PUEBLOS AND MISSIONS.

281

Cia (Asuncion), mission of Queres, with Jemes ard Sta Ana as visitas after '82; 99 bapt., 32 marr., 56 deaths in '88.

'82.

Cochiti (S. Buenaventura), pueblo of Queres, visita of Sto Domingo after

Cubero, or Covero, pueblo in the Laguna region, not mentioned in this halfcentury; prob. abandoned.

Galisteo, visita of Pecos, with 255 Ind. in '60; not mentioned in later reports; prob. abandoned.

Isleta (S. Agustin), mission pueblo of Tehuas(?), whose padre had charge of Belen and Tomé; bapt. 74, marr. 25, deaths 31 in '88.

Jemes (S. Diego), pueblo of Jemes, Pecos lang., a visita of Cia after '82. Laguna (S. José), mission of Queres, with some fam. of half-converted Navajos and Apaches in vicinity; had Acoma as a visita after '82; bapt. 33, marr. 24, deaths 12 in '88.

Moquino, pueblo of the Laguna region, not mentioned in this period, but perhaps estab. with Moqui fam. now or a little later.

Nambé (S. Fran.), pueblo of Tehuas, visita of Pujuaque after '82.
Pecos (Los Angeles), visita of Sta Fé, and rapidly declining in pop.

Picuries (S. Lorenzo), mission with many Span. settlers in the vicinity; bapt. 15, marr. 6, deaths 8 in '88.

Pujuaque (Guadalupe), pueblo of Tehuas, visita of Nambé in '60, but after '82 mission with visitas of N. and Tesuque; 2 padres in '88; bapt. 42, marr. 13, deaths 14.

S. Felipe, mission of Queres; visita of Sto Domingo after '82.

S. Ildefonso, mission of Tehuas; visita of Sta Ana after '82.

S. Juan de los Caballeros, mission of Tehuas, with many Span. in the vicinity; 2 padres in '88; bapt. 16, marr. 19, deaths 25.

S. Rafael de los Gentiles, 15 settlers of this place, location not given, petitioned for and obtained in '65 arms to defend themselves.

Sandía (Asumpcion or Dolores), mission of 96 Tehuas (?) and 196 Moquis

in '60; bapt. 57, marr. 27, deaths 18 in '88.

Sta Ana, pueblo of Queres, had a padre in '69; visita of Cia after '82.

Sta Clara, mission of Tehuas, with S. Ildefonso as visita after '82; bapt. 66, marr. 22, deaths 98 in '88.

Sto Domingo, mission of Queres, called Sto Dom. de Cochití after '82; with S. Felipe and S. Buen. (Cochití) as visitas; bapt. 124, marr. 25, deaths 31 in '88, having 2 padres.

Sta Fé, capital villa, with garrison of 80 soldiers, but no fortifications; 2 padres, 1 acting as vice-custodio (the custodio generally living at El Paso), and a secular priest paid by tithes; 2 churches and another almost completed in '60, built by Gov. Marin del Valle. Pop. 2,324 in '66. Lafora. In '88 Gen. Ugarte approved Gov. Concha's project of reforming the villa and building a cuartel, or presidio, $2,000 being assigned for the work. There had been some talk of building the cuartel at the suburb of Analco, and even of moving the villa to Sto Domingo, though both vecinos and Ind. objected. The gov. was authorized to use his judgment, and the villa was not moved. Arch. Sta Fé, MS.

Taos (S. Gerónimo), mission pueblo, with a large Span. pop. on ranchos in the vicinity; 2 padres in '88; bapt. 65, marr. 43, deaths 41. Taos was the great trading rendezvous for the tribes of the plains; and, as we have seen, several bloody fights took place in that region during the half-century.

Tesuque (S. Diego), pueblo of Tehuas; visita of Sta Fé in '60, and of Pujuaque after '82.

Tomé (Concepcion), settlement of Span. and genizaros; 70 vecinos in '66; 402 confirm. in '60; had a good church under padre of Isleta or Alburquerque. Zuñi (Guadalupe), mission pueblo of many Ind., though a large part of the pop. was usually scattered; 2 padres in '88, bapt. 35, marr. 23, deaths 47. In '90, with its 5 ranches, had a pop. of 1,121. Arch. Sta Fé, MS.

