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residence of Parisians. The terrace of Saint Germain is one of the finest promenades in Europe and commands an extensive view of the valley of the Seine and surrounding hills. The ancient castle of the town now serves as a museum of antiquities; it was destroyed and restored at various epochs. This castle was first built by Charles V (1370), on the site of a still older structure, and reconstructed and embellished by many succeeding sovereigns, especially Louis XIV. Here were born Charles IX, Margaret of Navarre, Henry II and Louis XIV. James II of England and most of his family here lived and died as exiles. In the Henry IV pavilion Thiers died (1877). Saint Germain is the seat of one of the cavalry garrisons which surround Paris; at a short distance is the Convent des Loges, connected with the Legion of Honor (Saint Denis).

SAINT GERMAIN DE RIMOUSKI. See RIMOUSKI,

SAINT GOTTHARD, goth'ard, Switzerland, a mountain group on the confines of the cantons Uri, Grisons, Ticino and Valais, belonging to the Lepontine or Helvetian Alps, which it connects with the Bernese Alps. It forms a kind of central nucleus in the great watershed of Europe; each of its slopes giving rise to an important river - the north to the Reuss, the south to the Ticino, the west to the Rhône, and the east to the Rhine. All these rivers rise within a circuit of 10 miles from its centre. The culminating point has a height of 10,600 feet, and three other summits are beyond the limit of perpetual snow. The Col of Saint Gotthard, at its summit level, where the Hospice stands, is 6,808 feet high. A bridle path through the pass had existed since the 6th century and over it an excellent carriage road was completed in 1832, in which, particularly on the Italian side, formidable difficulties were surmounted, and much engineering skill displayed. A railway tunnel pierces this mountain group between Göschenen on the north and Airolo on the south, thus directly connecting the railway system of North Italy with those of Switzerland and Western and Central Germany. This tunnel is the longest in the world, being 16,295 yards, or rather more than 94 miles long. Its construction, begun in 1872. was completed in 1881, and it was opened for traffic early in 1882. The total cost of the railway and tunnel was about $57,800,000, of which $11,500,000 was expended on the tunnel alone, the expenses being met by Swiss, German and Italian state subventions, by mortgages and shares. The excavation was carried on simultaneously from the Italian and the Swiss side, the workmen finally meeting in the middle, where the height above sea-level is 3,785 feet.

SAINT GREGORY. See GREGORY, SAINT. SAINT HELENA, Cal., the second town in size and importance in Napa County, 18 miles north of Napa, the county-seat, and 64 miles north of San Francisco, on the Southern Pacific Railroad. Saint Helena is part of the Carne Humana rancho, a Mexican grant that comprised all the northern part of Napa County. All lands in the rancho became the property of Dr. E. T. Bale by Mexican grant. The first men to settle the grant where Saint Helena is located were David Hudson and John York,

who came thither from Missouri in 1848. The town of Saint Helena was started in 1853 by J. H. Still, an Englishman, who opened a general merchandise store on one of the numerous wood roads, the country all around being thickly wooded. Two years later Mr. Still donated building lots to others who would venture in business and a shoemaker's shop, blacksmith's shop and a few other enterprises were established. The town was named Saint Helena from the mountain of that name which stands at the head of Napa Valley. The honor of naming the town was claimed by Henry Still, William Taylor and J. W. Booker. The first school was built in 1858. The town now has fine stone buildings to house its grammar and high schools. The Ursuline Sisters conduct an academy for girls and the Seventh-Day Adventists conduct a church school, making the educational advantages unexcelled. Saint Helena also has a public library. The first church was built in 1857 and at present six denominations own their own places of worship. The town was incorporated 24 March 1876 and reincorporated 14 May 1889. The municipality has a complete sewer system. Water is furnished by a private corporation and electricity for lights and power is distributed by a company organized for that purpose. Saint Helena has several stone bridges and over eight miles of cement sidewalks. Its main strect is paved. There are three banks the combined resources of which total $2,000,000. There are two newspapers, the Star and the Photogram. The principal industries are viticulture and horticulture, poultry-raising and general farming. Business enterprises are well represented and there are several fraternal orders. Pop. (1920) 1,346.

