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Johnson in want of a lodging.

[A.D. 1744.

with which Johnson afterwards enriched the life of his unhappy companion, and those of other Poets.

He told Sir Joshua Reynolds, that one night in particular, when Savage and he walked round St. James's-square for want of a lodging, they were not at all depressed by their situation; but in high spirits and brimful of patriotism, traversed the square for several hours, inveighed against the minister, and 'resolved they would stand by their country?

I am afraid, however, that by associating with Savage, who was habituated to the dissipation and licentiousness of the town, Johnson, though his good principles remained steady, did not entirely preserve that conduct, for which, in days of greater simplicity, he was remarked by his friend Mr. Hector; but was imperceptibly led into some indulgencies which occasioned much distress to his virtuous mind2.

That Johnson was anxious that an authentick and favourable account of his extraordinary friend should first get possession of the publick attention, is evident from a letter which he wrote in the Gentleman's Magazine for August of the year preceding its publication.

'MR. URBAN,

'As your collections show how often you have owed the ornaments of your poetical pages to the correspondence of the unfortunate and ingenious Mr. Savage, I doubt not but you have so much regard to his memory as to encourage any design that may have a tendency to the preservation of it from insults or calumnies; and therefore, with some degree of assurance, intreat you to inform the publick, that his life will speedily be published by a person who was favoured with his confidence, and received from himself an account of most of the transactions which he proposes to mention, to the time of his retirement to Swansea in Wales.

'From that period, to his death in the prison of Bristol, the account

*Savage lodged as much by accident as he dined, and passed the night sometimes in mean houses,... and sometimes, when he had not money to support even the expenses of these receptacles, walked about the streets till he was weary, and lay down in the summer upon a bulk, or in the winter, with his associates in

poverty, among the ashes of a glasshouse. In this manner were passed those days and those nights which nature had enabled him to have employed in elevated speculations, useful studies, or pleasing conversation.' Johnson's Works, viii. 159.

2

See ante, p. 94.

Aetat. 35.] Reynolds reads THE LIFE OF SAVAGE.

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will be continued from materials still less liable to objection; his own letters, and those of his friends, some of which will be inserted in the work, and abstracts of others subjoined in the margin.

'It may be reasonably imagined, that others may have the same design; but as it is not credible that they can obtain the same materials, it must be expected they will supply from invention the want of intelligence; and that under the title of "The Life of Savage," they will publish only a novel, filled with romantick adventures, and imaginary amours. You may therefore, perhaps, gratify the lovers of truth and wit, by giving me leave to inform them in your Magazine, that my account will be published in 8vo. by Mr. Roberts, in Warwicklane '.' [No signature.]

In February, 1744, it accordingly came forth from the shop of Roberts, between whom and Johnson I have not traced any connection, except the casual one of this publication". In Johnson's Life of Savage, although it must be allowed that its moral is the reverse of 'Respicere exemplar vitæ morumque jubebo3; a very useful lesson is inculcated, to guard men of warm passions from a too free indulgence of them; and the various incidents are related in so clear and animated a manner, and illuminated throughout with so much philosophy, that it is one of the most interesting narratives in the English language. Sir Joshua Reynolds told me, that upon his return from Italy he met with it in Devonshire, knowing nothing of its authour, and began to read it while he was standing with his arm leaning against a chimney-piece. It seized his attention so strongly, that, not being able to lay down the book till he had finished it, when he attempted to move, he found his arm totally benumbed. The

Cave was the purchaser of the copyright, and the following is a copy of Johnson's receipt for the money: -The 14th day of December, received of Mr. Ed. Cave the sum of fifteen guineas, in full, for compiling and writing The Life of Richard Savage, Esq., deceased; and in full for all materials thereto applied, and not found by the said Edward Cave. I say, received by me, SAM. JOHNSON. Dec. 14, 1743.' WRIGHT. The title-page is as follows:-'An account of the Life of Mr. Richard

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166

Resemblance of Johnson to Savage. [A.D. 1744.

rapidity with which this work was composed, is a wonderful circumstance. Johnson has been heard to say, 'I wrote fortyeight of the printed octavo pages of the Life of Savage at a sitting; but then I sat up all night1.'

He exhibits the genius of Savage to the best advantage in the specimens of his poetry which he has selected, some of which are of uncommon merit. We, indeed, occasionally find such vigour and such point, as might make us suppose that the generous aid of Johnson had been imparted to his friend. Mr. Thomas Warton made this remark to me; and, in support of it, quoted from the poem entitled The Bastard, a line, in which the fancied superiority of one 'stamped in Nature's mint with extasy,' is contrasted with a regular lawful descendant of some great and ancient family:

'No tenth transmitter of a foolish face 3.'

But the fact is, that this poem was published some years before Johnson and Savage were acquainted.

* Journal of a Tour to the Hebrides, 3rd ed. p. 35 [p. 55. Aug. 19, 1773]. BOSWELL.

2 'mint of ecstasy :' Savage's Works (1777), ii. 91.

3 'He lives to build, not boast a

generous race :

No tenth transmitter of a foolish
face.' Ib.

