twenty years with a besom of smoke and flame. The insurgent Ngatiawa chief, who had hitherto held aloof, now overtly joined the movement, while the powerful Ngatiruanui nation also threw in its lot with the malcontents. On the 3rd March, a "pa" on Waireka Hill was unsuccessfully attacked, and the same evening the British forces fell back on New Plymouth. Later on fresh detachments of troops arrived from Australia, so that, by the end of the year, there were 2,300 men in the field, including volunteers. One of the most important of the succeeding events was the attack in June on the Puketakauere, or "L pa," so called from its configuration. In this engagement the British suffered a loss of thirty-four killed and thirty wounded, while the Maori casualties amounted only to six killed and eight wounded. By this time New Plymouth was in a state of close siege, and, although there was a dense forest near the town, fuel had to be procured from Australia. Major-General Pratt now came over from Melbourne to supersede Colonel Gold in the command, and brought with him the remainder of the 40th Regiment. For some time no decisive engagement took place, until the conflict at Mahoetahi, when the enemy lost thirty-four killed and fifty wounded, while the British casualties were four killed and sixteen wounded. Taiporotu, the rebel leader, was killed in the battle. The war terminated a little later during the progress of the siege of Pukerangiora, a truce being negotiated through the instrumentality of Wiremu Tamihana Tarapipi. It has been computed that this outbreak, before it was brought to a peaceful conclusion by Sir George Grey, cost the British sixty-seven killed and 143 wounded, and most of the latter died of their injuries through overcrowding in New Plymouth; while upwards of 200 settlers died through exposure. The total cost of the war to the Imperial Government was about £500,000; while the Colony's expenses occasioned by the campaign reached a total of £20,000. The direct losses of the settlers were estimated to amount to over £150,000.

Sir George Grey landed at Auckland on the 26th September, 1861, for a second time to undertake the government of the province, and on the 3rd October following Colonel Gore Browne left the Colony. The Stafford, or War Ministry, fell in the month of July, 1861, and was succeeded by the Fox, or Peace Ministry. Mr. Fox had been an officer in the Wakefield Land Company, and an ardent agitator for responsible government. He had long been an opponent of Governor Browne's native policy, and now exerted all his influence to aid the new viceroy in obtaining a peaceful settlement. Sir George Grey had a difficult task to perform, for he had not only to contend against the hostility of the Maoris, but also to placate the section of the white population who wished to crush native resistance by an aggressive war. For more than a year the Governor and Premier sought to obtain honourable conditions of peace, but, unfortunately, the Governor had been called in too late, and his "mana" had lost much of its old power. Early in the term of his second Government, Sir George Grey determined that the division of authority between the Governor and his Ministers should be swept away,

and that upon native, as well as upon other affairs, the representative of the Queen should rely solely on the advice of his responsible Cabinet. On the 30th May, 1862, Imperial control over Maori legislation was finally abolished. Meanwhile, matters in the Waikato country were very unsettled, and a visit from the Governor had no appreciable effect. In 1863, the Governor left Auckland for Ngaruawahia, and, although he was well received by the Maoris, his announcement that a steamer was coming to trade on the Waikato River seemed only to increase the mistrust with which the natives regarded all advances made by the Government. The still unsettled Waitara land dispute was a constant cause of irritation, and even the natives of the King country were divided on the matter. One party, led by Wiremu Tamihana Tarapipi, was in favour of a peaceful settlement, but Wiremu Kingi insisted on the retrocession of the Waitara land, and his cause was warmly espoused by Manga Rewi Maniopoto, chief of the Ngatimaniapoto nation. The Governor now caused the title to the land to be carefully examined, and came to the conclusion that it had never been lawfully acquired. In the meantime, a body of natives was in armed occupation of a block of land at Tataraimaka, near New Plymouth, which really belonged to the settlers, and the Maoris refused to leave it until the Waitara block was handed over. The claim of the Colony to the Waitara land was removed by proclamation on the 11th May, 1863, but the restitution was somehow delayed, and the Ngatiruanui still refused to leave Tataraimaka. The Governor tried parleying, but without avail, and then resolved on decisive action. At the beginning of March, 1863, His Excellency, accompanied by General Cameron and a strong force of military, set out for Tataraimaka with the intention of recapturing this block, besides settling the Waitara question. The natives accepted this move as a prelude to war, and Rewi and his supporters at once took action. The police-barracks and a newspaper office were seized, and the Resident Magistrate dismissed. Next, a party of soldiers was surprised and killed in the Taranaki district, and the prospect of peace became hopeless. In spite of the issue of the proclamation removing all claim to the disputed land, and the withdrawal of the troops therefrom, war had recommenced, and it dragged out its weary length over a period of three years. Sir George Grey had received notice that the Maoris intended to make an attack on Auckland, and resolved to forestall them. On the 12th July a small force under General Cameron occupied a position on the Koheron heights, overlooking the Waikato River. The Maori force was in two divisions, one of which, under Manga Rewi Maniopoto, occupied the forest of Hunua, whence many successful attacks were delivered on the colonial levies. Wiremu Tamihana Tarapipi commanded the other division, which marched down by the course of the Waikato to oppose the invasion. On the 17th July, this force attacked an escort of the 18th Regiment, and defeated it, killing four and wounding ten. On the morning of the same day, the British troops at Koheroa defeated a Maori detachment. After another slight engagement Cameron