SAINT HELENA, hě-le'na, an island in the Atlantic, belonging to Great Britain, 700 miles southeast of the island of Ascension, the nearest land. The area is about 47 square miles. Although remote from the mainland, it is in the direct line of ocean communication via the Cape of Good Hope, many vessels making it a stopping point. It is of volcanic origin, the crater of the volcano forming the main ridge of the island. Many gorges, some of which are 1,000 feet deep, converge from the walls of the crater in all directions and numerous caves have been formed. High cliffs extend all along its shores to the water's edge, and there is a good harbor. The fauna and flora are interesting, many specimens being peculiar to the island. Farm and garden produce constitutes the entire wealth of the colony. Jamestown (3,000 inhabitants) is the only town. Longwood, where Napoleon died, is a farm-house, standing on a high plain. The Portuguese discovered the island, subsequently the Dutch took possession, and later it was ceded to Great Britain. Its chief interest is in its having been the place of Napoleon's captivity.

SAINT HELENS, England, Lancashire, 11 miles northeast of Liverpool, a municipal county and parliamentary borough, and market town. A total hall (1875-76), a technical institute (1896), churches, schools, library and baths, an asylum and hospitals, numerous parks and recreation grounds are the main features. The town owes its importance to the coal-beds in the environs, copper-smelting, the manufacture

SAINT HELENS

-SAINT IVES

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of iron and steel, chemical and lead works, potteries, breweries, its glass works and other industries. Pop. about 97,000.

SAINT HELENS, a volcanic peak of the Cascade Range, in the State of Washington; lat. 46° 12′ N., long. 122° 4' W., height, 9,750 feet. The volcanic débris at the base and beyond is of ancient origin; the mountain has all the appearance of an extinct volcano. It resembles Mount Rainier in its treeless sides and ice-covered summit, but it is smaller. On the north side, at the base, is Spirit Lake.

It is

SAINT HELIER, hěl-yer, Channel Islands, capital of the island of Jersey, and a favorite European summer resort, on the east side of Saint Aubin's Bay, on the south coast. strongly fortified and defended by Elizabeth Castle (1551-86), on a rocky island connected with the mainland by a causeway, and by Fort Regent, an imposing citadel dominating the town. The principal buildings are Victoria College, the Maison Saint Louis or Jesuit College, the court-house, public library, town hall, hospital, Norman parish church and the French Roman Catholic cathedral. Fine markets, an esplanade and marine drive four miles long encircling the bay, and extensive and well-built harbors, are prominent features. There is considerable trade with England, France and India, in fruit, potatoes and cattle. Pop. about 30,000.

SAINT HENRI, or TANNERY WEST, Canada, an incorporated city of Hochelaga County, Quebec, suburban to Montreal on the southwest. It is a busy industrial centre on the Lachine Canal, and has a station on the Grand Trunk Railway. Cotton, leather, confectionery, sewing machines and machinery are among its principal manufactures.

SAINT-HILAIRE, săn-té-lãr, Augustin François César, called Auguste Prouvençal de, French naturalist and traveler: b. Orléans, 4 Oct. 1779; d. there, 30 Sept. 1853. A botanical expert, he set out in 1816 on a long journey through Brazil, carrying his explorations to regions then unknown, and returning in 1822 with valuable collections. In 1830 he was admitted to the Paris Academy of Sciences; subsequently he was made professor of botany in the Faculty of Sciences at Paris. He made several discoveries of scientific value, and published three narratives of travel, 'Voyage dans les provinces de Rio de Janeiro et Minas Gerães (1830); 'Voyage dans le district des diamants et sur le littoral du Brésil' (1833); Voyage aux sources de San Francisco et dans la province de Goyaz' (1847-48); besides 'Flora Brasilia Meridionalis (with Jussieu and Cambessèdes 1825), and 'Leçons de Botanique' (1840-41).