The Bastard: A poem, inscribed with all due reverence to Mrs. Bret, once Countess of Macclesfield. By Richard Savage, son of the late Earl Rivers. London, printed for T. Worrall, 1728.' Fol. first edition. P. CUNNINGHAM. Between Savage's character, as drawn by Johnson, and Johnson himself there are many points of likeness. Each 'always preserved a steady confidence in his own capacity, and of each it might be said :-'Whatever faults may be imputed to him, the virtue of suffering well cannot be denied him.' Each 'excelled in the arts of conversation and therefore willingly practised them.' In Savage's refusal to enter a house till some clothes had

been taken away that had been left
for him 'with some neglect of cere-
monies, we have the counterpart of
Johnson's throwing away the new
pair of shoes that had been set at his
door. Of Johnson the following lines
are as true as of Savage :-' His
distresses, however afflictive, never
dejected him; in his lowest state he
wanted not spirit to assert the natural
dignity of wit, and was always ready
to repress that insolence which the
superiority of fortune incited;
he never admitted any gross famili-
arities, or submitted to be treated
otherwise than as an equal. Of both
men it might be said that it was in
no time of his life any part of his
character to be the first of the com-
pany that desired to separate.' Each
'would prolong his conversation till
midnight, without considering that
business might require his friend's
application in the morning;' and each
could plead the same excuse that,
'when he left his company, he was
abandoned to gloomy reflections.'
Each had the same 'accurate judg-

Aetat. 35.] Johnson's prejudice against players.

167

It is remarkable, that in this biographical disquisition there appears a very strong symptom of Johnson's prejudice against players'; a prejudice which may be attributed to the following causes: first, the imperfection of his organs, which were so defective that he was not susceptible of the fine impressions which theatrical excellence produces upon the generality of mankind; secondly, the cold rejection of his tragedy; and, lastly, the brilliant success of Garrick, who had been his pupil, who had come to London at the same time with him, not in a much more prosperous state than himself, and whose talents he undoubtedly rated low, compared with his own. His being outstripped by his pupil in the race of immediate fame, as well as of fortune, probably made him feel some indignation, as thinking that whatever might be Garrick's merits in his art, the reward was too great when compared with what the most successful efforts of literary labour could attain. At all periods of his life Johnson used to talk contemptuously of players2; but in this work he speaks of them with peculiar acrimony; for

...

ment,' the same 'quick apprehen-
sion, the same 'tenacious memory.'
In reading such lines as the following
who does not think, not of the man
whose biography was written, but of
the biographer himself? - He had
the peculiar felicity that his atten-
tion never deserted him; he was
present to every object, and regardful
of the most trifling occurrences
To this quality is to be imputed the
extent of his knowledge, compared
with the small time which he spent
in visible endeavours to acquire it.
He mingled in cursory conversation
with the same steadiness of attention
as others apply to a lecture ... His
judgment was eminently exact both
with regard to writings and to men.
The knowledge of life was indeed his
chief attainment.' Of Johnson's Lon-
don, as of Savage's The Wanderer,
it might equally well be said :-'Nor
can it without some degree of indig-
nation and concern be told that he
told the copy for ten guineas.'

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doned to fortune without any other friend than Mr. Wilks; a man who, whatever were his abilities or skill as an actor, deserves at least to be remembered for his virtues, which are not often to be found in the world, and perhaps less often in his profession than in others. To be humane, generous, and candid is a very high degree of merit in any case, but those qualities deserve still greater praise when they are found in that condition which makes almost every other man, for whatever reason, contemptuous, insolent, petulant, selfish, and brutal.' Johnson's Works, viii. 107.

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168

Garrick's mistakes in emphasis.

[A.D. 1744.

which, perhaps, there was formerly too much reason from the licentious and dissolute manners of those engaged in that profession1. It is but justice to add, that in our own time such a change has taken place, that there is no longer room for such an unfavourable distinction2.

His schoolfellow and friend, Dr. Taylor, told me a pleasant anecdote of Johnson's triumphing over his pupil David Garrick. When that great actor had played some little time at Goodman's fields, Johnson and Taylor went to see him perform, and afterwards passed the evening at a tavern with him and old Giffard3. Johnson, who was ever depreciating stage-players, after censuring some mistakes in emphasis which Garrick had committed in the course of that night's acting, said, 'the players, Sir, have got a kind of rant, with which they run on, without any regard either to accent or emphasis.' Both Garrick and Giffard were offended at this sarcasm, and endeavoured to refute it; upon which Johnson rejoined, 'Well now, I'll give you something to speak, with which you are little acquainted, and then we shall see how just my observation is. That shall be the criterion. Let me hear

I

Johnson, writing of the latter half of the seventeenth century, says:-'The playhouse was abhorred by the Puritans, and avoided by those who desired the character of seriousness or decency. A grave lawyer would have debased his dignity, and a young trader would have impaired his credit, by appearing in those mansions of dissolute licentiousness.' Johnson's Works, vii. 270. The following lines in Churchill's Apology (Poems, i. 65), published in 1761, shew how strong, even at that time, was the feeling against strolling players :

'The strolling tribe, a despicable

race,

Like wand'ring Arabs shift from place to place.

Vagrants by law, to Justice open laid,

They tremble, of the beadle's lash afraid,

And fawning cringe, for wretched
means of life,

To Madam May'ress, or his
Worship's Wife.'

2

Johnson himself recognises the change in the public estimation :'In Dryden's time,' he writes, 'the drama was very far from that universal approbation which it has now obtained.' Works, vii. 270.

3 Giffard was the manager of the theatre in Goodman's Fields, where Garrick, on Oct. 19, 1741, made his first appearance before a London audience. Murphy's Garrick, pp. 13, 16.

'Colonel Pennington said, Garrick sometimes failed in emphasis; as, for instance, in Hamlet,

"I will speak daggers to her; but use none;"

instead of

"I will speak daggers to her; but use none.",

Boswell's Hebrides, Aug. 28, 1773

you

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