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SAILOR'S CHOICE-SAILOR'S CREEK, BATTLE OF

were recorded by Lloyd's Register as 4,680 in number and of the aggregate of 3,027,834 tons. Of the whole number 1,058 were British; 3,554 Russian; 1,149 American; 190 German; 963 Turkish; 397 Italian; 223 Swedish; 371 French; 136 Norwegian; 200 Danish; 18 Greek; 50 Brazilian; 43 Argentinian and 64 Dutch. By far the largest number are of wood.

In 1914 (the year before the war) only 35 sailing vessels, 9,195 tons in all, were launched in British shipyards. In the United States 21 were launched, 4 of steel; totaling 3,262 tons; and 17 of wood, totaling 14,934 tons. The entire output of sailing vessels for the world in 1914 was 225 craft, aggregating 67,368 tons.

See also MERCHANT MARINE OF THE UNITED STATES; NAVAL ARCHITECTURE; SHIPBUILDING; SHIP SUBSIDIES; SHIPPING OF THE WORLD.

Bibliography.-Abbot, W. J., American Merchant Ships and Sailers' (New York 1902); Bates, W. W., American Marine' (Boston 1892); Chatterton, E. K., Sailing Ships' (London 1909), and 'Fore and Aft: The Story of the Fore and Aft Rig' (Philadelphia 1912); Clark, A. H., The Clipper Ship Era' (New York 1912); Holmes, Sir G. C. V., Ancient and Modern Ships' (London 1900); Kirkaldy, A. W., British_Shipping' (London 1914); Marvin, W. L., The American Merchant Marine (New York 1902); Spears, J. R., 'The Story of the American Merchant Marine' (New York 1910).

J. H. MORRISON,

Author of 'History of American Steam Navigation.

SAILOR'S CHOICE, the name of several excellent food fishes taken on the eastern and southeastern coasts of the United States, which are of small size and belong to the family of grunters. The best known, probably, is Orthopristis chrysopterus, also called pigfish, and especially common in the Gulf of Mexico. It is regarded as the best pan-fish of the region.

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SAILOR'S CREEK, Battle of, the last great battle of the Civil War in the East. Sheridan says that it was "one of the severest conflicts of the war so overshadowed by the stirring events of the surrender, three days later, that the battle has never been accorded the prominence it deserves." When General Lee abandoned Richmond and Petersburg on the night of 2 April 1865, he ordered the concentration of his army at Amelia Court House, about 30 miles west of Petersburg, and it had collected at that point by noon of the 5th. On the night of the 5th Sheridan's cavalry and the Second, Fifth and Sixth corps of the army of the Potomac were at or near Jetersville, under orders to march early next morning on Amelia Court House. General Meade began the advance at 8.30 A.M., and when four miles out of Jetersville, Humphreys' Second corps, on the left, discovered that Lee was moving westward, passing by the flank of the Union army. The advance on Amelia Court House was suspended, and the army faced about; the Second corps was ordered to move on Deatonsville; the Fifth through Painesville, on the right of the Second; and the Sixth through Jetersville to the left of the Second. Sheridan's cavalry moved on the extreme left parallel to the Confederate line of