SAINT-HILAIRE, Marco de, pseudonym of EMILE MARC HILAIRE, French writer: b. Versailles, about 1796; d. 5 Dec. 1887. He was educated as a page at the court of Napoleon I, and finding himself without means of support after the Restoration, turned his attention to literature. Though not important as a writer, his constant glorification of Napoleon was popular and undoubtedly did much to pave the way for the Second Empire. His work includes 'Mémoires d'un page de la cour impériale) (1830); Souvenirs de la vie privée de Napoléon (1838); Souvenirs intimes du temps

de l'Empire' (6 vols., 1838-46); 'Histoire de Napoleon III' (1853), etc.

SAINT HUBERT, Order of, a Bavarian order founded by Gerhardt V in 1444, and originally named the Order of the Horn, so called from the hunting horns of which the links of chain were made. The membership was composed of the nobility, the number being unrestricted, while those of lower rank were limited to 12. A white cross with eight points, on each of which is a small golden ball, constitutes the decoration of the order. A crown surmounts the cross, while the arms of the cross are divided by three rays of gold representing Light from Heaven. On the medallion is pictured Saint Hubert's conversion, under which, on a red ribbon, is the inscription "In trav vast" (Firm in Faith).

SAINT HYACINTHE, hi'a-sinth (Fr. Sănt e-ä-sǎnt), Canada, city and port of entry, county-seat of Saint Hyacinthe County, Quebec, on the Yamaska and Black Rivers, and on the Grand Trunk, Canadian Pacific, Intercolonial and Quebec Southern railways; 35 miles northeast of Montreal. It is the seat of a Roman Catholic bishop, and among its more notable institutions are Saint Hyacinthe College (Jesuit), occupying a handsome stone building, a nunnery with a seminary for young ladies, a hospital in charge of the Sisters of Charity, and monasteries of the Precious Blood and Dominican Fathers. The principal manufactures of the city are woolen goods, lace, linens, hosiery, corsets, boots and shoes, leather, flour, lumber, woodenware, organs, agricultural implements, castings and machinery. Pop. (1921) 10,852.

SAINT IGNATIUS COLLEGE, a Roman Catholic institution located at Chicago, Ill. It was chartered in 1870, and is under the control of the Jesuits. It has a collegiate or classical, and an academic department; religious instruction is a part of all courses. In the collegiate department the degrees of A.B., B.S. and Ph.B. are conferred; and the degree A.M. for graduate work. Though the college is designed especially for Roman Catholic students, non-Catholics are admitted. The library contains over 50,000 volumes, including a select library for the special use of undergraduates; there are also a good scientific laboratory equipment and valuable mineralogical and zoological museums. There are no dormitories. The college has no endowment, and is dependent mainly upon its tuition fees for income. In 1907 Saint Ignatius College opened a department in law and was reincorporated under the name of Loyola University. Loyola University conducts departments in law, in engineering (two years), medicine (The Chicago College of Medicine and Surgery, 706 Lincoln street); sociology (Ashland Block) and two academies - Saint Ignatius Academy and Loyola Academy (Rogers Park). The attendance in all departments is 1,850.

SAINT IVES, ivz, England, seaport and watering resort, in Cornwall on Saint Ives Bay, 57 miles southwest of Plymouth. The parish church of Saint Andrew is in the Early Perpendicular style of the 15th century. The townhall, a free library and a new pier are, with the harbor, the chief features of interest. Pop. about 7,000.

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SAINT JACOB, or SANKT JAKOB, sänkt yä'kop, Switzerland, a small village on' the Birs in the canton of Basel, two miles southeast of Basel. It is noted for the important battle fought there on 26 Aug. 1444, between the Swiss Confederates and the Armagnacs, in which the latter were totally defeated.

SAINT JAMES' COFFEE-HOUSE, a famous Whig coffee-house of London which flourished from the time of Queen Anne until late in the reign of George III. It stood on Saint James' street in the neighborhood of Saint James' Palace, and was much frequented by Swift, Harley and other men of note in its early days. It was here that Goldsmith's poem 'Retaliation originated. The poet, one of a group of men of talent who met here, was proverbially late in his arrivals. On one such occasion those present wrote in jest epitaphs "on the late Dr. Goldsmith." None is preserved save Garrick's which became famous:

Here lies poet Goldsmith, for shortness called Noll; He wrote like an angel, but talked like poor Poll. The retort above mentioned dealt in a satirical vein with the club members who had exercised their wit upon him.

