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SAINT BARTHOLOMEW

San Sebastian River, and from the river to the castle of San Marco (Fort Marion) where were a wall and moat. The old city extended nearly a mile, from the Castle of San Marco to the Franciscan Convent, now Saint Francis barracks, and the old sea-wall, built to protect the city from the sea, was also limited by the castle and the convent. The government rebuilt the sea-wall in 1837-43, and there is now a granite coping three feet in width. For many years, until 1817, the entrance to the city from the mainland was by means of a drawbridge. Farming, dairying and stock-raising are extensively carried on in the vicinity.

There are a number of manufacturing industries; chief among the establishments are the Florida East Coast railroad shops, printing plant, lumber and wood works. There are engaged in oyster canning and in fishing fully 250 persons. Saint Augustine is a famous winter resort; about 25,000 persons visit the city annually. Two fine hospitals, the Alicia and the Florida East Coast, the public library, the State School for Deaf and Blind, several churches, and the municipal buildings are among the principal structures. The educational institutions are Saint Joseph's Academy, Warden Academy (colored), three public schools (white), two parish schools (white), one parish school (colored), one kindergarten and one of the 17 best libraries in the United States, entitled to all government publications free, and a museum of natural history. The one bank has a capital of $100,000; the annual amount of business is about $1,100,000. The waterworks are the property of the municipality. The city has adopted the commission plan of government. Pop. (1920) 6,192.

SAINT BARTHOLOMEW, bär-thŏl'ōmū, or SAINT BARTHÉLEMY, săn bärtāl-mē, West Indies, an island 190 miles east of Porto Rico. It is about eight square miles in area, of irregular form and mountainous. Although nearly treeless it is fertile; vegetables are cultivated in some of the valleys and bananas, cassia, tamarinds, and sassafras are exported. Rocks and shallows make access to the island difficult for any but the larger coasting craft. Lead and zinc ores have been found in the island but are not worked. The principal town is Gustavia, near the port. The island belonged to Sweden, but in 1877 was sold to the French who had previously held it from 1648 to 1784; the people, who had retained the French language and customs, desiring it. Slavery was abolished in 1848. Pop. 2,942.

SAINT BARTHOLOMEW, Massacre of. See BARTHOLOMEW, SAINT, MASSACRE OF.

SAINT BEDE COLLEGE, a Roman Catholic institution, in Peru, Ill., opened in 1891, and in charge of the Order of Saint Benedict. The faculty numbers 18 professors, and the average annual attendance of students about 200. The courses are preparatory, commercial and classical. The classical course is intended for those studying for the priesthood or for the professions.

SAINT BENEDICT'S COLLEGE, Atchison, Kan., was founded in 1858 by Benedictine Fathers. Two courses of studies are offered, the classical and the commercial; the classical course leads to the degree of bachelor

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of arts, while the degree of master of arts is conferred for two years' post-graduate study. The commercial course leads to the degrees of bachelor and master of accounts. A preparatory course is also provided. Two competitive scholarships are offered those who enter the classical course and there are five elective scholarships. Handsome new buildings with modern equipment grace the extensive college grounds since 1908. The average annual attendance of students is 250; the faculty numbers 26.

SAINT BERNARD, Great (Rom. Alphis Panina), Alpine Mountain pass, 8,108 feet above sea-level, 15 miles east of Mont Blanc, leading from Martigny, Switzerland, to Aosta, Italy, a distance of 53 miles, and connecting the valleys of the Rhone and the Dora Baltea. It was known to the Romans and traversed by them as early as 57 B.C., while a military road is recorded in 79 A.D. It was used also in niediæval times; and Napoleon used the pass with his army in May 1800. A carriage road now extends its full length.

The famous monastery or hospice of Saint Bernard, which stands at the summit of the pass, was founded in 962 by Saint Bernard of Menthon and is maintained for the relief of travelers lost in the snows or exhausted by the rigors of the journey. It is in charge of Augustinian monks, who, with their celebrated dogs, have saved countless lives, and who care for the bodies of the dead. There are remains of a temple of Jupiter Ponius on the plain at the top of the pass, dating from the early days of the Roman Empire, and excavated in 189093.

SAINT BERNARD, Little (Rom. Alphis Graia), Alpine Mountain pass, 7,235 feet above sea-level, leading from Italy to France and connecting the valleys of the Isère and the Dora Baltea. It is believed to be the pass used by Hannibal and his army, 218 B.C. A monastery similar to that at Great Saint Bernard was founded here by Saint Bernard about 1000. A carriage road now traverses the pass. There are remains of a Roman road and temple.