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retreat, impeding the march of the column wherever practicable, but Longstreet's corps succeeded in reaching Rice's Station, on the Lynchburg road, where he awaited the corps of R. H. Anderson, Ewell and John B. Gordon, the lastnamed commanding the rear-guard. The Second corps was checked at Flat Creek by the destruction of the bridge, but, soon repairing it, overtook Gordon and kept up a running fight with him for 14 miles, carrying several lightly intrenched positions, and capturing prisoners, colors, and wagons. The pursuit continued to Parkinson's Mill, on Sailor's Creek, where Gordon made a stand, but was soon driven across the creek, losing three guns, 13 colors, several hundred prisoners, and a large part of the trains of Lee's army. He attempted another stand beyond the creek, but fell back as Humphreys crossed, and marched for High Bridge. Pursuit ended at night. During the day the Second corps had captured 1,700 prisoners, four guns, 13 colors, and several hundred wagons and ambulances. While the Second corps was engaging Gordon, the Sixth corps, with the cavalry commands of Merritt and Crook, had come up some three miles to the left and overthrown the corps of R. H. Anderson and Ewell. Custer's division had interposed between Ewell and Gordon, destroying 400 wagons and taking prisoners and 16 guns; and Crook, moving rapidly to the left, found R. H. Anderson's command posted on high ground behind breastworks running across the Rice's Station road, and sent a dismounted brigade to take possession of and form across the road, thus cutting Anderson off from Longstreet. Ewell now proposed to Anderson that they make their way through the woods, around Sheridan's left, and get to Longstreet; but before anything could be done both were attacked. The Sixth corps had opened its artillery upon Ewell's 3,600 men, to which there was no reply, as Ewell was without artillery; and about 5 P.M. two divisions advanced, crossed Sailor's Creek, and attacked Ewell, who made a most determined resistance and, massing his troops, broke the centre of the Union line, but was checked by the artilleryfire from beyond the creek. The two divisions of the Sixth corps - Seymour's and Wheaton's -wheeled to the left and right respectively, enveloping Ewell's flanks; Stagg's cavalry brigade charged his right; and at the same time Merritt's and Crook's cavalry charged and routed R. H. Anderson's 6,300 men, killing wounding and capturing about 2,600. Ewell, now completely cut off and surrounded, surrendered his entire command. About 250 men of Kershaw's division, serving with him, escaped. Seven general officers were included in the surrender. The total loss of Lee's army was not less than 8,000 men. The Union loss did not exceed 900. Longstreet, who had remained at Rice's Station during the day, waiting for Anderson, Ewell and Gordon to unite with him, marched as soon as night set in, with Fields'. Heth's and Wilcox's divisions, for Farmville. (See FARMVILLE AND HIGH BRIDGE). Consult Official Records' (Vol. XLVI); Humphreys, "The Virginia Campaign of 1864-65'; Walker, 'History of the Second Army Corps'; Grant, Personal Memoirs' (Vol. II); Sheridan, 'Personal Memoirs' (Vol. II). E. A. CARMAN.

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SAILORS' SNUG HARBOR, a home for aged sailors on Staten Island, N. Y., established by Captain Richard Randall in 1800. The home is under government supervision and is in charge of a naval commander.

SAINFOIN, sān'foin, or ESPARSETTE, a leguminous plant (Onobrychis sativa), originating in the Mediterranean countries and cultivated for centuries. The stem is about two feet high, with pinnate leaves composed of small leaflets. The pea-like flowers are rather large and of a showy pink color, and are disposed in short spikes, on long axillary peduncles. It is nutritious fodder, well liked by livestock, especially sheep. It makes good hay, and will grow on light, warm, chalky soils, where other pasturage does not thrive; the roots are long-lived and are useful for binding light soils, while the foliage not only shades the pastures, but makes a good crop for plowing under. It is also recommended as a honeyproducing plant for bee pastures.

