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SAINT CROIX-SAINT ELIAS

SAINT CROIX (sometimes called SCHOODIC), (1) a river, the outlet of Grand Lake, flows south, east-southeast, and forms part of the boundary between Maine and New Brunswick. It empties into Passamaquoddy Bay. It is 75 miles long; navigable as far as Calais, Me., above which there is extensive water power. (2) A river which rises in Douglas County, Wis., flows southwest to the Minnesota border, then south, forming the boundary between Wisconsin and Minnesota for a distance of about 100 miles, entering Mississippi River at Prescott, Wis. It is about 150 miles long and navigable to the Falls or the Dalles, a distance of 54 miles from its mouth. At the Falls there is a descent of 50 feet in 900 feet, and below there is a cañon.

SAINT-CYR, Laurent Gouvion, lō-rõn goo-ve-ôn sǎn ser, MARQUIS DE, marshal of France: b. Toul, France, 13 April 1764; d. Hyères, France, 17 March 1830. In 1792 he entered the army and was attached to the staff of General Custine. He was rapidly promoted and in 1796 commanded the_centre division in the army on the Rhine under Moreau. He was appointed to the command of the army of Italy in 1798 where he re-established discipline, the army haying been on the verge of revolt against their general, Masséna. He returned to the army of Moreau in 1799, was victorious at Biberach in 1800, and in 1801 was sent to Spain to command the army which was to invade Portugal. After the treaty of peace was signed he became Ambassador to Madrid. He participated in the Prussian and Polish campaigns of 1807, and in 1808 was in command in Catalonia, where he relieved Barcelona. In 1811 he was assigned to the command of a corps in the Russian campaign. He was victorious at Polotsk in 1812 and was created marshal of France in recognition of his services. He made a brilliant fight at Dresden, but was forced to capitulate and remained a prisoner in Hungary for some time. After the Restoration he was created a peer of France, was appointed Minister of War in 1815, Minister of Marine in 1817 and a few months later Minister of War again, retiring in 1819. He wrote 'Journal des operations de l'armée de Catalogue en 1808 et 1809) (1821); Mémoires' (1829-31), etc. Consult De Vernon, Vie de Maréchal Gouvion Saint-Cyr (1857).

SAINT CYR, or SAINT CYR-L'ECOLE, la-kol, France, a village near Paris, west of Versailles, at the end of the old park of Louis XIV, celebrated for its military school. Madame de Maintenon founded here (1686) a seminary for the education of the daughters of families of high rank in reduced circumstances. The convent chapel contained the tomb of Madame de Maintenon, and Racine's 'Esther' and 'Athalie' were written for the pupils of the school and first acted there. During the Revolution this institution was abolished, and in 1806 Napoleon transferred to Saint Cyr the famous military academy which he had founded at Fontainebleau. Two advanced forts of the new enceinte around Paris are situated at Saint Cyr. Pop. about 5,000.

SAINT DENIS, săǹ de-në, France, in the department of Seine, four and one-half miles north of Paris, is an important junction on the Northern Railroad. The town is especially

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celebrated for its venerable abbey, from which it derives its name; the two high towers are respectively Romanesque and Gothic; the rose window dates from the 13th century. The abbey was the burial place of the kings of France and in the chapels of the nave are the tombs of Louis XII, and Anne of Brittany (1591); of Henry II; Catharine de'Medici; Louis of Orleans; Francis I; and Claude of France - one of the splendid tombs of the Renaissance; and that of Dagobert, one of the most curious of mediæval (13th century) works of art. The Crypt dates partly from the time of Charlemagne. In the centre is the vault, where the last king reposes · - Louis XVIII, the only one whose ashes have been respected. The crypt also contains the Bourbon vault, where repose Louis XVI and Marie Antoinette. Modern features deserving notice are an orphanage (1886), the monument commemorative of the Revolution and other public statues, and the railway station. In 1888 the old Hotel Dieu was converted into a hospital for old men. Pop. about 72,000.

SAINT-DENIS, the capital of the French island of Réunion in the Indian Ocean, on the north coast of the island. It is built on a long, narrow beach shut off on the land side by a range of high volcanic mountains. In the city are a cathedral, a palace for the governor, a theatre, and a large number of educational institutions, including a lyceum, several large schools, a library, a museum, and a botanical garden. The harbor is an open roadstead exposed to frequent severe storms, but a new, protected harbor has been constructed at Pointe des Gallets, a few miles to the west, which is connected with the city by a railroad. Pop. about 25,000, chiefly French creoles.