SAINT BERNARD, Ohio, city in Hamilton County, a suburb of Cincinnati, on the Baltimore, the Ohio Southwestern, the Cleveland, Cincinnati, Chicago and Saint Louis and the Norfolk and Western railroads, and the Miami and Erie Canal. There are large manufactories of soap, fertilizers and cigars. Pop. (1920) 6,312.

SAINT BERNARD OF CLAIRVAUX. See BERNARD, SAINT,

SAINT BERNARD DOG, a race of large dogs which gets its name from the Hospice of Saint Bernard, where it has long been kept by the monks to aid them in rescuing perishing travelers. This dog is very valuable in assisting the monks to keep to the line of the road and in finding their way back. They are seldom burdened. Dogs of other races are used for the same purpose in other parts of the Alps. The Saint Bernard dog is of two varieties: the rough and the smooth coated; the first, which has long white hair with black or tawny spots are few in number. This famous dog, according to the traditions of the monastery, is the result of a cross between a Danish bull-bitch

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and a mastiff, a native hill dog, though at what time effected it is impossible to say. After the breed was once established it was kept pure till 1812. About 1860 these dogs first attracted attention of English travelers, who imported them to Great Britain, where they were exhibited and at once excited much notice on account of their size and beauty. Others were introduced, and the Saint Bernard was soon established as the most popular big dog, a popularity which has gone on increasing. The Saint Bernard, as bred to modern English ideas, is an immense red or orange colored dog, marked with white on muzzle, neck, chest, feet, and tip of tail. The head should be massive and imposing, with a strong square muzzle, a point of great importance. Legs should be straight, with large feet, and double or, at least, single dew claws. Hind feet should turn out, though not sufficiently to hinder the dog's movements. The coat of the rough variety is of medium length; it should not be too curly. In the smooth variety the coat should be short and wiry. Many of the finest Saint Bernards measure over 30 inches high at the shoulder and weigh over 150 pounds. While most of these dogs are good-tempered, strangers should be cautious in dealing with them; they are very likely to attack and kill small pet dogs, especially fox-terriers.

SAINT BONIFACE, Canada, city and county-seat of Provencher County, Manitoba, at the confluence of the Red River of the North with the Assiniboine, opposite Winnipeg, and on the Canadian Pacific, the Great Northern, the Canadian Northern and Grand Trunk Pacific railroads. It is the seat of the Roman Catholic archbishop of Manitoba, and has a college, seminary, normal school, convent and two hospitals. It has meat packing and lumber industries, as well as grain elevators, brickyards, glass works, and other manufactures. Pop. (1921) 13,816.

SAINT BRENDAN'S ISLE, a legendary island supposed to have existed to the southwest of the Canary Islands and to have been discovered by the Irish monk, Saint Brendan, and 75 brother monks in the 6th century, after seven years spent in search for the land of saints. This legend is traceable as far back as the 11th century. Each of the various early geographers gives it a different location. The legend had some influence upon the discovery of America.

SAINT-BRIEUC, săn-bree, France, city, capital of the department Côtes-du-Nord, 63 miles by rail northwest of Rennes. It is built on a hill rising 290 feet above the right bank of the river Gorrët, a mile from its outlet, in its port of Le Légué, on the bay of Mont Saint Michel. A considerable coasting trade is carried on in fish, garden and farm products, and the manufacturing industries include iron, steel and agricultural implement works, lumber, brush and wool factories. The city dates from a monastery established by the Welsh missionary Saint Brieuc, in the 5th century, and has had a turbulent history, especially during the 18th century Reign of Terror. The 13th century restored cathedral, a church of the same period, the modern church of Saint Michael, the bishop's palace, the city hall with its museum and picture gallery, the military bar

racks, formerly an Ursuline convent, a statue of Du Guesclin, and the colossal statue of the Virgin on a dominating northern hill are among the chief features. Pop. urban, 15,300; communal, 23,000.

SAINT CATHARINES, Canada, town of Lincoln County, Ontario, on the Welland Canal, and on the Grand Trunk and Niagara, Saint Catharines and Toronto railways, 12 miles northwest of Niagara Falls, 32 miles east of Hamilton. Saint Catharines is noted for its mineral wells, has large hotels and is in a picturesque and fertile region. It has important manufactories of agricultural implements, sewing machines, foundry products, saws, edge tools, furniture, flour, saw, also planing, mills, shipyards, tanneries, woolen factories and breweries. Saint Catharines also carries on an extensive fruit trade. It has good water and sewerage systems, gas and electric lights, banks and newspapers. The more noted local institutions are Bishop Ridley College, a marine hospital and a commercial college. Pop. (1921) 19,664.