SAINT, a person eminent for piety and other virtues. In the books of Scripture, both the Old and the New Testament, the whole body of the faithful people are called saints (2 Chron. vi. 41; Ps. xxxi, 3; Hebr. xiii, 14, "Salute all the saints"; Eph. i, 1, "the saints at Ephesus.") It is customary to give the title saint to all the apostles, evangelists and other holy persons, men and women, named in the New Testament, to most of the Fathers of the Church, to all the martyrs. In the Church of Rome the title of saint is formally and authoritatively bestowed on servants of God who in their lifetime were eminent for their Christian virtues and graces, and whose sanctity has been proved by miracles after their death (see CANONIZATION; BEATIFICATION); but thousands of saints are honored by that church, who lived in early times before the process of canonization was thought of. Intercession by the saints in heaven and invocation of the saints are articles of belief in the Catholic Church, Eastern and Western, as also in the schismatical Eastern churches: but that doctrine is repudiated by all the Protestant churches. The teaching of the Church of Rome, as proclaimed by the Council of Trent, is that the saints reigning with Christ "offer to God their prayers on behalf of men"; that it is good and useful "to call upon them with supplication," and, in order to obtain benefits from God through Jesus Christ, "to have recourse to their prayers, help and aid." Here the Church's doctrine regarding both intercession and invocation of saints is defined. Catholic divines find full warrant for this belief in the Christian sacred books; for the doctrine of intercession, in 1 Cor. xii, 12, where the unity of the Christian society is enforced; in James v, 16, where the prayer of the righteous is lauded; in Eph. vi, 18, and 1 Tim. ii, 1, where Saint Paul sets such store on the prayers of his fellow Christians; and it is asked: Can it be that the souls which have gone to God no longer exercise this kind of charity for their brethren on earth? If Scripture were silent on this question, the practice of the Church in all ages would suffice to remove all doubt as to the Apostolic origin of the belief in the intercession of saints. For the doctrine of the invocation of saints, theologians quote the word of Jesus Christ, that the

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angels in heaven rejoice when a sinner repents of his sin (Luke xv, 7). It were superfluous to cite the usage of the Catholic Church regarding invocation of saints: it began with the beginning of Christianity itself.

SAINT, The ('Der Heilige'). The Saint,' by Conrad F. Meyer (1879), is a short novel, about the length of Silas Marner, centred around the great quarrel between Henry II and his Chancellor and Primate of England. Thomas Becket. In a broad sense based on history, its psychology is fancifully developed from a mediæval legend found by Meyer in 1853 in Thierry's Conquest of England' (Book IX), according to which Becket was the son of an Englishman and of the sister of the Kalif of Cordova. The story of Henry's amours with beautiful Rosamond Clifford in the hidden bower suggested the secret palace in which Meyer's Becket rears his daughter Grace to save her from royal lechery. The accidental slaying of Grace after her seduction by the king inspires in Becket a deep-laid plot for revenge under the veil of pretended loyalty and later of saintly devotion when he becomes Primate on Henry's nomination, whereby he drives the king to alternate fits of despair and fury over the loss of political advantages and of the love of his queen and sons. The tragic ending is historical.

The story is put in the mouth of a Swiss bowman, who is supposed to have come on his wanderings to London, where he entered the service of the king and was a minor actor in all the events he relates. The style is vivid, swift and powerful, and the diction of wonderful force and color, suggestive of a Gobelin tapestry, or as Keller said, "brocade." It is Meyer's most finished production, possibly his best. The English reader will find it curious to compare it with Tennyson's 'Becket.' Consult 'Der Heilige (66th ed., Leipzig 1913); American School Edition (ed. Eggert, New York 1907, with critical introduction); Frey, Adolf, 'Conrad Ferdinand Meyer' (Stuttgart 1900); Credner, Karl, C. F. Meyer, Der Heilige' (Berlin 1899); Langmesser, K. F. Meyer) (Berlin 1905).

CARL E. EGGERT.

SAINT ACHEUL, France, archæological site near Amiens which has given the name acheulian to the paleolithic deposits discovered there, containing flint implements evidencing human industry at a time corresponding to the second glacial period in France.

