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like the 'Frithjofs Saga,' is particularly Scandinavian.

The 'Fornaldarsögur) "Tales of the Past" Ideal with the early history of Iceland and are partly of a fairy and romantic character, telling of Viking voyages, love adventures, battles with berserker and monsters. The romantic sagas, as, for example, the 'Riddarasögur, are mostly translations or adaptations of foreign (chiefly French) courtly epics and romances of chivalry, such as the tales of Troy, of Alexander, Charlemagne, Arthur and the Round Table, Barlaam and Josephat. They were reduced to writing in the 13th century and became favorites in the 15th. They are purely literary and have no historic value. Besides these, which are the three principal classes of sagas, there is a kind called Tháttr, which is a short tale treating of a single episode in the life of a distinguished Icelander, and the simplest form of saga. There are also sagas dealing with the Faroes, the Orkneys, Norway, Denmark, Greenland and America. Among the minor sagas may be mentioned Gísla,' which is perhaps the most tragic of all the sagas, or at any rate the most conscious of its tragic aim; 'Gretis Saga'; 'Bandamannasaga' (The Confederates'), which, quite exceptionally, is humorous and the first comedy in western Europe; Kormákssaga, which is very romantic; Erikssaga Raudha' (The Saga of Erik the Red'), which tells of the discovery, in 982, by Erik, of Greenland and Vineland; his son Leifr discovered the North Americn coast, probably Nova Scotia; Bjarnarsaga,' 'Heidharvígasaga, Viga-Glúmssaga,' Vápnfirdhingasaga and Hrafnkelssaga Freysgodha,' which belong to the 12th century; 'Gunnlangssaga and Flóamannasaga,' which were composed in the 13th century; and 'Hitdælakappa,' Hænsna Thórissaga, Hardharsaga, Grimkelsson, > 'Gullthórissaga, Fóstbrædhrasaga,' 'Vatzdolasaga,' 'Svarfdælasaga,' VallaLjótssaga, Ljósvetningasaga,' 'Reykdalasaga, Thorsteins-Hvíta' and 'Droplaugar

sonasaga.

The following four are the greatest of the Icelandic sagas: (1) The Eyrbyggjasaga, which covers a period of about 140 years (890-1030) and was written probably by a cleric about 1225. It is remarkable for the great variety and richness of its adventure and for the light it throws on the manners and customs of the period. Its style is serious, measured and realistic. (2) The Egilssaga,' which takes its name from that of the skald (poet) Egill, portrays the life of the 9th and 10th centuries. As his sources, its author made use of oral traditions, other saga material and Egill's own poems and put the whole into writing about the year 1200. (3) The 'Laxdælasaga is, for the modern reader, the most romantic and one of the most attractive sagas. The incidents took place between 910 and 1026, and the scene is laid among the people of Laxátals in West Iceland. Here, too, the author, who was also probably a cleric, made masterly use of his sources, some of which may have been Irish, both oral and written. (4) The saga universally recognized as the ripest and most brilliant product of the saga-art is the 'Njálssaga.' It is composed of two originally independent sagas, those of Gunnar and Njál and belongs to the south of Iceland. It is designed on the most liberal scale

and is remarkable for the masterly way in which its plot, full of intrigue, love and hate, has been handled, and for its character-drawing and simple and effective style.

In Iceland and Ireland, more than anywhere else in western Europe, story-telling was a necessary part of every assembly. The professional sagaman wandered from place to place, told his stock-in-trade, received entertainment and rewards in return for them and gathered material for new stories. These tales, both those of an historical and those of a legendary character, being of oral transmission, even when later they were thought fit to be consigned to writing, always used the oral saga as a background. Almost all the events narrated in them took place between the years 950 and 1030. That was the Saga Age of Iceland, when life, in a material sense, was almost barbarous and factional fights were of frequent occurrence. The sagaman made most of the abundant stuff at hand for heroic narrative. His heroes are represented as being almost more than human men and women. They belong, for the most part, to the ruling class. The author gives a short account of the hero's family, of his youth and manhood, his loves, friendships and enmities, his great deeds and his death, which was usually of a tragic character. Being based almost entirely on actual happenings and being in close relation to the lives of those for whom they were recited or written, the sagas convey a wonderfully faithful picture of life not only in the Scandinavian world during those centuries but also among the other Germanic peoples who once lived in similar circumstances but have left no such record of their own past.

