Maxe-Werly in the Mémoires de la Société Nationale des antiquaires de France, 1883, p. 274. It was found a few months previous to this publication, says Maxe-Werly, at Rheims, and was, at the time of publication, the property of M. Leon Foucher. Dimensions: width 12 cm., length 25 cm., depth 3 cm. It has a small lip at one side. This pan bears an inscription T E (in monogram), T. TRI (in monogram), C. O. The publisher calls attention to the fact that it resembles the model which was adopted for the mess of the officers of the army in his own day, and he thinks that the ancients used it for a similar purpose. The type seems to have persisted in the army even to our own day, as a somewhat similar frying-pan in aluminum, which served as both cooking utensil and plate, formed a part of the American soldier's outfit for the recent war. The bronze pan found at Rheims and the four in the Royal Ontario Museum are, so far as I know, the only ancient examples of oblong frying-pans with folding handles. Maxe-Werly, in the article just cited, mentions the existence in the museum at Vienna of a similar utensil, round in form. Among the twenty-two Coptic utensils which were presented to the Field Museum of Natural History in Chicago in 1894 by Ali Effendi Murad, American Consular Agent, at Luxor, Egypt, is an oblong iron frying-pan with folding handle. This is somewhat similar to those in the Royal Ontario Museum.

The bronze frying-pan which was found near Rheims has no decoration, but the handles of three of those in the Royal Ontario

Museum of Archaeology are rather elaborately decorated with incised lines. On two, a fish has been incised. Moreover, the arrangement of the lines incised on all of these handles seems to have been taken from a motif which was suggested by the backbone, tail, head and eyes of a fish. One of the pans (G. 676) has a lip for pouring out gravy (Fig. 5). With one exception, the pans are in an excellent state of preservation. One, however, has several large holes

which have been eaten into it by rust. This is the plainest of the four and probably the oldest. Another (G. 677) shows in two places an interesting example of ancient mending. Two very thin sheets of metal were put on the inside of the pan and riveted through (Fig. 7). A similar instance of ancient mending is found on a bronze pan at Vassar College. The dimensions vary somewhat. G. 678, entire length including handle, 23 inches, length of pan 10 inches, width 6 inches, depth 3 inch; G. 677, entire length 26 inches, pan 12 inches by 7 inches; G. 676, entire length 26 inches, pan 13 by 7 inches, depth 1 inches; G. 675, entire length 25 inches, pan 11 inches by 7 inches, depth 14 inches.

Near Thebes, in the same locality where the frying-pans were discovered, there were found also two other utensils (G. 646 and 647), which at first sight look like trays and may possibly have

been used for this purpose, for, as we know, each course of a Roman cena was brought in on a tray. These utensils, however, are of hammered iron, while the trays which are mentioned in Latin literature are of silver, or wood. This fact, and the presence of lips at the sides of one of these utensils, and at the corners of the other, indicate that they, too, were pans for baking or frying, or perhaps were used for fish sauce. G. 647 (Fig. 8) has lips at the four corners. Its length is 12 inches, width 7 inches, depth inch, height of handle from point of attachment 3 inches. The state of preservation is exceedingly good. One might think that the lips of this vessel were an accident due to the fact that it was simpler to make a pan which consists of a single sheet of metal this way than any other, but this cannot be true in the case of the other utensil, as the lips are carefully wrought at the sides. G. 646 (Fig. 9) has the following dimensions: length 15 inches, width 7 inches, depth 1 inch, height of handle 33 inches. The state of preservation is good. The

handles are of twisted iron and are riveted on. A rivet at one end seems to indicate mending. An extra piece of metal has been put on the inside of the pan. Both the workmanship and ornamentation indicate that these pans were probably made by the same smith as the four with folding handles. At least, they belong to the same period. The Museum contains also a tiny round toy frying-pan.

FIGURE 9.-PAN FOR BAKING OR FRYING: TORONTO.

From the same locality whence came the two sets of pans come also seven iron ladles (G. 699, 700, 701, 702, 703, 704, 705). They are of varying sizes, but the surface of the metal and the style of decoration on the handles point to the probability of the same smith's shop in which the frying-pans, the keys, axes, and other iron utensils in this collection were probably made. Each ladle, including the handle, is made of one sheet of iron hammered out. The handles, with one exception, contain holes for suspension. This ends in a point and has another piece of iron riveted at right angles about one inch from the end. All of the handles are decorated with incised lines or dots. The use of these ladles is somewhat uncertain. They may have been employed in cooking, or the soldiers may have used them for melting lead.