SAINT ALBANS, âl'banz, England, in Hertfordshire, 20 miles northwest of London, an ancient borough and market-town, standing on a height above the river Ver. Its abbey is one of the most remarkable Christian temples in England. Only a gateway remains of the original abbey, built in 793 in honor of Saint Alban, the first British Christian martyr. The present abbey has been so often extended and altered that it represents in its architecture many styles and various epochs of history, from the time of the Romans to that of Henry VII. It has the form of a Latin cross, with a length of 547 feet and breadth of 206 feet. Its tower has an elevation of 146 feet, crowned with battlements. Other churches are Saint Michael's, 10th century; Saint Stephen's, with some good Norman features, and Saint Peter's,

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whose nave is of the Early Perpendicular. There is an Edward VI grammar school, and of modern buildings those deserving notice are the corn exchange, courthouse, prison, baths and public library, besides benevolent institutions, including hospitals and almshouses. The chief industries are silk manufacture, strawplaiting, and there are breweries and iron foundries. Two battles were fought between the houses of York and Lancaster near Saint Albans; in that of 1455 Richard, Duke of York, defeated Henry VI, and in 1461 Margaret of Anjou defeated the army of York, commanded by Warwick. Southwest of the present city stood the ancient Verulamium, one of the oldest towns in Britain, on Watling street. In the abbey the printing press was set up on which the first English translation of the Bible was printed. Nicholas Breakspear, the only English Pope, was born near Saint Albans. Pop. about 17,000.

SAINT ALBANS, Vt., city, county-seat of Franklin County, on the Central Vermont Railroad, in the northwestern part of the State, about 45 miles north-northwest of Montpelier, the State capital, and three miles from Lake Champlain. It was settled in 1763 and chartered as a city in 1897. In 1864 the town was raided by a band of Confederates. who entered the United States from Canada. In 1866 a number of Fenians, who were planning an invasion of Canada, made Saint Albans their headquarters. The city is on a plain about 390 feet above sea-level and 373 feet above lakelevel. The scenery is most pleasing; to the east are the Green Mountains, and on the west may be seen the Adirondacks. The city is in an agricultural region in which considerable attention is given to dairying. The chief manufacturing establishments are creameries, railroad shops, machine shops and flour and grist mills. There are large shipments of farm and dairy products. Saint Albans contains the Warner Hospital, the Warner Home, Villa Barlow Convent, an academy; Saint Mary's Academy, public and parish elementary schools and a public library. Pop. (1920) 7,588.

SAINT ALBANS, W. Va., city situated at the confluence of the Coal and Kanawha rivers, 12 miles from Charleston, Kanawha County, on the Chesapeake and Ohio, the Coal River and the Kanawha and Michigan railroads. It is situated in a great natural gas field. The city has lumber factories, a large chemical plant, electrical supply factory, powder plant and projectile and armor plants. The two local banks have combined capital of $55,000 and a combined surplus of $30,000. The value of taxable property is about $2,500,000. The chief public buildings are the city hall, Presbyterian, Northern Methodist, Southern Methodist, Baptist and Episcopal churches. There are graded schools and a high school, also churches and schools for negroes. Under the revised charter of 1917 the government is vested in a mayor and six councilmen. The annual receipts are about $155,000. Saint Albans is the oldest town in the Kanawha Valley, numbering Daniel Boone among its first residents. War industries in 1917-18 increased the population temporarily about 50 per cent. Pop. 3,000.

SAINT ALBANS, Confederate Raid on, a foray made 19 Oct. 1864, when Lieut. Bennett

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H. Young, with about 25 Confederates, nearly all of them escaped prisoners, armed with revolvers and carrying chemical preparations with which to set fire to town and farm-houses, crossed the Canada line into the town intending to burn it and rob the banks. Several citizens were killed or wounded, and three banks robbed of more than $200,000. An attempt to burn the town failed because of the defective character of the chemical preparations. Young and his party remained in town less than an hour, when they rode back to Canada on horses they had seized. Pursuit was made by United States troops, who captured some of the men on Canadian soil and turned them over to the authorities, by whom they were released on the technical ground of want of jurisdiction.

