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Würm See, and Chiem See in the S. of Bavaria, drained by affluents of the Isar and Inn, tributaries of the Danube.

Climate. In all parts of Germany the mean annual temperature is nearly the same, the greater elevation of Southern Germany compensating for its lower latitude. Here the sky is more serene and the climate much drier than in North Germany. The mean annual temp. of Carlsruhe, in the central parallel, is 51°.5—winter, 34°.6; suminer, 66°.3. At Ulm, on the Danube, the annual fall of rain is 28 inches, and in N. Germany 22 inches, but it varies greatly in different parts. Except in the valley of the Rhine, the climate is generally very cold, and the mountains rarely free from snow.

Geology and Minerals.-The region south of the Danube is occupied with tertiary strata; the large district lying between the Rhine, Maine, Naab, and Danube is covered with secondary rocks; the paleozoic series rarely appears, while E. of the Naab, granitic rocks prevail, especially in the Böhmerwald.

The principal mineral products of the various states of South Germany are-Bavaria: salt (formerly a Government monopoly), obtained from the rock and by evaporation; iron and coal, found in many places; copper, manganese, quicksilver, and cobalt, in Rhenish Bavaria. Würtemberg: salt, iron, and coal are abundant, while silver, copper, lead, bismuth, and malachite are found in small quantities. The mineral products of Baden are chiefly alum, sulphur, silver, iron, copper, lead, and coal; gold-washing, formerly general along the Rhine, is now insignificant. Iron, coal, and salt abound in Hesse-Darmstadt. The principal_mineral springs are those of Kissingen, Brückenau, and Rosenheim, in Bavaria; Wildbad, in Würtemberg; Baden-Baden, in the Grand Duchy of Baden.

Botany and Agriculture.-For the number of species of plants in Germany, as also for a description of the culture and exportation of the German wines, we refer the student to the corresponding article under "Prussia and North Germany."

In South Germany, about three-fifths of the entire area is under cultivation, and the soil is generally very fertile. Nearly all the cereals are grown on the lower grounds, and considerable quantities of corn are exported from the various states. The vine is extensively cultivated in the valleys of the Rhine and Maine, and to a smaller extent in the plain of the Danube, and on the shores of Lake Constance. Baden alone produces annually about 14,000,000 gals. of excellent wine, Würtemberg nearly 5,000,000 gals., while Rhenish Bavaria has been long celebrated for its Stein and Leisten wines. Hops and the tobacco-plant are very largely grown, and Bavaria exports large quantities of beer, nearly 100,000,000 gals. being annually produced. About one-third of South Germany is covered with forests, chiefly pine and fir trees. The Schwarzwald ("Black Forest"), in Baden, is especially celebrated for its immense forest of gigantic trees, some of them attaining the height of 180 feet.

Zoology. The fauna of all Germany has been noticed above. In regard to tame animals, cattle-rearing is the exclusive industry of the Alps and other mountainous districts, while horses, sheep, and goats are extensively raised in all the southern states. The silkworm has been recently introduced into Bavaria, and the rearing of bees forms

an important occupation in Baden. The other domestic animals are the same as in England.

The people and language are the same as in North

Ethnography. Germany (which see).

Religion and Education.-Of the 8,567,000 inhabitants of the southern states, 4,672,000 are Roman Catholics, being 54 per cent of the whole population; while 3,818,000 are Protestants, being 44 per cent of the whole. Bavaria and Baden may be styled Catholic countries, the Catholics being to the Protestants as 2 to 1 in the former state, and 3 to 1 in the latter. Protestants, however, greatly outnumber the Roman Catholics in Würtemberg and Hesse-Darmstadt, being in the former as 2 to 1, and in the latter as 3 to 1. The number of Jews in the five states is estimated at 105,000. In Bavaria, the Roman Catholic Church is richly endowed, possessing property amounting to above £8,500,000, besides which the State pays £130,000 annually to the clergy. Protestants, however, enjoy complete religious liberty, and are eligible to all civil and military appointments. In Baden, the Roman Catholic Church is under the supreme management of an archbishop appointed by the Pope, and is quite independent of the Government. Frequent disputes between the Church and the state have been the result. In Würtemberg, the supreme direction of the Protestant Church is vested in the King, and Protestantism is virtually, though not formally, the religion of the state. Education is in a very advanced state throughout South Germany, especially in Würtemberg, where it is rare to find any one who cannot read and write. Attendance at school is compulsory in all the states; every village, and even hamlet, has its primary school, and in Würtemberg a full sixth of the population is under tuition. There are 7 universities -viz., those of Munich, Würzburg, and Erlangen, in Bavaria; Tübingen, in Würtemberg; Heidelberg and Freiburg, in Baden; and Giessen, in Hesse-Darmstadt.