SAINT CHAMOND, săn shä-môn, France, in the department of Loire, eight miles northeast of Saint Etienne by rail, at the confluence of the Gier and Janon, is a well-built manufacturing city. There are large coal mines in the vicinity, famous dye-works and extensive metallurgical manufactures and various other industrial works, including large mills for the manufacture of silk, lace, etc. The remains of a Roman aqueduct are found at Saint Chamond. Pop. about 17,000.

SAINT CHARLES, Ill., city and countyseat of Kane County, 30 miles west of Chicago, on Fox River, and on the Chicago and Great Western and the Chicago and Northwestern railroads. It is built on both sides of the river, and has abundant water-power. It has milk condenseries, and manufactures steel ranges, chandeliers and pianos. Pop. 4,099.

SAINT CHARLES, Mo., city, county-seat of Saint Charles County, on the Missouri River, 20 miles from its mouth, and on the Wabash, the Missouri, Kansas and Texas railroads, about 14 miles northwest of Saint Louis. It was settled in 1769 by Blanchette "Chasseus,» incorporated in 1795, and chartered as a city in 1849. There is an electric road connecting Saint Charles with Saint Louis. The city is in an agricultural region, in which the chief products are wheat and corn. The principal manufacturing establishments are car works and flour mills, shoe factory, oil engine works, and a stay factory. The city has large grain elevators, a foundry and machine shop. The principal public buildings are a court-house, 10 churches, 11 schools, post-office, city hall, and county jail. The educational institutions are Sacred Heart Academy, opened in 1818; Lindenwood College, the largest college for girls in the west, opened in 1830; a new high school, public and parish elementary schools, private schools and four libraries. Saint Charles has Blanchette Park which is nature's wonderful place of recreation and an excellent playground for children. The five banks have a combined capital of $320,000. The government is vested in a mayor and a council of eight members, elected biennially. Pop. (1920) 8,503.

SAINT CHARLES

SAINT CHARLES, Engagement at, a battle of the Civil War, fought in Arkansas County on the White River, 17 June 1862. On 10 June Capt. C. H. Davis, then in command of the Federal Mississippi flotilla, received a request from General Halleck to open up the White River for communication; he accordingly despatched a force under Commander Kilty, consisting of the ironclads Mound City and Saint Louis, and the wooden gunboats Lexington and Conestoga. Meanwhile the Confederates had fortified the bluffs at Saint Charles and, on learning of the approach of the Union vessels, had sunk their gunboat Maurepas across the channel and transferred her guns to the shore-battery. On 17 June a detachment of Federal troops landed below the bluffs, and the gunboats opened the attack upon the Confederate position, the Mound City leading; when she was within 600 yards of the shore a 42-pound shell entered her casemate and exploded her steam-drum; badly crippled she was towed out of action by the Conestoga, and the other boats continued the attack. The commanding officer of the land forces very shortly signaled them to stop firing, and the troops successfully stormed the Confederate battery. The Confederate loss was six killed, one wounded and eight missing; the most serious Federal loss was on the Mound City, the majority of her crew being killed by the escaping steam, or in consequence of jumping into the river. Of 175, only three officers and 22 men were saved. As there were no Confederate works farther up the river, this action gave control of the White River to the Federals. Consult Mahan, "The Gulf and Inland Waters,' p. 50; 'Battles and Leaders of the Civil War' (Vol. III, pp. 552-553).

SAINT CHARLES COLLEGE, Catonsville, Md., under the auspices of the Roman Catholic Church, was founded 11 July 1831 at Ellicott City, Md. The funds for the institution were donated by Charles Carroll of Carrollton, one of the signers of the Declaration of Independence, who gave 253 acres of land from his own domain, and $5,349 in money. The charter of the school as agreed upon by Archbishop Maréchal of Baltimore and Charles Carroll, stipulated that the purpose of the school was "the education of pious young men of the Catholic persuasion for the ministry of the gospel," and that the legal administration of the college should be entrusted to five trustees, who must be citizens of the United States. The founder also requested that the trustees be members of the Society of Saint Sulpice. The school was not opened until October 1848. The faculty then consisted of the president, one assistant and four students. Under the direction of the Rev. Oliver Lawrence Jenkins during 18 years the college steadily developed, until at his death in 1869 the faculty numbered 13, the students 140 and 100 graduates were at work in the ministry. On 16 March 1911 the college was totally destroyed by fire. Plans for rebuilding were promptly set in action on a more eligible site at Catonsville generously deeded by Saint Mary's Seminary of Baltimore. Fine buildings and spacious grounds furnish all facilities. Saint Charles College forms the classical department of Saint Mary's University and Theological Seminary of Saint Sulpice,