SAINT ANDREWS, ǎn'drooz, Scotland, an ancient city of Fifeshire, on the North Sea, 11 miles southeast of Dundee and 31 miles northeast of Edinburgh. It was created a royal burgh by David I in 1124, and after having been an episcopal see became an archiepiscopal see in 1472; it was long the ecclesiastical capital of Scotland. The ruined cathedral was begun in 1160 and took 157 years to finish. The old castle, also in ruins, was founded about 1200 and rebuilt in the 14th century; in it James III was born, Cardinal Beaton assassinated, and in front of it George Wishart was burned. Saint Andrews was a celebrated educational centre as early as 1120; its university, the first in Scotland, dates from 1411; it consists of the united colleges of Saint Salvator and Saint Leonard and the college of Saint Mary, both at Saint Andrews, and embraces also University College, Dundee, founded in 1880. The united college of Saint Salvator and Saint Leonard has a principal (also principal of the university) and 11 professors, and the college of Saint Mary has a principal and three professors. Degrees, open to women as well as men, are conferred in arts, divinity, science, medicine and law, much as in the other Scottish universities; and the university also confers the diploma and title of L.L.A. (Lady Literate in Arts). The number of students is about 250. In connection with the university is a library containing about 100,000 printed volumes and 150 manuscripts. The university unites with that of Edinburgh in sending a member to Parliament. Madras College or Academy, founded by Dr. Bell of Madras, the principal secondary school of the place, provides accommodation for upward of 1,500 scholars. Saint Andrews is a popular watering place and summer resort and the headquarters of Scottish golf, its links being famous. The manufacture of golf clubs and balls is a thriving industry.

SAINT ANDREW'S CROSS. See CROSS. SAINT ANGELO CASTLE, Rome, Italy, a famous fortress situated on the right bank of the Tiber in the northwestern part of the city, opposite the bridge of Saint Angelo and a short distance from the main buildings of the Vatican. It was built by the Emperor Hadrian as a tomb for himself and his family. Origimarble and surmounted by a number of statues, nally it was a round stone tower covered with which, together with the marble covering, have disappeared, leaving the bare stone structure. When the Goths besieged Rome it was used

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as a fortress, and has served this purpose ever since, being held and garrisoned by the party in power in the city. Since the time of Innocent III it has belonged to the Popes, who strengthened the fortifications with outworks and connected the castle with the Vatican by an underground passage.

SAINT-ARNAUD, săn-tär-no, Jacques Leroy de, French soldier: b. Bordeaux, France, 20 Aug. 1796; d. at sea, 29 Sept. 1854. He entered the French army in 1813, but in 182231 was engaged with the Greeks in their struggle for independence. He returned to the French army in 1831, and in 1837 he went to Algeria, where he rose to the rank of maréchalde-camp in 1847, and general of division in 1851, in recognition of his successful warfare against the Kabyle tribes. He was appointed Minister of War 26 Oct. 1851, was active in promoting the coup d'état of 2 December, and was made a marshal of France in that month. He was placed in command of the French forces in the Crimean War and co-operated with Lord Raglan at the battle of Alma, 20 Sept. 1854. Consult Duperrel Sainte-Marie, 'M. le Général Leroy de Saint-Arnaud' (1852).

SAINT ASAPH, ǎz'af,. Wales, an episcopal city in the county of Flint, six miles southeast of Rhyl, occupies an eminence in the Vale of Clwyd, near the confluence of the Clwyd and Elwy. It is built irregularly and has a venerable appearance. The encampment, Bron-yWylva, on the brow of the hill, is supposed to have been occupied by Roman forces. The cathedral, a small plain structure, dating from 1284, has been restored several times. Its library contains some rare and valuable books. The bishop's palace is modern. The town has a grammar school, founded 1600, county offices, Pop. a union workhouse and almshouses. about 7,000.

SAINT AUBAIN, săn-to-băn, Andreas Nicolai de, Danish author, known largely by his pseudonym, "KARL BERNHARD": b. Copenhagen, 18 Nov. 1798; d. there, 25 Nov. 1865. He first appeared in literature as a contributor to the Flyvende Post, and finally obtained a large measure of success by his works of fiction, of which several dealt with higher Danish circles in modern times, while others were drawn from events of Danish history. Among the titles are 'Lykkens Yndling' ('Fortune's Favorite'); Kröniker fra Christian den Andens Tid ('Chronicles from the Time of Christian II, 1847), and 'Kröniker fra Erik of Pomerens Tid' (Chronicles from the Time of Erik of Pomerania,' 1850). A collection of his writings appeared at Copenhagen in 1856-66 (2d ed., 1869-71).