Government. In all the states the form of government is monarchical, but the title of King is confined to the sovereigns of Bavaria and Würtemberg. Representative institutions are common to all the states, the executive power resting in the sovereign, the legislative in a parliament consisting of two houses, and all functionaries being responsible. The total armed force amounts, in time of war, to 142,895 men, or to 90,421 in time of peace. Of the latter, 49,949 belong to Bavaria, 14,150 to Würtemberg, 14,812 to Baden, and 11,510 to Hesse-Darmstadt. By virtue of special treaties between Prussia and each of the states of South Germany, the former, in time of war, is virtually placed in command of their armies, while, as a matter of course, none of them possesses a navy. The aggregate revenue and expenditure of these states, in 1866, amounted to £7,684,304, about one-half of which pertained to Bavaria, while the aggregate public debt amounted to £45,324,167.

Commerce, Manufactures, and Inland Communication. — These states, being wholly inland, cannot vie with their neighbours in regard to the extent of their commerce. Still the transit trade between Italy, Switzerland, Austria, and North Germany, carried on mainly by steamers on the Rhine, Maine, Neckar, and even the Danube (below Ulm), is very considerable. The Danube also communicates by the Ludwig's canal with the Maine and Rhine, and thus materially facilitates internal communication. Manufacturing

industry is highly developed, except in Bavaria, where wine-making and the brewing of beer are the principal products. Coarse linens, cotton, woollen, and silk stuffs are largely manufactured, together with tobacco, leather, iron and steel goods, machinery, paper, cabinet-work, papier-maché, porcelain, jewellery, toys, so-called Dutch clocks, and mathematical and optical instruments, which are held in high repute. Bookbinding and the construction of carriages are largely carried on in Hesse-Darmstadt. The exports consist chiefly of wine, timber, corn, salt, beer, leather, tobacco, cattle, glass, jewellery, oils, and drugs; and the imports, of sugar, coffee, silk, wool, hemp, and flax. Railway communication has made great progress: in 1869 the total number of miles in operation was 2977, together with 4362 miles of telegraph wires.

AUSTRO-HUNGARIAN EMPIRE.

Boundaries.-N., Poland, Silesia, and the kingdom of Saxony; W., Bavaria, Switzerland, and Lombardy; S., Venetia, the Adriatic, and Turkey; E., Moldavia and Russia.

Omitting Dalmatia and the southern portion of Croatia, which extend southward along the eastern shore of the Adriatic to nearly the 42d parallel, the remainder of the empire lies between lat. 45° and 51° N., and between lon. 9° 41′ and 26° 35′ E. Vienna, the capital (lat. 48° 13', lon. 16° 23′), in the centre of the empire, is nearly on the same parallel as Brest, Munich, Czernowitz, Ekaterinoslav, Ourga, Victoria (Vancouver I.), and St John's (Newfoundland); and on the same meridian as Stockholm, Posen, Cape Spartivento, Lake Tchad, and the mouth of the Orange River. Omitting the Tyrol and Dalmatia, the general form is that of an oblong square, 670 miles long by 420 miles broad, having Buda, the capital of Hungary, in the centre; but the extreme length of the empire, from Lake Constance on the W. to the eastern confines of Transylvania, is about 800 miles, and the extreme breadth, from N. to S., 690 miles. Austria is essentially an inland country, her coast-line, which does not exceed 480 m., being wholly confined to the E. side of the Adriatic. This gives only 1 mile of coast to every 500 sq. m. of surface. With her present boundaries, therefore, Austria can never become a great maritime power.