SAINT DIZIER, săn de-zē-ā (ancient DESIDERII FANUM), France, department of Haute-Marne, on the Marne, 35 miles southeast of Châlons. Part of the old castle is standing and the church has some peculiar Gothic windows. There is a library and a museum. It is an important centre of the iron trade, with foundries of iron, steel, copper and bronze, engineering works, etc. It is a railway station. In 1544 Saint Dizier was besieged and taken by Charles V, although strongly fortified. In 1814 there was severe fighting nearby, between Napoleon and the Allies. The walls have been razed and the site now constitutes the promenade of the town. Pop. about 15,000.

SAINT ELIAS, Mount, in Alaska, in the southeastern part of the Territory; long, 140° 55' 47.3" W.; lat. 60° 17' 35.1" N. The United States Coast and Geodetic Survey report the height 18,100 feet above sea-level. It rises from an elevation of considerable height, and the foot-hills on the south side are covered with trees. The timber line is from 2,000 to 2,500 feet above sea-level. The mountain itself is covered with snow and ice and has many glaciers. The south side is almost perpendicular; the storms of ages and the avalanches have removed many of its rugged features. The north side is more accessible, and has been explored to some extent. The Malaspina glacier (area with subsidiary glaciers 1,500 square miles) is on the slope and at the foot of Mount Saint Elias, near Yakutat Bay.

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SAINT ELMO CASTLE-SAINT GALL

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SAINT ELMO'S FIRE. See ELMO'S FIRE, SAINT.

SAINT ETIENNE, săn tà-tê-ěn, France, a manufacturing town in the department of the Loire, on the Furens, 32 miles southwest of Lyons. It is located amid some of the richest coal fields of France. The important buildings include the old abbey of Valbenoite, dating partly from the 13th century, a Protestant church, a synagogue, a town house, a school of mines with fine collections, and an art palace, with a museum and library, rich in old manuscripts, collections of natural history, and of ancient artillery. The enormous metallurgical establishments yield one-third of the whole French production of steel, manufactured according to the Bessemer and Martin processes. Here are also the national gun factory and other metal works. The manufacture of hemp cables, pottery and lime, the weaving of ribbon, laces, trimmings, etc., and conditioning of silk are among the varied and active industries of the town, giving employment to thousands of men and women. The collieries are very extensive, alone employing 15,000 miners, while 80,000 work in the ribbon factories, 16,000 operatives on heavy iron goods, 7,000 on hardware, and 6,000 on military and naval material, etc.

SAINT EUSTATIUS, or STATIA, an island in the Dutch West Indies, one of the Lesser Antilles. In 1774, the closing of the port of Boston, by order of the British government, shut off the supplies of food hitherto furnished by the colonists, caused the death of 15,000 negro slaves in the West Indies. From immediately after the battles of Lexington and Bunker Hill, this island became the chief source of supplies for the Continental Congress and armies. Fleets of American privateers, loaded with dried fish, rice, sugar, tobacco and indigo, traded their cargoes for war munitions. Here, on 17 Nov. 1776, the Dutch governor, Johannes de Graeff, after having read the Declaration of Independence, shown him by Captain Josiah Robinson, of the United States man-of-war, Andrea Doria, 29 guns, ordered a salute to be fired in honor of "the Congress flag" and the new nation. This was the first formal foreign salute in honor of the 13-striped American flag, on which represented as many independent States in Union. From May 1775 until 1781, Saint Eustatius, or "Old Statia," as our fathers called it, was a mart for many nations. On 3 Feb. 1781, Admiral George Rodney, with the largest fleet ever assembled under the British flag-leaving Cornwallis in the lurch-captured the island and 24 American ships, including two men-ofwar, with 2,000 sailors. Rodney auctioned off $11,000,000 worth of stores, but was plagued for years with lawsuits, since many of the traders were from Great Britain. Much of the confiscated property was British, and some of his heavily loaded prize ships on their way to England were captured by French privateers. Consult De Graeff's 'Deductie' (The Hague,

were

p. 344, 1779); Griffis, New England Magazine, July 1893; Ferger, Alone in the Caribbean' (1918).