El Paso (Nra Sra del Pilar y S. José), presidio and later town, with 2 friars and 2 priests; captain and alcalde mayor, later lieut.-gov. El Paso was

famous for its vineyards and orchards; and except the raids of hostile gentiles, its chief concern was about its irrigating ditches and the dam of the Rio del Norte, which supplied them. This dam was usually carried away by the floods of May-July. A doc. in the Pinart col. shows the constant but futile efforts of the authorities in '54–62 to collect a special tax of 50 cents on each 100 vines to build a solid dam. There were 250,000 vines, but the owners declared they were too poor to pay the tax either in money or work. In this district were S. Lorenzo, Senecú, Isleta, and Socorro, respectively 1, 3, 5, and 61. eastward down the river; also Carrizal, 36 1. toward Chihuahua, founded in '58; pop. 161 Span. in '60, with a guard of 20 soldiers from El Paso; later site of the presidio.

CHAPTER XIII.

LAST YEARS OF SPANISH RULE.

1801-1822.

Two Books-SUCCESSION OF GOVERNORS-CHACON, ALENCASTER, MAINEZ, MANRIQUE, ALLANDE, MELGARES, CHAVEZ, AND VIZCARRA-INDIAN AFFAIRS COMANCHES, NAVAJOS, AND MOQUIS MELGARES IN THE NORTH-EAST-ELECTION Oof a DelegatTE TO THE CÓRTES-PEDRO BAUTISTA PINO GOES TO SPAIN-THE LOUISIANA PURCHASE AND BOUNDARY QUESTION-LALANDE AND PURSELY-ZEBULON M. PIKE-ATTEMPTS AT TRADE -MCKNIGHT-CHOTEAU AND DE MUN-GLENN, BUCKNELL, AND COOPERPOPULATION-LOCAL ITEMS-TRADE-AGRICULTURE-MANUFACTURES—

MINING

INSTITUTIONS-GOVERNMENT-MILITARY-MISSIONS AND BISHOPRIC CHARGES AGAINST THE FRIARS-WAR OF INDEPENDENCE-VIVA ITURBIDE!

THE same kind providence that causes rivers to flow near large towns, the moon and stars to shine at night, when their feeble light is of some use, sends snow only in the winter, when there is no hot sun to melt it, and performs other beneficent acts, is not always unmindful of the annalist's needs. Thus, when the history of the last years of Spanish rule in New Mexico seemed likely to resemble the famous chapter on snakes in Ireland, not only was it put into the head of the United States government to send an explorer to this far-off province, and of the people to send a delegate to the cortes of Spain, but both explorer and delegate were inspired with the idea of writing a book, as the friar Benavides and the conqueror Villagrá had been in earlier times; and the result was a mass of information which goes far to make this chapter as long and as interesting as those that have preceded it.

( 283 )

For this, as for earlier periods, I do not deem it necessary to consider here the complications of military and civil government in the Provincias Internas of northern Mexico, a subject that is as fully treated as the meagre records permit in another work of this series. There was always a governor or acting governor in New Mexico, subordinate to the comandante general of the Provincias, a state of things which has led modern writers into some confusion, causing them to include some of the southern officials in their lists of governors, just as they brought sever 1 viceroys of New Spain to rule the province in earlier times. Governor Chacon ruled until the spring of 1805, when he was succeeded by Colonel Joaquin del Real Alencaster. The latter's name does not appear after 1808, and Alberto Mainez is named as acting governor in 1807-8, and next in the list is Lieutenant-colonel José Manrique, ruling in 1810-14, perhaps ad interim for part of that period. Mainez ruled again in 1815-17,3 Pedro María de Allande in 1816-18, and Facundo Melgares-who as a lieutenant serving in Chihuahua had visited New Mexico before-in 1818-22. Melgares was the last governor under Spain, and was succeeded on July 5, 1822, by Francisco Javier Chavez as jefe político, ruling in 1822-3, though Antonio Vizcarra also held the office for a time in 1822.*

2

1 Hist. North Mex. States, i., ii.

"I find in the Arch. Sta Fé, MS., an order of Chacon in March, and of Alencaster in May 1805. The latter name is a form of the English Lancaster, more often written, except in N. Mex., Alencastre, as in the case of the viceroy of that name. Pino, Erpos., 40, seems to say that A. was gov. from 1805 to 1812, and this may indicate that his successor in 1808-12 was only acting gov.

