(2) In the pavement of the Forum was a great inscription in letters of bronze. The cutting for the letter Q still remains. (3) The arch at the south end of the Forum was the ianus of Pompeii. It did not support a colossal statue of Augustus, as Mau conjectured. (4) The identification of the central one of the three halls at the south end of the Forum as the Curia is confirmed by an architectural detail which is in accordance with Vitruvius' precept for the construction of a curia (V, 2). (5) A spacious hall opening from a portico near the north end of the west side of the Forum was probably a school. (6) The changes in the plan and boundaries of the Forum due to the Roman colonization of Pompeii were much less radical than some archaeologists have supposed. The Forum is typical of the Hellenistic East rather than of Rome.

The Gallic Fire and Roman Archives.—In Memoirs of the American Academy in Rome, II, 1918, pp. 55-65, LUCY G. ROBERTS concludes from an examination of the archaeological and literary evidence that many of the important public buildings of Rome, including the temples of Saturn, Castor, Dius Fidius, Diana, and Ceres, survived the fire of 387 B.C. The Gauls seem to have respected temples: the only one of which the destruction is certain was that of Apollo. It is, therefore, probable that most of the international documents deposited in the temple escaped destruction, as well as the leges in the temple of Saturn, and the senatus consulta in the temple of Ceres.

The Arcadian Element in Roman Legend.-In Mél. Arch. Hist. XXXVIII, 1920, pp. 63–143 JEAN BAYET in a comprehensive investigation of the origin and development of the Arcadian element in the legendary history of Rome, reaches certain conclusions which he regards as established. This Arcadian element was introduced into Italy from Magna Graecia, not Sicily, at an early date, and reached Latium and Etruria in the sixth century, but not in such a way as to impose itself at that time upon Rome and to assume a national character. By the end of the fifth century, however, when the Italian Greeks had begun to enter into political relations with the peoples to the north of them, they built up a unified form of the legend which gave to the earlier stories a more national tone, into which were drawn various non-Arcadian elements. The identification of Latins and Oenotrians, due perhaps to Hippys of Rhegium, was realized about the beginning of the third century, and then established itself so firmly at Rome that it could not be entirely displaced by the triumph of the Trojan legend.

Virgil and Ostia.-In Virgile et les origines d'Ostie (Paris, E. De Boccard, 1919, x, 818 pp.) JERÔME CARCOPINO develops the thesis maintained by him in 1912 (C. R. Acad. Insc. 1912, pp. 104 f.). The main theory of this thesis is that in the Aeneid Lavinium was in no way connected with the history of Aeneas: it was the town of the Laurentes and of Latinus, built on the site of the modern Prattica. The town which Aeneas founded was Troy, at the mouth of the Tiber, where was afterwards the old federal sanctuary of the Arulenses (Arula? etymologically connected with ara: Aen. VIII, 85), the primitive Ostia. The prophecies and miracles in the Aeneid referred by a mistaken tradition to Lavinium in reality centred about this New Troy of Aeneas. Further, the cult around which are gathered these prophecies, miracles, and sacrifices was not, as commonly supposed, that of the Penates, worshipped at Lavinium; but the cult of Vulcan, worshipped in the old federal sanctuary on the site of Ostia, and identical with Thybris, the River-God.

Virgil's reasons for thus describing the New Troy of Aeneas as a shrine in the primitive home of Ostia, sacred to Vulcan, God of the Tiber, were partly political, that he might further the plans of Augustus for the rebuilding of Ostia, and the establishing of the harbour actually built in the time of Claudius and named by Nero the Portus Augusti; partly moral, that he might revivify the ancient religion of Rome, by honor paid to this god who was worshipped before the advent of Jupiter to Rome.

SPAIN

Implements of the Bronze Age.-In Proc. Soc. Ant. XXXI, 1919, pp. 151170 (4 figs.) R. A. SMITH describes a series of bronze implements found in the southeast of Spain by the brothers Siret, and summarizes the conclusions of L. Siret regarding the chronology of the Bronze Age in Spain, together with the criticism to which these views have been subjected by J. Déchelette.

Spanish Bronze Votive Offerings.—In B. Soc. Esp. XXVIII, 1920, pp. 82–85 (pl.), N. SENTENACH writes on antique Spanish bronzes of about the sixth century B.C., which include representations of human figures, animals, fantastic combinations of animal and man, and other objects. They bear resemblance to the art of other Mediterranean countries of this early date.