săn-tãvr-môn,

SAINT-EVREMOND, Charles de Marguetel de Saint Denis, French courtier and author: b. Saint Denis-le-Guast, 1 April 1613; d. England, 20 Sept. 1703. He was educated by the Jesuits, entered the army about 1629, served in Italy under Bassompierre and later in Germany in the Thirty Years' War. He was a witty and accomplished courtier, and was for a time a favorite with Condé and also with the king; but incurred their displeasure by his sarcastic raillery and especially by his letter on the Peace of the Pyrenees. In 1662 he went to England, where he became a favorite at court and received a pension of £300 ($1,500) from Charles II. He wrote dramas, essays and letters, his collected works being published in 1705. These include (Sir Politics, written with Buckingham. Consult Merlet, Gustave, Saint Evremond, etude historique (Paris 1870).

SAINT FRANCIS, a river which rises in eastern Missouri and flows into the Mississippi River in Arkansas, lat. 34° 45′ N. It is a large river, and was formerly navigable 300 miles for large keel boats; but the earthquakes of 1811-12 raised its channel so much, and so irregularly, as to cause the waters to overflow the banks and form a vast number of lakes

and swamps. At high water the river is still navigable at some seasons of the year for about 150 miles. Its waters abound with excellent fish. Length, about 450 miles.

SAINT FRANCIS OF ASSISI. See CANTICLE OF THE SUN; FRANCIS OF ASSISI.

SAINT FRANCIS XAVIER COLLEGE, New York City. It was founded in 1847 by the Jesuits, and was granted the powers of a university in 1861 by the State board of regents. Its organization includes a collegiate and a preparatory department. The regular college course leads to the degree of A.B.; it includes instruction in logic, metaphysics, and theodicy, English and the classics, mathematics and science, and history. Post-graduate work in literature, history, sociology and psychology is provided for, and leads to the degree of A.M. There are 46 scholarships. The college is well equipped; the library contains 115,000 volumes, and the grounds and buildings were valued at over $750,000. Student attendance averages 450, a large majority being in the preparatory department; the faculty numbers 38. In 1913, the college department was removed from the island of Manhattan to Brooklyn, N. Y., where it still continues to confer degrees as the ColThe lege of Saint Francis Xavier, N. Y. high school department remains at its former location.

SAINT GALL, gâl, Switzerland, (1) capital of the canton of Saint Gall, on the Steinach, in a high, narrow valley, about 50 miles from Zürich. It is the see of a bishop, and has besides the cathedral, several churches, a monastery, now containing public offices, a large town-house, library and orphan asylum. The town library is rich in works relating to the Reformation. The ancient Benedictine Abbey was famous as an asylum of learning during the Dark Ages, and was one of the most celebrated educational institutions of Europe. Several of

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SAINT-GAUDENS — SAINT GERMAIN-EN-LAYE

the classics, namely, Quintilian, Silicus, Italicus, and Ammianus Marcellinus, were preserved solely among its manuscripts. Notker and Ekkehard were among its pupils. Saint Gall is an important manufacturing centre, celebrated for its fine laces and embroideries. Pop. 38,683. (2) The canton covers an area of about 780 square miles. It has a diversified surface; the southern and central portions are covered by lofty Alpine ranges. Its principal lake is the Walensee but it also contains part of the Lake of Constance. The climate of the valley is mild, but in the mountainous district is rigorous. There are important stone quarries, much wood and good pastures; on the lower slopes vineyards and orchards, and some arable lands. Manufactures consist of cotton and linen goods. The constitution is pre-eminently democratic. German is the main language spoken. Pop. about 301,141.

SAINT-GAUDENS, gâ'děnz, Augustus, American sculptor: b. Dublin, Ireland, 1 March 1848; d. Cornish, N. H., 3 Aug. 1907. He was brought to the United States in infancy and at 13 was bound in apprenticeship to learn cameocutting and spent several years at this art. Six years later (1867) he went to Paris and studied under the sculptor Jouffroy at the Ecole des Beaux Arts. While at Rome in 1871 he produced his first figure, 'Hiawatha,' and the following year returned to the United States. Saint-Gaudens was a sculptor of originality and freshness, who had adopted the best standards of French taste and method of execution without being hidebound by tradition. He had a style at once polished and free. Among his other works are the President Lincoln' statue in Lincoln Park, Chicago; the bas-relief 'Adoration of the Cross by Angels'; the Shaw Monument' at Boston; and the 'Diana' on the tower of Madison Square Garden, New York. He also took part in executing the 'Parnell Memorial' monument in 1901, designed several medals of presentation authorized by Congress, and assisted John La Farge in decorating Trinity Church, Boston.