The very language in which the sagas are couched is greatly conducive to the appearance of reality. It is in prose and very often in the form of dialogue. As the sagaman's main object was to move his hearers, he told his tales in unaffected, straightforward language, the everyday language of the people. Like a dispassionate observer, showing no sympathy with either the events or their heroes, he was content to assemble the incidents and to relate them briefly and restrainedly. The result, however, is much more than a mere impersonal folktale. Even at that early date it is surprising how clearly the essential rules of all good storytelling seem to have been fixed and were observed to perfection; dramatic irony and suspense; the orderly, steady progression of the scenes; the recurrence of personages familiar from other sagas, the chief figure in one becoming a subordinate character in another; the incidental mention of unheroic "mean" details; all this adds to the interest of the saga. One thing the Icelandic sagaman-like the contemporary Irish sgéulaidhe- could do supremely well, and that was to tell a story. The Icelandic sagas stand apart at once as a notable phenomenon in literary history and as an absolutely independent creation of the northern mind. See ICELANDIC LITERATURE.

Bibliography.-Döring, 'Bemerkungen über Stil u. Typus des isländischen Saga' (Leipzig 1877); Golther, Nordische Literaturgeschichte' (ib. 1905); Golther, 'Die isländische und norwegische Literaturen des Mittelalters' (Sammlung Göschen, No. 254); Heinzel, Beschreibung der isländischen Saga' (Vienna 1880); Olrik, A., Nordisches Geistes

SAGARD-THEODAT-SAGE

leben) (Heidelberg 1908); Ker, W. P., 'Epic and Romance' (London 1897); 1897); Carlton, W. N. C., 'The Icelandic Sagas' (Chicago 1912); Vigfússon, G. (editor), and Dasent, Sir G. W. (translator), Icelandic Sagas and Historical Documents, (Rolls Series, London 1887-94). JOSEPH DUNN, Professor of Celtic Languages and Literature, The Catholic University of America.

SAGARD-THEODAT, Gabriel, French Catholic missionary: b. 16th cent. He labored in converting the Huron Indians to Christianity during the 17th century and contributed in an important degree to a knowledge of Canada in its early colonial days as "New France." His principal works are Travels to the Huron Country, towards the Freshwater Sea and the Uttermost Limits of New France, called Canada; Wherein is Treated of all Matters touching the Country, the Manners and Character of the Savages; their Government and their Ways, as Well in their Own Country as when Roaming; of their Faith and Belief; with a Dictionary of the Huron Language' (1632); also 'History of Canada and the Journey Made by the Friars Minor Recollects Thither, for the Conversion of Unbelievers' (1636). An edition of his works was published at Paris in 1866.

SAGASTA, sä-gäs'tä, Praxedes Mateo, Spanish statesman: b. Torrecilla de Cameros, 21 July 1827 d. 5 Jan. 1903. He studied at the College of Engineers in Madrid; practised as an engineer in Valladolid and Zamora; in 1854 was elected from Zamora province to the Cortes, where his attitude was a radical one. In 1856 for participation in an unsuccessful revolt he was compelled to escape to France. Upon the proclamation of amnesty he returned, became professor in the Madrid College of Engineering, re-entered the Cortes, was identified with the Progressive minority and edited its journal, La Iberia. After the outbreak of 22 June 1866 he again fled to France, but at the beginning of the revolution of 1868 was once more in Spain, where he became Minister of the Interior in the provisional government. In October 1871 he was chosen to the presidency of the Cortes; in December he entered the Malcampo Cabinet as Minister of the Interior; in February 1872 was commissioned to form a new ministry, but in May was forced to resign. In 1874 he appeared anew in office as Minister for Foreign Affairs in the Serrano Cabinet, but shortly afterward exchanged his portfolio for that of the Interior, and in August became president of the Ministry. He retired from office at the accession of Alfonso XII; for a time was a leader without a party; as a member of the Cortes was finally associated with Martinez Campos (1881) in the organization of the new Liberal party, and upon the overthrow of the Conservatives became president of the Ministry. He was forced from power in 1883. Subsequently he was president of the Cortes in 1883-84 and of the Ministry in 1885-90 and 1892-95. In September 1897 he was again summoned to form a cabinet. He recalled Weyler from Cuba, appointed Blanco captain-general and drafted a plan for Cuban autonomy. Although opposed to the war with the United States he waged it with such efficiency as his