SAINT JAMES' PALACE, England, a royal palace in London, between Saint James and Green parks. It was built originally for a hospital, reconstructed by Henry VIII, enlarged by Charles I. Henry VIII annexed to the palace a park enclosed by a brick wall, connecting it with Whitehall. Queen Mary died here in 1558; Charles I spent his last night in this palace; and here were born Charles II, the Old Pretender, and George IV. After Whitehall burned down in 1697, Saint James became the London residence of the sovereigns up to the time of Queen Victoria. It is still known as the Court of Saint James and is used for levees and drawing rooms. In 1837 Buckingham Palace became the royal home. The park covers 58 acres.

SAINT JEAN D’ACRE, săn zhěn däkr, Palestine. See ACRE.

SAINT JEROME DE MATANE, or MATANE. See MATANE.

SAINT JOHN, one of the 12 apostles of Jesus Christ. He and his brother James are often spoken of as sons of Zebedee. It is commonly accepted (cf. Mark xv, 40 and Matt. xxvii, 56) that his mother's name was Salome and it is still further conjectured by many (see John xix, 25) that she was a sister of Mary, the mother of Jesus a relation which would render more natural the committing by Jesus of his mother to the care of John. The family seems to have possessed some means, as Zebedee employed hired servants in his fishing business; Salome is mentioned among the pious women who aided in the support of Jesus and his associates during his ministry and John himself was personally known to the high priest.

Of his early life we know nothing. Presumably he had the ordinary training of the Jewish boy of his time and no more. In the order of narration, he first appears, according to an obvious inference, as an unnamed disciple of John the Baptist, who with Andrew follows Jesus (John i, 35-39). After some association with Jesus, John returned to his occupation as a fisherman, from which Jesus summoned him

and his brother, together with Simon and Andrew, to discipleship, which was the basis of his appointment as one of the 12 apostles. In this company he was one of the three who were admitted to the closest intimacy with their Master and, indeed, is generally understood to be "the disciple whom Jesus loved." Little in particular is noted, however, in reference to him while Jesus lived. He and his brother are said to have been called "Boanerges," defined as "Sons of Thunder" (Mark iii, 17). While the meaning is somewhat obscure, it seems most probable that this hints at great stores of emotional power and passion. He, with his brother, is rebuked for proposing to summon fire from heaven to destroy the inhospitable Samaritan village, and he alone confesses attempting to check the activity of a healer who was not of their company. Only he of the apostolic company is mentioned as present at the trial of his Master and at his crucifixion, where he received the commission to care for Mary, the mother of Jesus, which he faithfully carried out, making a home for her till her death.

It appears from the statements in Acts and of Paul in his Epistle to the Galatians that for some time John remained in Jerusalem. Beyond this we are dependent upon tradition, which consistently associated the latest years of his life with the city of Ephesus. To be sure, on the basis of uncertain inferences from an obscure passage possibly incorrectly quoted by Eusebius from Papias, it has been argued by many scholars that all the tradition that John was at Ephesus was due to the confusion of the apostle with a supposed presbyter and original disciple of Jesus bearing the same name. But all the positive evidence tends toward the association of John in his latest years with Ephesus. There is a fragmentary tradition that he went to Rome and was there plunged into a cauldron of boiling oil, from which he miraculously escaped unharmed, and that he was then banished to an island. John, the author of the Apocalypse, speaks of himself as being "in the isle that is called Patmos," and the date which is given by Irenæus and others for the exile of John the apostle is late in the reign of Domitian, and for his return the year 96, early in the reign of Nerva. There is no tradition as to the date of his death. Many legends are current as to his life at Ephesus. Irenæus tells of his hostility to the tenets of the Gnostic Cerinthus, such that John even refused to remain under the same roof with the heretic. Clement of Alexandria exalts his pastoral fidelity by a story how he journeyed into the forest to reclaim a young man who had fallen into evil ways and joined a band of robbers. Cassian relates that when he was censured for spending time in play with a tame partridge, he answered that the bow cannot always be bent. The story, however, which is most familiar, is due to Jerome, who tells that, when so aged that he must be carried into church and was unable to speak at any length John would continually repeat, "Little children, love one another." Perhaps partly based on this story, partly perhaps on an impression gained from a superficial reading of his letters, the notion has widely prevailed that John was a weak sentimentalist. But this is unjust. It has been profoundly said of his epistles that their words are thunderpeals and it is plain that in his soul burned the fires of passion and