What perhaps is the most strikingly_characteristic of all his ideal statues is "The Puritan' (at Springfield, Mass.). It represents the puritan of earlier New England in all his aggressive and unbending strength — soldier, theologian, statesman. There is nothing winning or conciliating in his air. He is come to conquer the wilderness as Cromwell conquered the aristocracy of England and wiped out for the brief period of the commonwealth the haughtiest of European dynasties. The puritan, as SaintGaudens has portrayed him, carries the Bible next his heart in one hand and a stout cudgel of oak in the other. He personifies those unswerving, and sometimes fanatic principles on which the ancient commonwealths of New England were established. The Sherman equestrian statue which was unveiled at the southeast entrance of Central Park in 1904 is the last of a series of five in which he commemorated heroes of the Civil War, among the most notable of which is the remarkable statue of Farragut in Madison Square, New York. Of the Sherman monument, executed by Saint-Gaudens, a critic had said: "The composition of the Sherman is his own, and it has the spontaneity and the balance of a work evolved straight from a

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powerful imagination and an original mind. The Victory is exactly where it belongs, and bears a relation as true, as unforced, as anything in nature itself to the horseman pressing close upon its flying robe. Once more a word on the sculptor's discretion is inevitable. He wanted to express movement in this monument, to give to Victory almost aerial lightness in her carriage, to embody in the horse a type of great strength, pushing its way to the front. and to make Sherman himself the very ideal of a leader, who spurns the miles behind him. The bronze seems almost sentient. The group quivers with vitality. But the rhythm of this dramatic conception is held so well in hand, it is so majestic, that classic art itself could not produce a more nobly monumental effect."

SAINT GEORGE, Cape, Newfoundland, the westernmost projection of the island, forming the northwestern extremity of Saint George Bay, on the Gulf of Saint Lawrence.

SAINT GEORGE AND THE DRAGON. See DRAGON.

SAINT GEORGE'S CHANNEL, an arm of the Atlantic which separates Ireland from England. At the north it unites with the Irish Sea. Its entire length from southwest to northeast is about 100 miles. The tide rises in this channel about the same time as in the English Channel, so that there is high water simultaneously at Brest in France, Falmouth in England, and Cape Clear in Ireland.

SAINT GEORGE'S CHAPEL, Windsor, England. See WINDSOR.

SAINT-GERMAIN, săn-zher-măn, COUNT OF, adventurer of the 18th century: b. perhaps 1710; d. Eckernfoerfe, Schleswig, 1784. A mystery enveloped his birth and origin, of which he took every advantage. He spoke English, German, Italian, Spanish and Portuguese to perfection, and French with a slight Piedmontese accent; and was variously thought to be the son of a tax collector at San Germano, Savoy, an Alsatian Jew, a Portuguese marquis named Betmar, or the illicit offspring of a Spanish princess. After sojourning in various cities of Italy under as many pseudonyms, he lived from 1750 to 1760 at the French court under the patronage of Marshal de Belle-Isle, and, having a fine personal appearance and address, considerable erudition and a wonderful memory, became a favorite of Mme. de Pompadour and the king. He was reported to be from 2,000 to 3,000 years old. Frederick the Great, having asked Voltaire for some particulars respecting this mysterious person, was told that he was "a man who never dies and who knows every thing." He passed the last years of his life at the court of the prince of Hesse-Cassel, and is supposed to have been emploved during the greater part of his life as a spy at the courts at which he resided. Cagliostro owned himself a pupil of the Count of Saint Germain. Consult Oettinger, Graf Saint Germain' (1846).

SAINT GERMAIN-EN-LAYE, ŏn lã, France, a town in the department of Seine-etOise, on a height bordering the Seine, 11 miles west of Paris. At the edge of a forest, 200 feet above the river, the air is bracing and salubrious. It is a favorite summer resort and

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