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2. Basins inclined to the Atlantic and North Sea.

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Lymfiord,
Elbe,

95

50
25

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Plock, Warsaw (Poland), Radom, Lemberg (Galicia), Lublin.

Stettin (Pomerania), Breslau (Prussian Silesia), Posen (Prussian Poland), Troppau (Austrian Silesia).

SCHWERIN (MecklenburgSchwerin).

LUBECK.

Schleswig.

4. Basins inclined to North Sea.

100 550

420

500 55,000

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Aalborg (Jutland). Gluckstadt (Holstein), HAMBURG, Magdeburg (Prussian Saxony), DESSAU (Anhalt), DRESDEN (Saxony), NEU-STRELITZ (Mecklenburg-Strelitz), BERLIN (Prussia), RUDOLSTADT (Schwartzburg Rudolstadt), GREITZ (Reuss Greitz), ALTENBURG (Saxe-Alt.), SONDERSHAUSEN (SchwarzburgSonder.), GOTHA (SaxeCoburg-Gotha), WEIMAR (Saxe-Weimar), Prague (Bohemia).

BREMEN, BUCKEBURG (Schaumburg-Lippe), MEININGEN (Saxe-Mein.), OLDENBURG (Hanover), BRUNSWICK, DETMOLD (LippeDet.), AROLSEN (Waldeck, Cassel (Hesse-Cassel).

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Basins inclined to North Sea (continued).

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Hunse,
Vecht,
Rhine,

40

600

60 400

75,000

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Münster (Westphalia). Gröningen, Assen (Drenthe). Zwoll (Overyssel). AMSTERDAM (Netherlands), Utrecht, Arnhem (Guelderland), Cologne (Rhenish Prussia), Wiesbaden (Nassau), CARLSRUHE(Baden), Strasbourg(1) (Alsace), VADUZ (Liechtenstein), Nancy (Lorraine), DARMSTADT (Hesse-Darm.), STUTTGART (Würtemberg), BERN (Switzerland). (2)

Bois-le-duc (N. Brabant), Maestricht (Dutch Limburg), Liege, Namur, Arlon (Belgian Luxemburg).

Middelburg (Zealand), Antwerp, Bruges (W. Flanders), Ghent (E. Flanders), BRUSSELS (Belgium), Hasselt (Belgian Limburg), Lille (French Flanders), Arras (Artois), Mons (Hainault).

Basins inclined to the Atlantic (No. 2 continued).

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(1) For the sake of brevity, the old provinces of France and Spain are those here employed, but the new divisions will be found in the corresponding tables under those countries.

(2) The capitals of the Swiss cantons will be found in the River-System of Central Europe.-(See under "Austria.")

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Basins inclined to the Atlantic (No. 2 continued).

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Badajos (Sp. Estrema

dura).

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Seville (Andalucia), Gra

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13. Lakes.-Lakes being for the most part mere expansions of the rivers that drain them, the most natural way of treating them is to group them in the order of the river-basins to which they belong.

Clyde Basin-Loch Lomond, the largest lake in Scotland, drained by the Leven; area, 45 sq. m. Leven-Windermere, largest lake in England, 10 m. long; area, about 5 sq. m. Dee-Lake Bala, the largest in Wales, 4 m. long. Bann-Lough Neagh, in Ireland, the largest in the British Isles; area, 153 sq. m. Dwina-Kubinsköe, in Vologda, North Russia, drained by the Sukhona. Onega-Lakes Latcha and Voje, in Olonetz. Vygh-Vigo and Sego, in Olonetz. Kem-Kunto and Niuk, in W. of Arkhangel. Kovdo-Kovdo, Piavo, and Imandra, in Arkhangel. Varanger Fiord-Enara, drained by the Patajoki or Pasvig, in N. of Finland. Glommen-Lake Miöin S.E. of Norway. Gotha-Wener, in S.W. of Sweden, 2020 sq. m.; and Faemund, in E. of Norway, drained by the Clara. Motala-Wetter, E. of Lake Wener. Arboga-Mälar and Hielmar, in

sen,

the E. of Sweden. Dal-Siljan, in the centre of Sweden. Indals -Storsion, N. of Lake Siljan. Skeleftea-Stör and Horn, united, in N. of Sweden. Lulea-Stora-Lulea, in N. of Sweden. Tornea -Tornea, in N. W. of Sweden. Ulea-Ulea, in the centre of Finland. Borgo A-Pajani, in the S. of Finland. Neva-Ladoga (the largest in Europe, area, 7150 sq. m.), Saima, Orivesi, Pielis, Kuopio or Kalavesi, Ilmen, Onega, Voldozero, all in Finland and Olonetz. Narova-Peïpus, or Tchoudskoé, between Livonia and St Petersburg. Pregel-Mauer See, in East Prussia. Vistula-Spirding See, in East Prussia, drained by the Pische, an affluent of the Narew. Stör-Schwerin, in Mecklenburg-Schwerin. Elbe- Müritz, in Mecklenburg-Strelitz, drained by the Havel. Rhine-Boden See, on the Rhine; Thun and Brienz, on the Aar; Zurich and Wallenstadt, on the Limmat; Lucerne and Zug, on the Reuss; Bienne and Neuchâtel, on the Thiele: all in Switzerland. Rhone-Leman or Geneva, bet. Switzerland and Savoy; Annecy, in Savoy, Po-Garda, drained by the Mincio; Como, by the Adda; Maggiore and Lugano, by the Ticino. Danube-Balaton or Platten See, drained by the Sio; and Neusiedl, by the Raabnitz: both in Hungary. Don-Manytch, in Caucasus, drained by the Manytch. Volga-Seligher, in Russia, near the Valdai Hills, forming the source of the Volga.

14. Climate. The climate of Europe is greatly milder than in other continents under the same latitude; but it presents striking diversities in different parts, arising mainly from the following causes :—

1st, Its Position relative to the Atlantic.-The prevailing winds are from the W. and S. W., and hence pass over that ocean before arriving here; acquire its temperature; become laden with its moisture; and, striking the shores of the continent, powerfully affect the climate of Western Europe. 2d, This effect is greatly increased by the warm ocean-current called The Gulf Stream, which, setting out from the Gulf of Mexico, at a very high temperature, proceeds along the coast of North America, crosses the Atlantic in a N.E. direction, arrives at the western shores of Europe, and imparts to them a temperature and climate greatly milder than they would otherwise possess. 3d, The Elevation of the land above the sea-level. 4th, The Direction of the slope, as indicated by the Great Waterparting of Europe (described at p. 72). 5th, The Situation of the several countries in regard to great mountain-chains in their vicinity. 6th, The Latitude of the place, or its distance from the equator. 7th, Proximity to other peculiar Climatic Regions.-For example, the south of Europe is considerably affected by the proximity of Africa, which renders its summer climate oppressive; while Northern Europe is continually exposed to the chilling winds of the Polar Seas and of Siberia.

Climatic Zones.-If the Northern Hemisphere be divided into six Isothermal Zones (viz., the Equatorial, Warm, Mild, Cool, Cold, and Polar Zones), which, as regards climate, are greatly more important

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