Area and Population.-By the cession to Italy of Lombardy in 1859, and of Venetia in 1866, the area is now reduced to 240,351 sq. miles, or considerably less than twice the area of the British Isles. With the exception of Russia, however, Austria is still by far the largest state in Europe. In 1868, the population of the empire was estimated at 36,000,000, being one-sixth more than that of the United Kingdom, and two millions less than the population of France. This allows 108 persons to each sq. mile of surface. one-fourth of the entire population (9,040,000) are Germans, onehalf (16,000,000) Sclavonians, while the remaining fourth is made up of Magyars, Italians, and other races.

About

Political Divisions.-The Austrian empire, or Austro-Hungarian monarchy as it is now called, is at present divided into eighteen crown-lands or provinces, of which ten are German, two Polish, and six Hungarian.

TEN GERMAN PROVINCES.

Bohemia.*-PRAGUE 143, Budweis 15 (Moldau), Pilsen 14 (Bradawka), Kuttenberg 13 (Elbe), Leipa 10 (Pulnitz), Eger 11 (Eger), Reichenberg 19 (Lower Neisse).

Königgrätz, Sadowa, Krumau, Klattau, Leitmeritz, Saatz, Chrudim, Leitomischl, Karlsbad, Töplitz, Marienbad.

Silesia.-TROPPAU 14 (Oppa, affl. Oder).

Teschen, Bielitz.

Moravia.-BRUNN 59 (Schwartza, sub. -affl. March), Iglau 17 (Iglawa), Olmütz 14, Sternberg 13 n. (March), Prossnitz 12 (Rumza).

Neutitschein, Austerlitz, Nicolsburg, Znaym.

Lower Austria.-VIENNA 579 (Danube), Neustadt 15 (Leitha).

S. Polten, Baden.

Upper Austria.-LINZ 28 (Danube), Steyer 11 (Ens).
Salzburg. SALZBURG 17 (Salza, afft. Inn).

Styria.-GRATZ 63 (Mur, affl. Drave).

Illyria (Carinthia and Carniola).—LAYBACH 21 (Laybach), Klagenfürt 14 (Glan).

Idria, Bleibach.

Görz, Trieste, and Istria.-GÖRZ 13 (Isonzo), Trieste 66 (G. of Trieste), Rovigno 11, Pola 11 (W. coast).

Capo d'Istria, Pirano.`

Tyrol and Vorarlberg.-INNSBRÜCK 14 (Inn), Trent 14 (Adige), Botzen 10 (Eisack).

TWO POLISH PROVINCES.

Galicia.+-LEMBERG 70 (Peltew, afl. Bug), Cracow 41 (Vistula), Kolomea 15, Sniatyn 11 (Pruth), Sambor 11 (Dniester), Tarnopol 17 (Sered), Stanislau 13 (Bistrica), Drohobicz 11 (Tiszmanicka), Brody 19 (Styr). Przemysl, Rzeszow, Bochnia, Brzezany, Wieliczka. Buckowina.-CZERNOWITZ 26 (Pruth).

SIX HUNGARIAN PROVINCES.

Hungary Proper.‡-BUDA or OFEN 55, Pesth 132, Mohacz 11, Funf-Kir*For the pronunciation of the German names, see above, p. 238.

Rules for the pronunciation of Polish names will be found under "N. German Confederation," p. 234.

The following rules will assist the pupil in pronouncing Hungarian proper

names:

ö, ü same characters in German.

g=g in go; this consonant is always hard.

=yin yonder: as Baja (Ba'ya).

8=sh in shall; as Sajo (Sha'yo).

