1915. Italy was electrified; enthusiastic gatherings demanded "War or the Republic." It was openly expressed that the king would stake his crown if he yielded. Three days later came the news that Salandra's resignation was not accepted; the demonstrations ceased; Giolitti and the German agents left Rome, and 10 days later Italy declared war. Signor Salandra resigned in June 1916 and was succeeded by Signor Boselli.

SALANGANE, a swift (Collocalia fuciphaga) of the Malayan Archipelago, famous_as the producer of the edible birds' nests. See BIRDS' NESTS, EDIBLE.

SALARY GRAB, in American history, the popular name for the general increase in Federal salaries in 1873. The Constitution provides for the compensation of the President, senators, representatives, justices and Federal officers from the Federal treasury. The Act of 3 March 1873 provided that the President's salary be increased from $25,000 to $50,000, that of the chief justice from $8,500 to $10,500, those of the Vice-President, Cabinet officers, associate justices and speaker of the House from $8,000 to $10,000, and of senators and representatives from $5,000 to $7,500. Another act, 4 March 1873, was retroactive as regards the salaries of members of Congress during the previous two years. This, the essence of the "salary grab," excited so much indignation that the laws were repealed, except those affecting the salaries of the President and justices. By later legislation, enacted without adverse criticism, $25,000 was appropriated for the President's traveling expenses (59th Congress, 2d session), and his salary was fixed at $75,000 per annum (60th Congress, 2d session). In 1918 the salary of the Vice-President was $12,000 per annum; Cabinet officers, $12,000 each; chief justices, $15,000; associate justices, $14,500 each; circuit judges, $7,000 each; chief justices, Court of Claims, $6,500; associate judges, $6,000, and United States senators and representatives, $7,500 per annum each and 20 cents per mile for traveling to and from Washington.

SALAWATTI, sä-lä-wä'te, a Melanesian island off the western coast of New Guinea, off the northwestern extremity of Paupa, from which it is separated by Galewo Strait, covers an area of about 670 square miles. A chain of chalk cliffs, rising to a height of 2,500 feet, skirts the northern coast; the remaining portion is a deep valley covered with virgin forests. Salawatti was discovered by Watson in 1764. It is regarded as belonging to Dutch New Guinea. Pop. (est.) 5,000.

SALAYER, or SALEYER ISLANDS, East Indies, a small group of islands off the southern coast of Celebes from which they are separated by the Strait of Salayer, 13 miles wide. These islands form a part of the Dutch province of Macassar, the greatest native mart of the archipelago, in the trade passing east as far as and including New Guinea -tortoise shell, pearl shell, spices, birds-of-paradise skins and bêchede-mer. The principal island of the group is Salayer, or Great Salayer, about 35 miles long by 8 miles broad. Pop. of group, 60,000.

SALDANHA (säl'dä'nä) BAY, South Africa, on the west coast of Cape Colony, 80

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miles north of Cape Town, is a minor commercial port on the Atlantic, for the western territories of South Africa. It is chiefly of service in the coast trade, and of all the harbors of this seaboard is the only one affording shelter and anchorage at all seasons. It was formerly the chief Dutch naval station in South Africa.

SALE, George, English Oriental scholar: b. supposedly in Kent, about 1680; d. London, 13 Nov. 1736. Little is known of his life except that he was a solicitor in London, and at an early period turned his attention to the study of Arabic and other Oriental languages. In 1726 he began the publication of an Arabic translation of the New Testament for the Society for the Promotion of Christian Knowledge, and was for years engaged in the work of that association. He is best known by his admirable translation of the Koran in 1734, still highly esteemed. He wrote many Oriental biographies for Bayles' 'General Dictionary) (10 vols., 1734) and was a contributor to the Universal History (1739). Consult Davenport, 'Sketch of the Life of George Sale.'

SALE, SIR Robert Henry, English military officer: b. Buckden, Huntingdonshire, 19 Sept. 1782; d. Mudki, India, 18 Dec. 1845. He entered the army with an ensign's commission in 1795, was promoted lieutenant in 1797 and in 1798 was ordered to India. He was engaged at Seringapatam, and in 1810 took part in the expedition against Mauritius. In 1813 he was promoted major, and in 1815 he returned to England with his regiment. He served in the expedition against Burma in 1824; in 1838 became brevet-colonel and was placed in command of a brigade in the army of the Indus. In the war with Afghanistan which followed Sale played an important part. He became majorgeneral in 1840; was in command of the army which stormed Khurd Kabul Pass in 1841 and defended Jelalabad in the siege of 1841-42. He was knighted for his conduct at Kabul, received the thanks of Parliament for his services in the war, and the decoration of G.C.B. In the Sikh War he was wounded at the battle of Mudki, 18 Dec. 1845, and died three days later. SALE, in law. See SALES.

SALEM, sä'lëm, Ill., city, county-seat of Marion County, on the Baltimore and Ohio, Southwestern and other railroads, 97 miles southeast of Springfield. It is in an agricultural and coal-mining region; its chief industry is the culture, evaporation and shipment of fruit. It has also several flour mills. Under the Nationa Banking Law of 1913, it is in Federal Reserve District No. 8, and in 1917 had a national bank with a capital of $50,000, and resources $452,337. It contains a public high school, founded in 1870. Pop. (1920) 3,457.