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limited resources would permit and was loudly denounced for signing the treaty of peace. On 4 March 1899 he resigned with his entire cabinet, though on 6 March 1901 he again took the helm and, after averting a Carlist insurrection, remained in office until 3 Dec. 1902. He has been characterized as "singularly devoid of the blind arrogance which has been the bane of so many Spanish statesmen." After Canovas' death he was conceded to be the greatest political figure of Spain.

SAGE, saj, Henry William, American philanthropist: b. Middletown, Conn., 13 Jan. 1814; d. Ithaca, N. Y., 17 Sept. 1897. In 1832 he engaged in the lumber business which he conducted until 1854, settling at Ithaca, N. Y. He entered the New York assembly in 1847. His earlier benefactions were the endowment of various schools and churches, the West Bay City, Mich., public library, and the Lyman Beecher lectureship at Yale College. In 1870 he became a trustee of Cornell University and his various gifts to that institution were $266,000 for the Sage College for Women; $200,000 for the Sage School of Philosophy; $50,000 for the Susan Lynn Sage chair of philosophy; $260,000 with an additional endowment fund of $300,000 for the University Library Building; $20,000 for the Museum of Classical Archæology; $11,000 for the Sage professorship of philosophy; $300,000 for floating indebtedness. His careful management of timber lands owned by the institution realized for it about $6,000,000.

SAGE, Russell, American capitalist: b. Verona Township, Oneida County, N. Y., 4 Aug. 1816; d. Lawrence Beach, L. I., 22 July 1906. He began life as clerk in his brother's grocery store; entered the retail grocery business for himself in 1837, and during 183957 was a wholesale grocer at Troy, N. Y. He was alderman of Troy in 1841-47; treasurer of Rensselaer County, and a Whig member of Congress during 1853-57. In 1863 he removed to New York and shortly began large operations in railroad and other securities. He accumulated one of the largest fortunes in America and was director in many large corporations.

SAGE, Russell, Mrs. (MARGARET OLIVIA SLOCUM), philanthropist: b. Syracuse, N. Y., 8 Sept. 1828; d. New York, 4 Nov. 1918. She was the daughter of Joseph and Margaret Pierson (Jermain) Slocum, and after early vicissitudes graduated at the Emma Willard Seminary at Troy, and became a school-teacher. She taught in schools at Philadelphia, Syracuse and Troy, until at the age of 41 she became the wife of Russell Sage (q.v.), a grocer at Watervliet (then West Troy). Their home life continued simple, in spite of the great wealth which they accumulated, and Mrs. Sage took such deep interest in her husband's affairs that five years before his death he turned over to her complete control of his business and found that his faith was borne out by her successful operations. After his death her life was largely devoted to benevolent work and during the last seven years of complete stewardship of the $70,000,000 left by her husband, she returned nearly $30,000,000 the public by systematic philanthropies. SAGE, William, American novelist, son of Abby Sage Richardson (q.v.): b. Manchester,

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8 May 1864. He was educated in France and Germany, was engaged in railway and banking business 1881-96, and since then has given his attention to literature. He has published 'Robert Tournay' (1900); The Claybornes' (1902); Frenchy - The Story of a Gentleman' (1904); The District Attorney' (1905); 'By Right Divine' (1907); A Maid of Old Virginia (1915).