power which made him in his youth one of the "Sons of Thunder," although in his age he had learned repression and self-mastery.

Bibliography.- Bacon, B. W., The Fourth Gospel in Research and Debate' (1910); Chapman, John, John the Presbyter and the Fourth Gospel (1910); Drummond, James, 'An Inquiry into the Character and Authorship of the Fourth Gospel' (1903); Moffatt, James, An Introduction to the Literature of the New Testament (1911); Zahn, Theodor, 'Introduction to the New Testament) (1909). DAVID FOSTER ESTES, Professor of New Testament Interpretation, Colgate University.

ST. JOHN, Charles Edward, American physicist: b. Allen, Mich., 15 March 1857. He was graduated at the Michigan Normal College in 1876 and studied physics at Harvard and at the University of Berlin. He became instructor of physics at Michigan Normal College in 1885; was made associate professor at Oberlin College in 1897 and in 1899 became professor of physics and astronomy at that institution. In 1907 he was appointed dean of the College of Arts and Sciences there. From 1908 he has been astronomer at the Mount Wilson Solar Observatory of Carnegie Institution. He is a member of various national astronomical societies. He has written 'WaveLengths of Electricity on Iron Wires' (1894); 'A Study of Silphium Perfoliatum and Dipsacus Laciniatus in Regard to Insects) (1887).

ST. JOHN, Frederick Edward Molyneux, Canadian journalist and author: b. Newcastle, England, 28 Nov. 1838. His father was one of Wellington's veterans at the battle of Waterloo and the son followed him in a military career, on 23 April 1855 entering the Royal Marines (Light Infantry) as second lieutenant. He served under General Van Straubenzie throughout the operations against Canton in 1857-58 and acted with such gallantry under fire during the storming of the fort that in August 1858 he was promoted first lieutenant. In 1868 he came to Canada and being a member of the staff of the Toronto Globe was appointed in 1870 to accompany Colonel Wolseley's Red River expedition and later served with Lord Dufferin on his tour of British Columbia. Upon the forming of the Northwest Territories, he became the first clerk of the legislature, the first secretary of the Protestant board of education and later was appointed sheriff and Indian commissioner. In 1879 he returned to England, where in 1884 he became the first emigration agent and London secretary to the Canadian Pacific Railway. He was at different times editor of the Winnipeg Standard, the Montreal Herald and the Manitoba Free Press and in 1888 was president of the Ottawa Press Gallery. He has published A Sea of Mountains, an account of Lord Dufferin's tour (1877); and Under the Mistletoe,' a society play.

ST. JOHN, Henry. See BOLINGBROKE, VISCOUNT.

ST. JOHN, James Augustus, English author and traveler: b. Carmarthenshire, Wales, 24 Sept. 1801; d. London, 22 Sept. 1875. At 16 he went to London and engaged in newspaper work and in 1827 started the Weekly Review,

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He lived much of his life abroad, in France, Switzerland, Egypt and elsewhere and found material in his travels for many of his works. He contributed to 'Constable's Miscellany in 1830 a Journal of a Residence in Normandy' and wrote 'Egypt and Mohammed Ali' (1834); Anatomy of Society) (1831); 'Manners and Customs of Ancient Greece' (1842); 'Egypt and Nubia (1845); Views in the Eastern Archipelago (1847); Isis, an Egyptian Pilgrimage (1853); Philosophy at the Foot of the Cross' (1854); Nemesis of Power' (1854); Preaching of Christ' (1856). He also wrote Lives of Celebrated Travelers' (1831); a biography of Louis Napoleon' (1857); an elaborate Life of Sir Walter Raleigh' (186869), etc.