concluded that his foes were of no mean calibre, and decided to make more formidable preparations. On the renewal of hostilities, a series of skirmishes culminated, on the 23rd October, 1863, in the action which has been called the "Battle of Bald Hills." During the progress of this conflict there were some desperate hand-to-hand encounters between the Maoris and the soldiers, but, eventually, the native force was driven back with a loss of thirty-two killed, while great numbers of their warriors were also wounded.

On the 30th October, General Cameron, who had been provided with two bullet-proof steamers, one of which was built in Sydney, proceeded to attack Meremere, but the Maoris evacuated this position, and retired to a stronger one at Rangiriri. Here, after a desperate resistance, they were forced to capitulate, but King Potatau the Second and his general, Wiremu Tamihana Tarapipi, made their escape. The Maori loss was between fifty and 150 killed, the number of wounded being unknown, while 183 were taken prisoners and sent to Auckland. The British loss was thirty-five men and two officers killed, and thirteen officers and eighty-five men wounded. A proclamation of peace was now expected, and the enemy fell back from the King's headquarters, and allowed General Cameron to occupy the position without a struggle. But the expected terms were not proclaimed, and the war was renewed. The Maoris were driven from one position to another, but eventually made a most heroic stand at Orakau. Here a force of about 300 natives under Rewi withstood for three days the attacks of a British army of 2,000 men. On the evening of the third day the Maori ammunition was exhausted, so the half-starving natives made a sortie, when the greater part of them were destroyed, but Rewi and a few followers escaped to the hills. The Maori loss was about 200, while the British casualties were sixteen killed and fifty-two wounded. With the reduction of Orakau, Maori resistance practically ceased, and Wiremu Tamihana and Rewi retired to the upper waters of the Waikato, whither they were not pursued. In this long and dilatory struggle, an able general and distinguished officers had been fighting, with vastly superior numbers, a savage foe whose forces at the very highest estimate did not exceed 2,000; whereas General Cameron had ultimately under his control some 10,000 regulars, and was assisted by volunteers and militia of about the same numerical strength. Nor was this their only advantage, for the British were armed with Enfield rifles and had artillery, while the Maoris carried old Tower muskets and shot guns, and the few ship's guns they possessed could hardly be called artillery.

The campaign involved the colony in a debt of £3,000,000, besides Imperial claims made on account of military expenditure, while settlement and industry received a decided check. The conflict brought absolute ruin to the Ngatihaua nation, for nearly all their land was included in the scheme of general confiscation, though the Ngatimaniapoto race, which had practically provoked hostilities, lost very little territory. The new frontier was delimitated by a line drawn from Raglan

on the West Coast through the plains of the Upper Waikato to Tauranga, and the lands confiscated by the Government were occupied by military and volunteer settlers. Wiremu Tamihana Tarapipi died of consumption in December, 1866, a little over two years after the conclusion of the war.

Although peace once more reigned in the Waikato country, there was still disaffection in the Tauranga district. The natives in this locality, assisted by straggling parties of Waikatos, entrenched themselves in a strong position about three miles from Te Papa. Their stronghold, called the "Gate Pa," was effectively palisaded, and amply defended by rifle pits. Here a British force of 500 men attacked them, the defending Maoris, as usual, being much in the minority. Early in the siege a detachment attempted to storm the Maori citadel, but the attack was repulsed, and the British lost heavily. Shortly afterwards it was discovered that the natives had evacuated the "pa," and escaped noiselessly under cover of darkness. In this affair the British casualties amounted to 111 killed and wounded, of whom several of the latter subsequently died, while the Maori loss was comparatively slight. The natives made their final stand at Te Ranga, about 3 miles inland from the "Gate Pa," and here they were completely crushed, their forces being almost annihilated.