SAGE, a name covering both the common garden herb (Salvia officinalis) and other plants of diverse families, somewhat resembling it in color or odor. The cultivated sage is a mint, and the genus differs from the majority of labiates in having two stamens instead of four. It is a native of southern Europe, a shrubby perennial of hoary aspect, bearing rough, wrinkled, gray-green, opposite leaves, on the decumbent stems, and pale-blue, streaked flowers in verticillate spikes at the extremities of the branches. It has been widely cultivated, for at least three centuries, on account of its aromatic odor and bitter, pungent taste. It was formerly used in medicine, having slight tonic, stimulant and astringent properties. An infusion of the plant, or "sage-tea," was drunk in England before the advent of Chinese tea, was a favorite remedy for colds and is even now employed as a gargle. An old English proverb states that "He that would live for aye must eat sage in May." See HERBS, CULINARY.

Many salvias, or sages, are frequently cultivated for their brilliant flowers. The most common, perhaps, are the scarlet sage or salvia (Salvia splendens) with racemes, perhaps a foot long, of slender flowers two inches long, arranged in whorls, both calyx and corolla being of a most brilliant scarlet hue; and the equally large-flowered but blue-tinted S. patens. The woolly white foliage of S. argentea has caused it to be included in gardens, and there are a score of others quite worthy of cultivation for

ornament.

Several genera of the Chenopodiacea, a family which takes kindly to alkaline soils, and which inhabit the desert regions of western North America, are called salt white, or silvery sages. Bitter sages are composites, and are more commonly known as sage-brush (q.v.). The salt sages are species of Atriplex, living on thousands of acres of waste lands, which are strongly impregnated with alkali, and so dry that little other vegetation can exist. Since water is so scarce in certain of these alkali deserts, stock cannot be taken into them in summer, and the sages make a good growth, the fruits, valuable for their nutritive qualities, become ripened and the leaves "sun-cured," which, together with the tender spring shoots, make excellent forage, particularly for sheep. The flocks are taken in in winter, when the snow furnishes water for them, and eat the salt-bushes greedily, Nuttall's sage (A. nuttallii) being the most valuable, as it is perennial with a deep, woody root, and although cropped, seeds and all, quite down to the ground, survives and starts up again, during the summer, when it is undisturbed. In fact, the constant cropping of these pastures, and the constant manuring, are improving the winter ranges, which are thus becoming nearly as valuable as the summer ones. The white-sage or winterfat (Eurotia lanata) is another highly prized

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winter forage plant, a foot or more high from a shrubby base, whitened with long hairs, perennial and with abundant fruit, that contributes largely toward the great fattening qualities attributed to this sage, which is also supposed to have a beneficial effect on the grazing stock. The shad-scale, a spiny, shrubby saltsage (Atriplex confertifolia) produces in the spring tender shoots and thick succulent leaves and enormous quantities of flat, winged seeds. These are eagerly sought at the time, and, in the autumn, when leaves and fruit have dropped and been blown into hollows of the plain, the sheep seek them out and devour them utterly. HELEN INGERSOLL.

SAGE-BRUSH, any one of the species of the genus Artemisia-composites very abundant in the arid, alkaline regions of the western United States, where the soil is not too saline, and, with other desert vegetation, covering immense areas. The best-known sage-brush is the common shrub, or bitter-sage (A. tridentata), which is found growing on the plains and ascending to the sub-alpine parts of the mountains. It varies in different situations from a dwarfed shrub to almost tree-like proportions, when its trunk near the ground will measure nearly a foot through, being twisted and knotty and loosely enveloped in a light-gray, shreddy bark.

SAGE-BRUSH STATE, or SAGE-HEN STATE, a nickname for the State of Nevada, from the large amount of sage-brush growing there.

SAGINAW, Mich., city and county-seat of Saginaw County, on the Saginaw River, 16 miles from Saginaw Bay, 97 miles northwest of Detroit and 65 miles northeast of the capital at Lansing. The railroads entering the city are six divisions of the Pere Marquette, three divisions of the Michigan Central and one division of the Grand Trunk. Built upon both banks of the beautiful Saginaw River, here spanned by seven public and four railroad bridges, the city lies at the head of deep-water navigation communicating with the Great Lakes. The fourth in size in the State, Saginaw is a city of great beauty and attractiveness; it possesses an ideal climate without extremes of heat or cold, has handsome residences and ranks well with any city in the United States in the percentage of fine modern homes owned by its workmen. Upon the Dixie highway, surrounded by an excellent road system, it is a central point of the tourists' highways of the State, readily accessible to automobile tourists.