Dimensions

Not only were frying-pans used for cooking small pieces of meat, and spits' for roasting whole the boar which formed the most important feature of a Roman banquet, but another utensil

1 Verg. Aen. I, 211 ff.; Juv. Sat. XV, 81 and 82; Verg. Aen. V, 102 and 103.

also, the gridiron, craticula, served for roasting and broiling meat. Martial' mentions both of these instruments. He says:

Rara tibi curva craticula sudet ofella;

Spumeus in longa cuspide fumet aper.

At the cena Trimalchionis, one silver craticula contained smok

ing sausages, and on another the chef served snails.

The more

usual materials for this utensil were, however, bronze and iron. In the Royal Ontario Museum, there is a most interesting example of an iron craticula, G. 1383 (Fig. 10), which was discovered on Hannibal's battle field at Lake Trasumenus, and which may have been used by the soldiers there. It has eight prongs branching from a central stem. Three of these are broken at the end. The iron socket into which a wooden handle was fitted is partly eaten away by rust, and the whole instrument is much corroded. This gridiron differs somewhat from the ordinary types in that it has no transverse rod to reinforce it at the outer end. Dimensions: length with handle 22 inches, without handle 16 inches; width from outer end 8, 7, 5 inches. Walters, Catalogue of Bronzes in the British Museum, gives, under late Etruscan bronzes, No. 783, a gridiron (?) which, like the one in the Royal Ontario Museum of Archaeology, had a socket for a wooden shaft.

FIGURE 10.-ROMAN GRID-
IRON FROM LAKE TRA-
SUMENUS: TORONTO.

Another interesting iron kitchen utensil in the Royal Ontario Museum of Archaeology (G. 577) is a meat hook (Fig. 11), Latin harpago, Greek кpeάypa, which was doubtless used for taking meat from the pot, although various theories have been given for its function. It had a Greek origin, and Helbig identi1 Mart. XIV, 221.

2 Petron. Sat. 31 and 70.

3 Cf. Daremberg and Saglio, Dictionnaire des Ant. Gr. et Rom., fig. 2049; Miss Richter, op. cit. fig. 666 for a gridiron which, though of much earlier date, middle of sixth century B.C., is of the more usual type. This has eight transverse rods and four feet.

3

fies it with the Homeric TеμTwßоλov, but this has been disputed. An iron fingered flesh hook is described by the scholiast on Aristophanes1 as an instrument resembling a hand with fingers bent inward, which was used to take meat from a boiling caldron. Specimens in bronze are found in the British Museum2 and other museums. One of these has the prongs formed of seven radiating snakes' heads instead of seven plain hooks. Utensils of this kind, employed for the purpose stated, are represented in red-figured vase paintings. Many of these hooks have been found in Etruria. Our specimen, which was discovered in the Fayum and belongs to the Walter Massey collection, is 15 inches long. It differs somewhat from the usual type in several ways. In the first place, extant examples are oftener of bronze than of iron. Sometimes both metals were combined in the same instrument. Then, too, frequently the number of prongs is five, which points to the origin of the design of the instrument from the, five fingers of the hand. The handle, too, frequently ends in a hollow shaft, into which a wooden handle seems to have been fitted, rather than in a ring for suspension. In many instances, the centre is a ring from which the prongs radiate. They are not riveted on, as in our specimen. Its handle is extended to a point. To this are fastened by rivets, at angles to each other, three narrow pieces of iron hooked at both ends. In both workmanship and decoration, this flesh hook resembles closely the Egyptian frying-pans and Incised lines are used for decoration and the handle is twisted and ends in a scroll into which a ring is fastened. This is exactly the principal of the hinge for the handle of the fryingpans. G. 579 is a three-pronged iron fork 9 inches long, and 2 inches wide, which was probably used in cooking. Daremberg and Saglio, Dictionnaire des antiquités grecques et romaines, under fuscinula, say that this name, though found only in the Vulgate, 1 Equit. 772.

FIGURE 11.-MEAT

HOOK FROM FA-
YUM: TORONTO.

ladles.

2 Walters, op. cit. Nos. 784, 7842, 7833, 7844.

3 Cf. Miss Richter, op. cit. No. 665.