In the meantime the second Taranaki war had been going on. Early in June, 1863, General Cameron successfully stormed a native stronghold on the Katikara River, some 15 miles from New Plymouth. In March, 1864, a force under Major Butler suffered a repulse before a "pa" at Kaitake. A more serious reverse to British arms occurred in the following April, when detachments under the command of Captains Lloyd and Page were completely routed by the natives. When the bodies of the slain were recovered they were found to be stripped almost naked, and the heads had been severed from the bodies-an act of savagery hitherto unpractised in the warfare between the two races. It was subsequently ascertained that this mutilation was committed by the devotees of a new religion known as "Hau-Hauism," but in the first instance called "Pai Marire" by its adherents. This creed originated in the disordered brain of a native named Te Ua, and was an unsavoury compound of Judaism, Christianity, and old Maori tradition. Amongst other strange things its votaries believed that their priests and prophets possessed superhuman powers, and that invulnerability in battle could be secured by the utterance of the magic word "Hau," accompanied by mesmeric passes of the hand. The HauHaus decapitated their slain enemies, and used the heads to ornament a lofty pole known as the "niu," round which they were accustomed to dance, to the accompaniment of wild incantations. Early in April, 1864, they had an opportunity for a practical test of their boasted invulnerability in their attack on the redoubt at Sentry Hill, rear New Plymouth. Here the Hau-Haus suffered a serious reverse, and had to flee for their lives, leaving thirty-four of their number dead or dying on

the field. Notwithstanding this check, the peculiar superstition spread, and in the country round Wanganui, and on the East Coast, between the Bay of Plenty and Hawke Bay, the Hau-Haus proved particularly troublesome.

The colonists now fondly imagined that with the clearing of the disaffected from the Waikato country, and the subjection of the Tauranga natives, the Maori "mana" had received such a blow that further resistance would be abandoned. However, the Hau-Hau superstition was responsible for a continuance of hostilities. Upon the New Zealand militia devolved the work of extirpating it, but most valuable assistance was given by Ropata Wahawaha, Major Kepa, Te Rangi-hiwi-nui, and other friendly chiefs. On one occasion the "friendlies" challenged the Hau-Haus to a pitched battle on the island of Moutua, where, after a desperate engagement, the Hau-Haus were signally defeated, their prophet, Matene, being amongst the slain. The Provincial Government of Wellington later on raised a monument to the memory of their brave allies who had fallen in the encounter. For the remainder of the year 1864 the Colony enjoyed a measure of comparative repose, which was hardly interrupted by the escape of 214 Rangiriri and other prisoners from the island of Kawau, near Auckland, in the month of September. In the November following, the seat of Government was removed from Auckland to Wellington, in consequence of an agitation for a more central position from which to direct the affairs of the Colony.

The year 1865 saw the resumption of hostilities on the West Coast. New Zealand at this time contained a very large and expensive Imperial military force, but the brunt of the war fell on the shoulders of the colonial militia, the friendly natives, and the adventurous spirits who came over from Sydney and Melbourne to take part against a brave but ruthless foe. General Cameron's movements were painfully slow, and this fact, coupled with the tenacity with which he clung to the ocean beach, earned for him from the Maoris the epithet of the "Lame Seagull." Grey's impatience at the General's dilatoriness gave rise to much acrimonious correspondence between the two chiefs. At length the Governor determined on the bold scheme of himself leading a force to attack the insurgents in a stronghold called the Wereroa "pa." On the 21st July, 1865, he successfully accomplished the reduction of this fastness, and about fifty Hau-Haus were taken prisoners. General Cameron resigned his command of the Imperial troops in the following month, and was succeeded by Major-General Trevor Chute. The HauHaus were still vigorous on the East Coast, where they committed several atrocious murders, mutilating the bodies of their victims. The great majority of the Maoris, however, were deeply shocked by these horrible acts, and Wiremu Tamihana Tarapipi wrote to Colonel Greer tendering his submission and that of the King Tawhiao. The campaign was now pushed on with much vigour. The conquest of the Opotiki district was completed, while the Waiapu expedition, under Majors