Industries, Manufactures, etc.- Industrially the city is fortunate in possessing an immense supply of hydro-electric current, and being the centre of the bituminous coal fields of Michigan, from which over 2,000,000 tons are mined annually in the neighborhood. Lumber, sand quarries and salt wells also abound, and a productive sugar-beet region is cultivated. Saginaw was at one time the centre of the white pine industry, and millions of dollars worth of logs have been floated on her river. This vast industry, through deforestation, has given way to manufacturing, and the city is now distinctively a manufacturing and jobbing centre. Some of the manufactures are products of numerous general mortar plants, beet sugar,

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plate glass, salt, iron and steel products, furniture, pianos and musical instruments, vehicles, baskets and a great variety of wood products, automobiles and flour. It has planing mills, lumber assorting yards, brick yards, tanneries, graphite works and a variety of foundry and machine shops, in addition to the big shops of the Pere Marquette Railroad Company. Over $35,000,000 of capital is invested in manufacturing industries, and the annual value of the total products averages nearly $30,000,000.

Municipal Conditions. Strong banks, metropolitan newspapers, a commission form of government since 1914, low tax rates, 100 miles of pavements, $10,000,000 in pavements, sewers, sidewalks and other municipal improvements, public baths and playgrounds, 60 churches, are evidences of healthy civic development and growth. Saginaw has model school system which has set and kept the pace with other communities. It has been quick to grasp the public pulse and take advantage of advanced 20th century ideas. The city has an advanced trade school in the Arthur Hill Trade School and a splendid manual training school in the Burt Institution. The Public and the Hoyt libraries are also well-equipped institutions. The hospitals are the Saginaw General Hospital, Saint Mary's Hospital and the Woman's Hospital. Other charitable institutions are the Home for the Friendless and Saint Vincent's Orphan Home. The city has one of the finest Masonic Temples in the State, Elks' Temple, a handsome Federal building and post office, city hall, courthouse, K. of C. and Y. M. C. A. buildings, handsome clubhouses, theatres and numerous capacious public halls. The streets of the city are for the most part notable for their width. They are traversed by an excellent electric street railway system and interurban roads reach out into the surrounding country. The east and west sides are connected by a number of fine bridges over the river, so that access is easy from the business centre to the most remote parts of the city. In addition to the numerous small parks, the city has a large suburban resort, operated in connection with the street railway system.

History and Population. The site upon which this prosperous community is located was first settled in 1815 by men of French origin and half breeds; and here, 24 Sept. 1819, the Treaty of Saginaw was concluded between Gen. Lewis Cass and the Indians, which ceded extensive tracts of land to the United States. The city of Saginaw is a consolidation of old Saginaw City, East Saginaw and the village of Salina or South Saginaw. The latter was incorporated as a village in 1866 and became a part of East Saginaw in March 1873. East Saginaw was incorporated as a village in 1855 and as a city in 1859. Saginaw City was never incorporated as a village, its first incorporation being as a city in 1857. The two municipalities, East Saginaw and Saginaw City, were consolidated by act of the legislature of 1889 into the city of Saginaw, and the first meeting of the common council of the consolidated city was held 12 March 1890. The population of Saginaw is cosmopolitan in character, the German possibly predominating, as attested by their numerous large and prosperous societies of an educational and social character. The Irish, French, Polish and Bohemian are

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also conspicuous elements of the city's popula¬ tion, which was, in 1920, 61,903. CHESTER M. HOWELL, Assistant Secretary, Saginaw Board of Com

merce.

SAGINAW, a river in Michigan which is formed by the junction of the Flint and Shiawassee, and flows nearly due north into Saginaw Bay. The main stream is only about 20 miles long, but with its branches it drains a large portion of the Lower Peninsula. It is navigable to the city of Saginaw, 16 miles.