ST. JOHN, John Pierce, American governor and prohibitionist: b. Brookville, Ind., 25 Feb. 1833; d. Olathe, Kan., 31 Aug. 1916. He went to California in 1853; later traveled in Mexico, Central and South America and Hawaii; and fought in Indian wars in Oregon. He served in the Union Army in 186265, attaining rank of lieutenant-colonel and subsequently removed to Missouri, where he engaged in law practice. In 1869 he settled at Olathe, Kan., and in 1879-83 he was governor of Kansas. He was Prohibition candidate for President in 1884, but in the first Bryan campaign affiliated himself with the Democratic party. He toured Kansas for woman suffrage in 1912 and in 1914 went on a speech-making tour of the East in behalf of prohibition.

ST. JOHN, SIR Spencer, English diplomat, son of J. A. St. John (q.v.): b. London, 22 Dec. 1825; d. Camberley, Surrey, 2 Jan. 1910. In 1848 he was appointed secretary to Sir James Brooke in Borneo, in 1850 became secretary to the mission to Siam and during 185661 was consul-general in Borneo. During the years 1863-96 he was consul successsively in Haiti, Lima, Bolivia, Mexico and Stockholm. He was created K. C. M. G. in 1881. He has published 'Life in the Forests of the Far East' (1862); Life of Sir James Brooke, Rajah of Sarawak) (1878); 'Haiti, or the Black Republic) (1885); Rajah Brooke, (1899); 'Adventures of a Naval Officer' (1905); Earlier Adventures (1906); Essays on Shakespeare and his Works' (1908).

SAINT JOHN, one of the Virgin Islands, formerly Danish West Indies, lying east of Saint Thomas (q.v.), area, 21 square miles. It is of volcanic origin and hilly; only a small portion of the land is cultivated; sugar is the chief agricultural product. Cattle are raised and exported and bay rum is also exported. Coral Bay, on the east coast, is one of the best sheltered and safest harbors of refuge during hurricanes in the Antilles. By the terms of a treaty with the United States, ratified by the Danish parliament 22 Dec. 1916, the entire Danish West Indies, for and in consideration of the sum of $10,000,000, passed into the possession of the United States and are now administered by it. Pop. 925. See WEST INDIES, DANISH.

SAINT JOHN, British West Indies, the capital of Antigua, situated on the northwest coast, stands at the head of a safe but small bay. The residence of the English governor

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in-chief is the principal building. The staple of the island is sugar, which, together with pineapples, forms the chief export trade.

SAINT JOHN, Canada, city and countyseat of Saint John County, New Brunswick, situated at the mouth of the Saint John River on the shores of the Bay of Fundy; on Canadian Government, Canadian Pacific and New Brunswick Southern railroads, 450 miles from Boston, 480 from Montreal and 275 from Halifax. It is the Atlantic terminus of the Canadian Pacific Railway.

Shipping Interests.-The harbor of Saint John has ample accommodations for ships of large tonnage. It has always been the principal port in New Brunswick for the shipment of lumber, for it commands the trade of the Saint John River and its tributaries, which flow through one of the great forest regions of the continent. The port is becoming the great winter port of Canada and there are now three grain elevators, and connected with them berths for seven large steamships which can all load or discharge at the same time. Other wharves are being built for the growing trade of the port, the exports of which amounted in 191617 to $190,586,561. The development of the West is making Saint John a very important shipping port and the outlet for a large proportion of the products of the great prairie region beyond Lake Superior. During the year the sea-going vessels entering and cleared at Saint John numbered 2,161, totaling 2,336,614 tons. Lines of steamships run from Saint John to Great Britain during the winter and there are regular sailings to the West Indies.

Saint John has steamboat_connection_with Portland, Me., Boston, Digby, Yarmouth, Grand Manan and other points on the sea coast, and with Fredericton and other points on the river.