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at Baltimore. The course including the preparatory work is six years. The college has power to grant degrees. Several scholarships are available in competitive examination. Recent statistics give the faculty numbers as 18, the students as 190. Of 4,461 students who have matriculated, over 1,500 have been ordained. Among its distinguished sons Saint Charles counts a cardinal, five archbishops and 13 bishops.

SAINT CHRISTOPHER,

popularly

SAINT KITTS, West Indies, 45 miles northwest of Guadeloupe, is an island belonging to the Leeward group, and a British possession. Its area is 68 square miles; its length 23 miles; breadth five miles. It is traversed by a rugged range whose highest summit, Mount Misery, has an altitude of about 4,000 feet. Basse-Terre, the capital, on the coast, has a population of about 7,000. It is united administratively with Nevis, and the small island Anguila. The chief products are sugar, molasses, rum, salt, some coffee, tobacco and cattle. The island was discovered in 1493 by Columbus; colonized by the French and British simultaneously in 1625, and held by those nations alternately for some time, passing over entirely to England in 1713.

ST. CLAIR, Arthur, American soldier: b. Thurso, Caithness, Scotland, 1734; d. Greensburg, Pa., 31 Aug. 1818. He was a grandson of the Earl of Roslyn and was educated at the University of Edinburgh, after which he studied medicine. He came to America with the fleet of Admiral Boscawin and took part in the capture of Louisburg and of Quebec. In 1762 he resigned his commission of lieutenant and two years later established a home and a manufacturing industry in Ligonier Valley, Pa. He became prominent in his vicinity and held several civil offices. In 1775 he was made colonel of militia; and on 9 Aug. 1776 was appointed brigadier-general and was ordered by Washington to organize the New Jersey militia. He fought at Trenton and Princeton, and having been appointed major-general in 1777, succeeded General Gates in command at Ticonderoga. At the approach of Burgoyne, with a force more than three times outnumbering his, he evacuated the fort. A part of his force was attacked and defeated at Hubbardton. For this disaster he was tried in courtmartial in 1778, but acquitted of the charges brought against him. He commanded a body of troops in 1781-82 under General Greene in the South; was a delegate to the Continental Congress in 1785-87 and its president in 1787. He was appointed first governor of the Northwest Territory in 1789, and was appointed commander-in-chief of the forces engaged in warfare with the Indians in 1791, but was defeated on 4 November, near the Miami villages. In March of the following year he resigned his commission and in 1802 President Jefferson relieved him of the governorship of the Territory. He published A Narrative of the Manner in which the Campaign against the Indians in the year 1791 was conducted under the command of Maj.-Gen. St. Clair,' with his observations on the statements of the Secretary of War (1812). Consult Smith, W. H., The Life and Public Services of Arthur St. Clair' (1882).

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SAINT CLAIR, Mich., city in Saint Clair County, situated at the mouth of the Saint Clair River, and on the Michigan Central Railroad, about 43 miles northeast of Detroit and 12 miles south of Port Huron. A ferry connects the city with Courtwright on the Canadian side of the river. It is in an agricultural region and has considerable manufacturing interests. The chief industrial establishments are lumber mills, sash, door and blind factories, shipyards, salt works, brick works, iron works, foundry and tannery. The value of its taxable property is $1,708,475. There are good public, Catholic, Lutheran schools, and churches of the various denominations. The government is vested in a mayor and council There is a good system of waterworks. Pop. 3,204.

SAINT CLAIR, Pa., borough in Schuylkill County, on the Philadelphia and Reading, and the Pennsylvania railroads, five miles north of Pottsville. An electric railroad connects the borough with Pottsville. It is in an anthracite region, and the chief industries are connected with mining and shipping coal. It has large coal shipping yards, a large mining implement works, two shirt factories, and a miners' squib factory. There are a high school, public and parish schools, a private school, and a library. Pop. (1920) 6,585.