SAGINAW BAY, the largest inlet of Lake Huron on the coast of the United States. It indents the east coast of the Lower Peninsula of Michigan. It is about 60 miles long and from 20 to 30 miles wide. It is a safe harbor and never dangerously rough, although it is sometimes subject to storms. The color of the water is different from that of the open lake; it is a brownish-green.

SAGITTARIA, săj-i-tā'ri-a, a genus of plants of the water-plantain family (Alismacea). It is a widely distributed genus, wholly or partly aquatic, native to the temperate zones and the tropics. The species are handsome, with lance-like, elliptical or arrowshaped leaves, erect or floating; the flowers are verticillate in threes around the upper part of the scapes that carry them well above the water, and are three-parted, with beautiful white and crinkled fungacious petals. The common arrow-head (S. latifolia) grows in the mud along rivers and ditches, and is very ornamental with its charming whorls of flowers rising from the centre of a cluster of large, erect, sagittate leaves, varying surprisingly in different plants in respect to size and shape. It is a perennial, with thick fibrous rootstocks, which produce oval, fleshy tubers, often as large as a hen's egg, abounding in starch, and a staple and nutritious article of food with many Indian tribes. The squaws sometimes waded into the mud where the arrowheads grew thickly, loosened the tubers with their toes and when the plants floated to the surface captured them and flung them into canoes, to be boiled or roasted. S. chinensis is cultivated in China for food.

SAGITTARIUS, săj-i-tā'ri-us, in astronomy, the ninth sign of the zodiac, into which the sun enters 22 November. The constellation consists of eight visible stars. It is represented on celestial globes and charts by the figure of a centaur in the act of shooting an arrow from his bow.

SAGMULLER, Johannes Baptist, Germen ecclesiastical historian: b. Winterreute, Württemberg, 24 Feb. 1860. He was educated at the Latin School of Mergentheim, the Ehingen High School and the Seminary of Tübingen. He was ordained to the Roman Catholic priesthood in 1884; was curate at Alpirsbach in 1884-87, and tutor at Tübingen Seminary in 1887-93. He was special professor of history in 1893-96 and since 1896 has been professor of canon law and pedagogics at the University of Tübingen. His published works include 'Die Papstwahlen und die Staaten von 1447-1555) (1890); Die Papstwahlbullen und das staatliche Recht der Exklusive' (1892); "Zur Geschichte des Kardinalats' (1893); 'Die

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Tätigkeit und Stellung der Kardinäle bis Papst Bonifaz VIII (1896); Die Entwicklung des Archipresbyterats und Dekanats bis zum Ende des Karolingerreichs' (1898); 'Lehrbuch des katholischen Kirchenrechts' (1904; 2d ed., 1909); Die kirchliche Aufklärung am Hofe des Herzogs Karl Eugen von Württemberg' (1906); Die Trennung von Kirche und Staat' (1907); Wissenschaft und Gleube in der kirchlichen Aufklärung) (1910); Unwissenschaftlichkeit und Unglaube in der kirchlichen Aufklärung) (1910); Der Rechtsanspruch der katholischen Kirche in Deutschland auf finanzielle Leistungen Seitens des Staates' (1913). He has also contributed to periodicals and encyclopedias.

SAGO, a farinaceous food, obtained from the central portion of various species of tropical palms, principally, however, from Metroxylon rumphii and M. laeve. The sago-palms flourish in wet soil, and are cultivated in the East Indies, and particularly in Sarawak. They are rarely over 30 feet high and have stout stems, with an outer rind about two inches thick, as hard as bamboo, but filled with spongy pith, containing a large proportion of starch.

The preparation of sago is one of the industries of the East Indies. The trees flower only once, and if allowed to do so, and to fruit, would exhaust the mass of starch stored in their stems, and then die, after propagating themselves either by seeds or by offshoots. To prevent this, the trees are felled when they are about 15 years old and on the point of flowering. The starchy tissue, then most productive, is extracted and pounded or grated to a powder. This is kneaded in water, in a cloth or sieve, the escaping water carrying the starch into a trough, where it is washed and settled out, until fit for use. The water is then drawn off and the caked residue is ready for native cookery. This cake, or meal, when made into a paste and pressed through a sieve, forms fine pearly grains, which are left either in their original brownish hue, or are bleached, and compose the commercial product "pearl-sago.”