Business Interests.- Saint John has become a considerable manufacturing centre, and has cotton mills, iron and brass foundries, elevators, saw and pulp mills, nail factories, rolling mills, a broom and brush factory, flour mills, sugar refining plant and many other industries. Saint John is the only city in Canada which owns its own harbor.

Public Works, Buildings, etc.- Saint John has an electric railway system, electric lighting and a splendid water and sewerage system. It has a large public hospital, fine modern schoolhouses, exhibition buildings, free public library, and other public buildings of a similar character. Its custom-house is said to be one of the finest in the world. The city has about 44 churches.

History, Population, etc.- The Saint John River received its name from Champlain, who visited it in the year 1604, and it was at that time the site of an Indian town. The French held possession of the country until the year 1713, when Acadia was ceded to Great Britain under the Treaty of Utrecht. A fort was built in 1630 by Charles La Tour on the west side of the harbor, which was afterward from time to time occupied by garrisons until the year 1700, when it was allowed to fall into ruin for about half a century. About the year 1758, however, it was taken possession of by the English, rebuilt and named Fort Frederick. The first English settlement at Saint John was in 1762, when Messrs. Simonds, Hazen and White be

gan business at what is now called Portland Point, engaging in the fisheries and in the manufacture of lime. In 1783, Saint John received a large accession to its population by the coming of the Loyalists, who had left the old Thirteen Colonies after the establishment of their independence. Saint John received a charter and became a city in 1785; it was the first city in Canada to adopt the commission form of government. Pop. (1921) 46,504. JAMES HANNAY,

Author of 'New Brunswick: Its Resources and Advantages.

SAINT JOHN, Knights Hospitallers of. See JOHN, ORDER OF SAINT.

SAINT JOHN, Lake, Canada, in the Chicoutimi district, Quebec, 200 miles by rail north of Quebec, a circular body of water, about 28 miles long and 25 miles broad, drained by the Saguenay River (q.v.). It receives the waters of the Metabetchouan, the Mistassini, the Peribonca, the Ashuapmouchouan, the Ouiatchouan and several smaller streams.

SAINT JOHN RIVER, Canada, the largest river of the province of New Brunswick, has its source in the highlands of northern Maine. After a course of 390 miles, it empties into the Bay of Fundy through a rocky gorge about 600 feet wide, having a total fall of about 17 feet. Throughout most of its upper course it forms the boundary between Maine and Canada. It is navigable for steamers of considerable size as far as Fredericton, a distance of 84 miles, while small steamers ascend to Woodstock, 145 miles.

SAINT JOHNS, Mich., village, countyseat of Clinton County, on the Detroit, Grand Haven and Milwaukee Railroad, about 20 miles north of Lansing and 100 miles west-northwest of Detroit. It is in an agricultural region and it has considerable manufacturing interests. The chief manufactories are a large table factory, grist mills, lumber mills, carriage works, machine shop and foundry. There is considerable trade in manufactures and farm products. The educational institutions are a high school, public graded school and a library, which is under the auspices of the Ladies' Library Association. Pop. 3,925.

SAINT JOHN'S, Newfoundland, the capital of the colony, situated on the east side of the island, on the Atlantic Coast, midway between Cape Race and Cape Bonavista, in lat. 47° 33′ 54′′ N., and long. 52° 40′ 18′′ W. It is distant 1,691 miles from Cape Clear (Ireland), 1,213 from New York, 885 from Boston, and 488 from Halifax, Nova Scotia. The harbor is completely land-locked, with good holding ground, and is entered by a short passage, known as the "Narrows," between high beetling cliffs. The town is situated on the north side of the harbor.

Communication.- Saint John's is the terminus of the Newfoundland Railway, which runs across the island to Port Aux Basques. Steamship lines connect with New York, Philadelphia, Montreal and Sydney, Cape Breton, and in normal times with Liverpool and Glasgow. Constant communication is maintained with all parts of Newfoundland and Labrador by the fine steamers of the Bowring and Reid Lines.