SAINT CLAIR, a lake on the boundary between Michigan and Canada, and between Lake Huron and Lake Erie. It receives the waters of Lake Huron through Saint Clair River and discharges its waters into Lake Erie through Detroit River. It is about 30 miles long, from north to south; its maximum width is 24 miles and the average width 12 miles; area, 396 square miles. It is about three feet higher than Lake Erie and five feet four inches lower than Lake Huron. The northern part is shallow, owing to the sediment from Saint Clair River; the average depth of the central part is 19 feet. The bed is covered with a blue mud, with sand and gravel in some parts, all supporting a dense growth of low vegetation in which are many forms of animal life. The lake is noted for the large number of steamers and the enormous tonnage which it carries each year.

SAINT CLAIR, a river called originally Sinclair, in honor of Patrick Sinclair, a British officer, who in 1765 purchased from the Indians a tract of land along the river. The river is the outlet of Lake Huron, and discharges its waters by several channels into Lake Saint Clair. The delta at the mouth is known as the Saint Clair Flats. A number of summer cottages and hotels have been built on the Flats. One of the channels has been improved for navigation; a canal about one and one-half miles long has been built at such an angle as to shorten the course, and of such a width and depth as to admit large lake steamers. A railroad tunnel under the river connects Port Huron in the United States with Sarnia in Canada. It is nearly two miles long, including approaches, and was opened for travel in 1891. The river is about 41 miles long.

SAINT CLOUD, săn-kloo, France, in the department of Seine-et-Oise, on a height near the Seine, seven miles west of Paris, is charmingly situated and especially interesting for its historical associations. It commands a superb

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view of Paris, and the beautiful shady park, with its chateau and elegant fountains, is a favorite resort of Parisians. Within the precincts of Saint Cloud are situated the new national Sèvres porcelain manufactory. chateau was built by Gondi in 1572, purchased by the Duke of Orléans, the brother of Louis XIV in 1658, and by Louis XVI for Marie Antoinette in 1782. Henry III was murdered in the old mansion by Jacques Clement 21 Aug. 1589. Peter the Great was received there in 1717. It was the scene of Napoleon's coup of the 18th Brumaire, and his favorite residence; here he caused himself to be declared first consul, and here Blücher had his headquarters (1815). At Saint Cloud, Charles X (1830) affixed his signature to the ordinances which doomed him. Here Napoleon III signed the declaration of war against Prussia (1870).

SAINT CLOUD, Minn., city, county-seat of Stearns County, situated on the Mississippi River about 65 miles north of Minneapolis, on the Northern Pacific and Great Northern railroads. It was settled by John L. Wilson, it being located on his homestead platted by him in 1855, was incorporated in 1856, and adopted its first city charter in 1868. Saint Cloud and surrounding region lies above extensive and very valuable quarry ledges of red and gray granite that are used for monumental purposes, some building and road work. The business of shipping the finished product, monuments, etc., has increased to such an extent that the output for one year alone was $2,000,000. The city possesses one of the finest waterpowers on the Mississippi River. The developed and undeveloped waterpower amounts to 22,500 horsepower. The Public Service Company has a hydro-electric plant and owns 300 miles of highvoltage lines that supply light to 40 villages and cities, in addition to the electric power supplied to the city of Saint Cloud, State reformatory and innumerable quarries in surrounding districts. They also own a gas plant. The chief manufacturing establishments are manufactures of automobiles, trucks and tractors, also drop-forgings. The Great Northern shops are located in the city. Other manufactories are flour mills, iron works, foundries, machine shops, woolen mills, sledge factory, broom factory, woodworking factories and blank book and tablet factories; cold storage and creameries, agricultural implements, etc.

The Watab Paper and Pulp Mills, one of the largest in the Northwest, is located five miles north of the city. The large surrounding region has fine, large, fertile and productive farms; both grain and stock farms, of prize -horses and cattle. Saint Cloud has the Minnesota State reformatory prison, Saint Raphael Hospital and Saint Joseph's Home for the Aged. The educational institutions are the State Normal School, largest in the State, public schools, technical high school-cost about $280,000, junior high school, three Catholic parochial schools with their high school, and a Carnegie public library. The Saint Cloud Institute one of the finest buildings for a community centre is located here. Saint Cloud is the seat of a Roman Catholic bishop. There are 20 churches.

On 22 April 1912 the city of Saint Cloud adopted the commission form of government. Pop. (1920) 15,873.

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