Also in '14, acc. to Davis, El Gringo, 83, who says that in that year a conspiracy was formed by Corp. Antonio Armijo and Dionisio Valdés, who were exiled for 10 years to Chihuahua.

In the Gaceta de Mex. of March 7, '19, the governorship of N. Mex. is declared vacant, and aspirants are notified to send in their petitions. Melgares, in the documents of '19-20, is called gov. ad interim. I regret that I am not able in this period, as I have been in earlier ones, to correct from original sources the list of governors, and am obliged to follow Davis, Meline, Ritch, Prince, etc., though there is evidently a little confusion of dates. They take their information from land-grants, etc., in the archives, and in the U. S. Land Reports, and my original notes add nothing of importance.

Troubles with the Indians were much less serious and constant than in former years, the combined efforts of the frontier garrisons, with a consistent system of treaties and gifts, producing apparently excellent results. The Comanches, in particular, were friendly, being zealous in bringing information and rumors respecting the movements of Americans in the north-east, and even eager to aid Spain in crushing the insurgents under Hidalgo; and the other tribes were often in the same mood.5 The Navajos were hostile, however, in 1803-5, having intrenched themselves in the cañon de Chelly-since famous for its ruined pueblos-where they deemed their position impregnable. Governor Chacon led several expeditions against them, as did Lieutenant Antonio Narbona after Alencaster's accession, and in 1805 they were reduced to submission and friendship. In 1806 Lieutenant Melgares was sent up from Chihuahua with 100 dragoons to join a force of 500 militia in an

6

Pino, Expos., 42-4. This author says the Ind., by gifts, etc., had been kept friendly for the most part since Anza's time down to 1811.

6 Jan. 25, 1805, Narbona to gov. reports from Zuñi a fight in Chelly cañon, where he killed 90 bucks, with 25 women and children, besides capturing 36, with 30 women and children; also 30 horses and 350 sheep. He had only one Ind. chief killed and 64 wounded. Chelly is a very strong position, and a larger force will be required for further movements. Arch. Sta Fé, MS. In 1801 the com. gen. refuses to grant a request of the Navajos to settle at Cebolleta. MS. of Pinart col. March 25, 1805, Gov. C. announces the terms to be granted the Navajos. They shall have no claim to Cebolleta or to livestock in possession of the Span.; for their 2 captives 4 women might be released; they must not go with their live-stock beyond the cañon de Juan Tafoya, Rio del Oso, and S. Mateo; whenever they commit any robbery or aggression they are to be punished by force of arms, unless they return stolen property and surrender the aggressors; when visiting Sta Fé they must expect no gifts except sustenance; and they must give up 4,000 sheep, 150 cattle, and 60 horses which they have stolen. Arch. Sta Fé, MS. Pino, Expos., 40-1, Not., 85-6, narrates in general terms the final efforts and success, the fall of Chelly, and the treaty of 1805. It seems that Lieut. Narbona was sent up from Chih. to join Gutierrez, Vaca, and others. Lieut. Vicente Lopez also defeated the foe at Chacá, but was suspended for some intrigue in 1808. April 1806 the Navajo chief complains that he receives no gifts from the king, as do other friendly tribes; but is informed by Gen. Salcedo that they must depend on their own industries for sustenance, though later, when they shall have shown their good faith by abstaining from petty robberies, etc., they may obtain some gifts. Arch. Sta Fé, MS. I think that Prince, Hist. Sk., 232, exaggerates the magnitude and constancy of Navajo troubles in this and later periods, though they doubtless gave more trouble than other tribes.