughlin from the publishers of Norwich, N. Y., providing for an increase of $1 a week for the members of No. 453.

* *

PRESIDENT DUKE, of Kansas City Union No. 80, reports the signing up of another office-the Masterson concern. The firm is just starting in business, and has installed a complete new equipment.

*

MEMBERS of Typographical Union No. 538 were notified by the employers of Washington, Ind., that a Christmas present of $2 per week increase in their wages would be accorded them, the same to take effect at

once.

UNDER date of December 14, President Bartlett, of Hartford Union, writes of the victory obtained by No. 127 for the printers at New Britain, Conn. It was necessary to call a strike in two newspaper offices, which was of short duration, and as a consequence twenty-two men went on an eight-hour schedule on January 1, 1908. All offices in New Britain, with the exception of the Adkins Printing Company, are union, and the prospects are excellent for reclaiming this

concern.

AN increase in the scale for foremen, book, job and admen has been granted by the three newspapers and the six job offices of Phoenix, Ariz., and hereafter members of No. 352 will receive the following wages: Foremen on morning papers, $33 per week; admen, $27; foremen on evening papers, $30 per week; admen, $24; job foremen, $25 per week; compositors, $21. All overtime is to be paid for at the rate of price and a half. No change was made in the pay of machine operators.

*

SECRETARY RANK, of Union Hill (N. J.) Union, under date of December 16, writes as follows: "Revised scales were submitted to all employing printers, together with an invitation for them to come to a meeting of the executive committee of our union and state their views. As there were no objections to the revised scale, there remains nothing to do but pass it finally at our next meeting on December 26." The scale is an increase from $17 to $18 per week, fortyeight hours.

EMPLOYERS of Trenton, N. J., have agreed to a new scale to be in force for one year, the figures for book and jobmen to be changed from $16 to $18 per week. Linotype operators are increased from $18 to $21 for day work and from $21 to $22.50 for night work. Organizer McLoughlin assisted No. 71 in the negotiations.

*

EMPLOYING book and job printers of Newark, N. J., have agreed to an advance of $1 per week in the scale of No. 103. The increase went into effect December 2. It is the purpose of the union to ask for a further advance of $1 a week on June 1, 1908. The scale under the new agreement is $20 a week.

FIGURES given in this column last month in connection with the new scale at Lead, S. D., were incorrect. The following will be the scale of that union for the ensuing three years: Operators, $21 for day and $24

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