FRANCE

A Prehistoric Drawing.-In C. R. Acad. Insc. 1920, pp. 303-310 (2 figs.) Count BEGOUEN describes a remarkable drawing discovered in the cave of the Trois-Frères at Montesquieu-Aventes (Ariège). It represents a man walking to the left, with head turned in front view. The face is covered with an animal mask and long beard and surmounted by long ears and the antlers of a stag. The man wears a horse's tail. The figure is comparable with a drawing on schist from Lourdes, representing a man in somewhat similar animal disguise. As the costume is borrowed from different animals, it does not seem to represent either a hunter's ruse or a ritual dress. More probably the drawing represents a spirit which can assume different forms; or a magician who has the same power. Count Begouen inclines to the latter view. The cave contains numerous drawings of animals, on which a probably magic sign in the shape of a P often occurs.

The Arena of Paris.-The work of J. C. and Jules Formigé, entitled Les Arènes de Paris, is the subject of criticism by C. JULLIAN in R. Ét. Anc. XXII, 1920, pp. 187-201. The existing ruins of the Arena are to be attributed to the period of Hadrian. The building was probably destroyed in 275-6 A.D. The structure is not a "demi-amphitheatre"; it is a theatre with a circular arena, analogous to the orchestra of the Greek theatre, and adapted to gladiatorial and other arenic exhibitions as well as to theatrical performances. This type of theatre is common in Northern France. The pure form of Roman theatre is found in the South. There are no substructures under the arena of Paris because no elaborate machinery was needed for the comparatively simple spec

tacles presented here. M. Jullian doubts whether the remains identified as carceres by MM. Formigé are properly so-called. He also doubts whether the evidence justifies the elaborate reconstruction of the scaena which these authors give. The size of the theatre was about the same as that of the Arena of Nîmes, and it could accommodate about sixteen thousand spectators. The names inscribed on the seats perhaps indicate proprietorship of certain places in the theatre. The building was of squared stones about 0.13m. in height. No brick was used. The orientation was E. N. E., and the theatre commanded a magnificent view. Its situation was between the road to Sens and a country road leading to villas on the Seine. M. Jullian does not believe that there was a permanent Circus at Paris, but a temporary structure on the site indicated by MM. Formigé, on the bank of the Seine in the Quartier St. Victor. M. Jullian believes that the Gallo-Roman theatres had a special relation to the indigenous civilization, because their sites seem to have been regularly attached to the sites of Gallic cults. No province of the Roman empire has so many theatres as Gaul.

Gallo-Roman Votive Offerings.-In B. Soc. Ant. Fr. 1919, pp. 146-148, J. TOUTAIN maintains that ex-votos from Gallo-Roman sites, representing children in swaddling clothes, parts of human bodies, and animals, mark a ritual substitution for actual human and animal sacrifices practiced in primitive times (see Caesar, B. G. VI, 16).

Fish-ponds in Roman Gaul.-In B. Soc. Ant. Fr. 1919, pp. 183-196 G. LAFAYE communicates the results of studies on methods of trapping and imprisoning fish practiced in ancient times, especially in the salt and fresh waters of ancient Gaul.

A Roman Milestone.-In B. Soc. Ant. Fr. 1919, pp. 118-123, E. CHÉNON comments on the inscription of a Roman milestone found at Trouy in the -eighteenth century (C.I.L. XIII, 8940), recording the restoration of the road it marked in the reign of Maximinus and Maximus (237 A.D.). He concludes that the stone originally stood at Saint-Florent, perhaps on the bridge over the Cher.

SWITZERLAND

Cocliensis as an Epithet.-In B. Soc. Ant. Fr. 1919, pp. 257-258 is a note by J. HANNEZO on the epithet Cocliensis given to Liber Pater in an inscription found at Saint-Prex, near Morges, Switzerland. The epithet is not derived from cochlea, as M. Chapot suggested (Ibid. 1917, p. 197), but like other epithets ending in ensis, is from a place-name, possibly from Coclia, which may have been a Celtic name adopted by the Romans.

GERMANY

The Discovery of the Rhine.-In Mél. Arch. Hist. XXXVIII, 1920, pp. 5-28, A. GRENIER discusses the discovery of the Rhine. He gives a résumé of the allusions to central Europe in the earliest Greek literature, sees a probable

reference to the Rhine in Apollonius of Rhodes, argues that Polybius knew nothing of that river although he is the first ancient writer known to us who mentions the Alps, and attributes the first reference to the Rhine by name to Posidonius. The extent of the latter's knowledge of the river is very uncertain, and the real discovery of the Rhine is to be assigned to Caesar.