Sago-meal is eaten by the natives as pottage, or as biscuits, partially baked in earthen molds. It is not entirely soluble in hot water, as is ordinary starch, and can, therefore, be employed in making puddings, etc., forming a valuable article of food, as it is cheap, nutritious and easy of digestion. In Europe it is used for feeding stock, making starch and by cocoa manufacturers for their beverages. Inferior qualities of sago are produced by Phænix farinifera, Corypha of various species, Caryota urens, Raphia flabelliformis, and two South American palms.

Portland sago is a delicate farina extracted from the corm of the European wake-robin (Arum maculatum). Wild sago is the product of the coontie-root (Zamia integrifolia), a cycadaceous plant of Florida, well known as an article of food among the Seminoles; and other cycads, incorrectly called "sago-palms," furnish a coarse kind of sago.

SAGOIN, sa-goin', or SAGOUIN, a French form of the native South American name of a genus (Callithrix) of Brazilian monkeys, of small size and remarkably light, active and graceful in their movements.

SAGOYEWATHA. See RED JACKET.

SAGUA LA GRANDE, sä'gwä lä grän'dā, Cuba, town in the province of Santa Clara, on the Sagua la Grande River, 150 miles east of Havana. It is connected by railroad with La Isabela, its port on the north coast, with Cienfuegos, Havana and Matanzas, and with towns to the east; and carries on a considerable trade, sugar and molasses being the chief exports. Formerly gold was mined in the vicinity to some extent. It is well built, with wide and regular streets; among its public buildings are a hospital, a town-hall and a large church; it has also several schools. Pop. about 12,500.

SAGUENAY (săg-ě-nā) RIVER, Canada, large river in the province of Quebec, emptying into the Saint Lawrence at Tadousac Harbor. It is about 120 miles long and of remarkable depth - 17 to 500 fathoms. It drains Lake Saint John and flows with almost unparalleled impetuosity, between high rocky walls and over deep precipices, forming numerous falls and cataracts in its upper course. magnificent scenery attracts many tourists. It is navigable for large vessels as far as Ha Ha Bay, 10 miles south of Chicoutimi.

Its

SAGUNTUM, sa-gun'tům, now SAGUNTO, or MURVIEDRO, Spain (Histania Tarraconensis), situated near the mouth of the Palantias, three miles from the coast and 18 miles by rail from Valencia. It was a rich commercial town in early times, especially famous for its figs and manufacture of a certain kind of pottery. The town was founded by Greek, according to some, and by Italian colonists. In the interval between the First and Second Punic wars, it formed an alliance with the Romans, and became celebrated for the resistance it made to Hannibal in the siege of 219-218 B.C. The city was nearly destroyed at this time, but the Romans rebuilt it and made it a colony. The ancient city is now replaced by the modern Murviedro, and the only important ruins are those of the theatre. Pop. about 9,000.

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SAHARA, sa-hä'ra, Africa, the great desert region in the north of the continent, extending from the Atlantic eastward as far as the Nile, and from the Mediterranean provinces to the Niger and Lake Tchad. Its area is about 3,459,500 square miles,- a region equal to the whole of Europe. The configuration is irregular and the surface highly diversified, reaching from 100 feet below the sea-level to an altitude of from 5,000 to 8,000 feet in Mount Tusidd. Some of the highest summits are those of the Ahaggar, a great mountain plateau. Air or Asben is an isolated mountain, midway between Tibesti and the Niger. Farther south is the extensive plateau of Adghagh. At the northeast in Fezzan are the dark mountains of Jebel es Sóda. The rest of the Sahara consists generally of undulating rocky surfaces and sand dunes interspersed with occasional oases. The date-palm flourishes on these green spots, also the olive tree. Apples, peaches, oranges, grapes, etc., grow, and wheat, barley, rice, durra and ether tropical crops are raised, and there is a considerable variety of flora. Mammals consist, cutside of the domestic animals, such as camels, asses, black cattle, etc., of 15 species, compris

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