SAINT AUBYN, o'bin, Alan, pseudonym of FRANCES MARSHALL BRIDGES, English novelist: b. Surrey. She was the daughter of G. B. Bridges, a dramatist, and was married to Matthew Marshall of Saint Aubyns, Tiverton, Devonshire. Among her very numerous novels may be named The Master of St. Benedicts'; 'Broken Lights'; 'A Prick of Conscience'; The Junior Dean.' She has also written many juvenile tales such as Joseph and His Little Coat'; 'The Dean's Little Daughter'; 'Wapping Old Stairs.

SAINT AUGUSTINE, â'gus-ten or â-gus'ten, Fla., city, port of entry, county-seat of

SAINT AUGUSTINE

Saint Johns County, on the Atlantic Coast, about 38 miles south of the mouth of the Saint Johns River. The city is in lat. 29° 48′ 30′′ N., and long. 81° 35′ W., on a peninsula formed by the Saint Sebastian River on the south and west and the Matanzas River on the east. It is on the Florida East Coast Railroad and the East Coast Canal. It is the oldest city in the United States, although not with a continuous existence, the latter honor belonging to Albany, N. Y. The city has many evidences of its ancient fortifications. The residence of the old Spanish governors is now a custom-house and post office. The principal streets extend north and south. The main thoroughfare, Saint George street, only 17 feet wide, extends through the centre of the city to the city gateway; but beyond this point it is called San Marco avenue. Treasury street, which crosses Saint George, is only seven feet wide at the east end. Of the modern buildings, the hotels are the most beautiful. The Ponce de Leon is of the style of the Spanish Renaissance; the buildings and furnishings cost about $3,000,000. A pictorial history of Spanish adventure in the New World, especially relating to the history of Florida, is given in the mural decorations of the dining-room and loggia.

Saint Augustine was settled 8 Sept. 1565 by Spaniards under Pedro Menendez de Aviles; but the place had been visited as early as 1512 by Ponce de Leon. For two centuries it remained under Spanish rule, although in 1586 it was plundered by Drake. The population in 1763 was 3,000, besides the garrison of 2,500. It became a British possession in 1763 which it remained until 1783. During the Revolution it was an important military depot. It became again a Spanish possession in 1783 and in 1821 it was ceded to the United States. (See FLORIDA). It was twice taken by the Federals during the Civil War. A disastrous fire in 1914 destroyed many of the city's famous landmarks. Some of the old buildings of the first Spanish régime are still in existence. The houses were then built chiefly of coquina, a formation found on Anastasia Island, a concrete made of broken shells cemented with shell-lime. The sea-wall, the city walls and the fort were made of the same material. San Marco, now Fort Marion, is a fine specimen of the knowledge of military engineering of that age. The government added a water battery in 1842-43, and has made occasional repairs, but it stands to-day about as built by the Spaniards. It is said to have been constructed by Mexican convicts and Indian prisoners, and to have been in process of erection for about 100 years. The shaft of marble in the Plaza was erected in 1812-13 to commemorate the adoption of a Spanish constitution which was more liberal than the one under which the city had been governed. The inhabitants were ordered to destroy the shaft when the project failed, but the authorities only removed the tablets which have since been restored. A Roman Catholic Church begun in 1793 and used later as a cathedral, was burned in 1887; but the façade remained almost uninjured. In rebuilding, this front wall was incorporated into the new structure; and the bell bearing the date of 1682 is also preserved. The only part of the old wall which now remains is the city gateway with about 30 feet of the wall on each side. The wall extended south along

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