cz=ts in wits; as in Debreczin, Czongrad (De-bret'sin, Tson-grad').
csch in church; as in Mohacs, Pancsova (Mo-hatch', Pan-chō'va).
sz=sh in shall; as Szegedin, Veszprim (She-ge-din', Vesh'prim).
28 = 8 in vision or French j; Zsolna, Zsellesz (Zhol'na, Zhel'lesh).
gydi in French Dieu; as Magyar, Gyongyos (Mad-yar', Dyon'dyos)
y = ll in million = gl in Italian; as Vasarhely (Va-shar-hel')

chen 16 n., Foldvar 11, Alt-Ofen 12, Waitzen 11, Komorn 11, Pressburg 44 (Danube), Szegedin 63, Vasarhely 43 n., Szentes 26, Keszkemet 39, Felegyhaza 19 n., Nagy-Körös 20, Czegled 19, Tokay 6 (Theiss), Mako 25, Arad 27 (Maros), Szarvas 19, Bekes 20, Czaba 28 (Körös), Grosswardein 22 (Sebes Körös), Debreczin 36 n. (Koselo), Kaschau 16 (Hernad), Miskoltz 28 (Sajo), Eperies 10 (Tarcza), Stühlweissenburg 18 (Sarvitz), Gran 11, Schemnitz 14 n., Kremnitz 5 n. (Gran), Raab 18 (Raab), VasarhelySomlo 25, Oedenburg 19 (Raabnitz).

Transylvania.-KLAUSENBURG 21 (Szamos), Maros-Vasarhely 11 (Maros), Kronstadt 27 n. (Aluta), Hermannstadt 19 (Zibin).

Karlsburg, Bistritz, Nagy-Enyed, Szasz-Regen, Thorda.

Banat and Servia. TEMESWAR 23 n. (Temes), Versetz 19 n. (Karash), Neusatz 16, Zombor 22 n., Baja 19 (Danube), Nagy-Kikinda 15, Zenta 17, Theresienstadt 53 n. (Theiss), Becskerek 18 (Alt-Bega).

Lugos, Apatin, Lippa.

Croatia and Sclavonia.-AGRAM 17 (Save), Eszek 14, Warasdin 10 (Drave), Fiume 15 (Adriatic).

Posega, Petrinia, Karlstadt, Zengg.

Dalmatia.-ZARA 19, Bencovas, 10 n., Sebenico 14, Spalatro 16, Ragusa 21 (W. co.), Imoschi 23 n. (Bistritza), Knin 23 (Kerka), Dernis 18 (Cicola), Sign 26 (Cettina), Castel-Nuovo 8 (G. of Cattaro).

Military Frontier.*-PETERWARDEIN 7, Pancsova 12, Semlin 13, Mitrovicz 5 (Save).

Descriptive Notes.-There are, in the Austrian empire, three cities of upwards of 100,000 inhabitants (Vienna, Prague, Pesth); seven between 100,000 and 50,000 (Lemberg, Trieste, Grätz, Szegedin, Brünn, Buda, Theresienstadt); twenty-one between 50,000 and 20,000 (Pressburg, Vasarhely, Cracow, Keszkemet, Debreczin, Czaba, Linz, Arad, Kronstadt, Sign, Czernowitz, Szentes, Mako, Imoschi, Knin, Temeswar, Grosswardein, Zombor, Laybach, Klausenburg, Bekes); and fifty-eight between 20,000 and 10,000.

Prague (Ger. Prag), an ancient, large, and fortified city, on both sides of the Moldau, is one of the finest in the empire, and of great historic celebrity: it is the chief seat of the Bohemian manufactures, which consist of thread, linen, cotton, iron, woollen, glass, and paper; contains the oldest university in Austria. Prague contains the tomb of Tycho Brahe, and was the scene of the labours of Jerome of Prague and of John Huss, the celebrated martyrs. Pilsen is noted for its iron-mines. Eger, where Wallenstein and his friends were assassinated in 1634. Reichenberg, a busy manufacturing town on the Neisse. Königgrätz; near it Sadowa, where the Prussians gained their crowning victory over the Austrians, July 3, 1866. Brünn, the principal seat of the woollen manu

nyni in opinion = Spanish = gn in French, as Böszörmeny (Bosh-orming'). Each of the last seven combinations is to be regarded as one letter of a simple sound, like th and sh in English.

*The Military Frontier is a strip of country comprising an area of 18,165 square miles, and extends along the Turkish frontier from the Adriatic eastward to Moldavia. It consists of parts of Croatia, Sclavonia, the Banat, and Transylvania. All landed property in this district belongs exclusively to the Government, but is held by a kind of military fief on condition of military service in peace and war. In time of war it furnishes 50,000 men. This system of government was organised in 1807, as a protection against the Turks. R

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