GREAT BRITAIN

Flints from Grime's Graves, Norfolk.-In Proc. Soc. Ant. XXXI, 1919, pp. 78-104 (77 figs.), H. G. O. KENDALL compares flint implements discovered at Grime's Graves in Norfolk with similar implements from Avebury Down in North Wiltshire, and on the basis of this evidence as well as of botanical and geological data concludes that the tools from Grime's Graves are not earlier than the Neolithic Period.

A Megalithic Monument from Jersey.—In Proc. Soc. Ant. XXXI, 1919, pp. 133-144 (4 figs.) R. A. SMITH discusses a megalithic monument which was removed early in the nineteenth century from its original site near St. Helier's, Jersey, to Henley-on-Thames. It was a circle of stones, 21 feet in diameter, approached by a passage walled with similar large stones. Within the circle are several cells formed by pairs of stones projecting from the wall. Each pair was covered with a horizontal slab. The whole monument was covered with a tumulus when it was discovered. The original structure dates from the megalithic period; but the mound was probably constructed by people of the Bronze Age, who may have used the building for interments. The circle has a strong resemblance to a neolithic house at Pléneuf on the French coast. Similar circular dwellings have been found in Cornwall.

Prehistoric Shields.-In Proc. Soc. Ant. XXXI, 1919, pp. 145–151 (2 figs.) R. A. SMITH discusses prehistoric bronze shields found in Great Britain and Ireland. Some are ornamented with small bosses; others with concentric circles in relief. Continental evidence alone would indicate that the shields belong to the Hallstatt period; but since the Iron Age in Britain seems to have begun much later than on the Continent, these shields, which are apparently of local manufacture, may be of later date than similar Hallstatt remains. Most of them are too thin to have been of practical use, and may have been made as votive offerings.

The Antiquities in the Brentford Public Library.-In Archaeologia, LXIX, 1920, pp. 1-30 (2 pls.; 30 figs.) R. A. SMITH describes the more important objects in the Layton Collection of antiquities in the Public Library at Brentford. Most of them were brought to light during dredging operations in the Thames at Kew many years ago. The Neolithic Period is represented by many specimens including picks, celts, daggers, etc., and the Bronze Age by vessels of pottery, daggers, spearheads and a sickle of bronze, as well as by two bone daggers. There are ancient British coins, including two of gold; a remarkable late Celtic wooden bucket cased with bronze, and a bronze bowl which was, perhaps, a water-clock; a Roman iron sword with bronze scabbard, Roman brooches, a few good specimens of Anglo-Saxon antiquities and numerous mediaeval objects.

Roman Cirencester.-In Archaeologia, LXIX, 1920, pp. 161-209 (4 pls.; 21 figs.) F. HAVERFIELD discusses Roman Cirencester-its name and location, its walls, gates and buildings, the town plan and various detailed finds such as mosaics, worked stones, sepulchral monuments and inscriptions. The history of the place is worked out upon the evidence of the pottery and coins. There are appendices: on the name, which is derived from the Latin Corinium, by W. H. STEVENSON; on a figure of Eros, by H. STUART JONES; and on the so-called Matres, by M. RosToVTZEFF.

EARLY CHRISTIAN, BYZANTINE AND MEDIAEVAL ART

GENERAL AND MISCELLANEOUS

The Two "Sassanian" Dragon Reliefs in the Constantinople Museum.In Publikationen der Kaiserlich Osmanischen Museen, No. 4 (64 pp.; 5 pls.), H. GLÜCK discusses from every angle the two dragon reliefs purchased by the Constantinople museum in 1916-Nos. 790 (1164) and 791 (1163). Although Strzygowski, who knew the reliefs as early as 1889, regarded them

as Turkish, Sarre, and later Mendel, the cataloguer of the museum, called them Sassanian. Glück shows them to be Turkish and probably to have come from the decoration of Alaeddin's thirteenth century wall at Konia. The two dragons appear to be of opposite sex, reminiscent of good and evil spirits confronting one another (Fig. 6). The type is found in numerous monuments, reaching back to Sassanian times. But the different treatment of depth and of mass distinguishes these dragons from related Sassanian examples. In fact it appears, since most of the parallels are with worke referable to the steppes, that even in Sassanian times the type was derived from northern sources. The Turks brought it southward when they migrated. Along with the material collected by Strzygowski this helps to build up our