SALEM, India, (1) chief town of a district of the same name, 207 miles southwest of Madras. It is well built, but unhealthy, being located in a narrow valley and subject to sudden and frequent changes of temperature. It has important manufactories of cotton, silk and cutlery. There is a municipal college, three printing presses, four reading-rooms and an English mission. Pop. 59,153. (2) The district embraces 7,529 square miles and is very hilly, intersected by broad plains. The principal rivers are the Cauvery with its numerous trib

utaries. The forests are valuable, magnetic iron ore abundant, there are deposits of corundum and chromate of iron. The chief crops are millet, grain, rice, ragi, oil seeds and some cotton, indigo, coffee and tobacco. Much of the area is irrigated.

SALEM, Mass., city, one of the county-seats of Essex County, on a peninsula formed by two inlets of the Atlantic, known as North River and South River, and on the Boston and Maine Railroad, 14 miles northeast of Boston. It was founded in 1626 by Roger Conant and chartered by John Endicott in 1628. The church was organized 6 Aug. 1629 with Samuel Skelton and Francis Higginson as pastor and teacher. In 1633 Roger Williams was pastor of the church here, but was driven out in 1636. In 1692 the witchcraft delusion broke out, and 19 persons were hanged as witches on Gallows Hill, while Giles Cory was pressed to death for refusing to plead, the only instance on record in America under the English statute. (See WITCHCRAFT). In 1774 the first provincial assembly was held here and declared for the independence of the Massachusetts colony; and in 1775 the British under Captain Leslie were prevented from crossing the North Bridge in their search for arms and ammunition. Salem furnished over 150 armed privateers during the Revolution. It was incorporated as a city in 1836, and furnished a large quota of troops during the Civil War. It was the birthplace, and for a time the residence, of Nathaniel Hawthorne. Before the War of 1812 Salem had practically a monopoly of the East Indian and China trade; since then the foreign commerce has gradually been transferred to Boston and other ports, but there is an important coasting trade in coal, large quantities of which are landed here for transportation to inland towns. The manufacturing industries are also of importance; they include a large cotton mill, tanneries, a lead factory, chemical works, cordage works and shoe factories. In 1914 the city had 178 manufacturing plants, employing $9,823,520 capital, using materials valued at $7,936,035, and yielding products valued at $13,652,586. Under the National Banking Law of 1913, the city is in Federal Reserve District No. 1, and in 1917 had a national bank with capital $100,000, and resources $551,533. The city is connected with Beverly, Peabody, Marblehead, Lynn and other towns by electric road, and is a centre of local trade. The town is irregularly laid out, but has a number of beautiful modern residences and three public parks. There are also several of the earliest colonial houses standing, and a large number of mansions built in the days of the town's commercial supremacy; among the former are the Corwen, or "witch house," and the birthplace of Timothy Pickering. Among the numerous points of interest in Salem are the old cemetery, formerly known as "The Burying Point," the old courthouse, where the witchcraft trials were held, the new courthouse, the new city hall, the public library, the Salem Athenæum, the Essex Institute with a valuable library of nearly 400,000 volumes and the Peabody Academy of Sciences. The Essex Institute contains a valuable historical collection of relics of colonial days and the witchcraft craze, a fine collection of old furniture and works of art, and a large number of valu

able manuscripts; the Peabody Academy of Sciences contains an almost complete Essex County natural history collection, an ethnological collection from the Orient, Mexico and South America, largely gathered by the Salem sea captains, Japan and China being largely represented; also an interesting collection of the models and pictures of ships built in Salem The charitable institutions include a hospital, an old ladies' home, an old men's home and a city orphan asylum. The city has a public classical and high school established 1856, and three Roman Catholic parochial schools; it is also the seat of two private secondary schools, a commercial school and a State normal school. The city government is vested in a mayor, a board of aldermen of seven members and a city council of 24. Pop. 42,529. Consult Felt, 'Annals of Salem) (2 vols.); Osgood and Batchelder, 'Historical Sketch of Salem' Powell, Historic Towns of New England' Putnam, 'Old Salem'; Silsbee, 'Half Century in Salem,' and Visitor's Guide to Salem' (published by the Essex Institute).

SALEM, N. J., city, county-seat of Salem County, on the Salem Creek near its junction with the Delaware, and on the West Jersey and Seashore Railroad, 31 miles southwest of Philadelphia, Pa. It was first settled in 1641, and this first colony was succeeded by a Swedish fort; it passed into the hands of the Dutch, then to the English in 1664, and was in that portion of New Jersey which was bought by the Quakers in 1674. The Quakers established a new and prosperous colony, and in 1682 Salem was made a port of entry; in 1778 it was plundered by the British. It is the trade centre of a fertile agricultural region; and in addition to its railroad facilities has regular steamboat communication with Philadelphia. It has also a variety of manufacturing interests, including fruit canning establishments, iron foundries, glass manufactories, flour mills, an oil-cloth factory and a hosiery mill. It had (1917) two national banks with a combined capital of $250,-000 and resources of $3,638,874. It contains a public library, founded in 1804, and a Friends' preparatory school. Pop. (1920) 7,435.

SALEM, Ohio, city in Columbiana County, on the Pennsylvania Railroad, 61 miles southeast of Cleveland. It is the largest town in the county, and the centre of a rich agricultural and stock raising region. Its manufacturing interests are numerous and varied; they include machine shops, manufactories of engines, wire nails, pumps and stoves, galvanized iron works, furniture, church furniture, church organ factories, brick-works and tile-works. There are two national banks with a combined capital of $200,000 and resources of $2,963,298. The city has a public high school, established in 1863. Pop. (1920) 10,305.

SALEM, Ore., city, capital of the State and county-seat of Marion County, on the Willamette River, and on the Southern Pacific Railroad, 44 miles south of Portland. It was first settled in 1840 by Methodist missionaries, was incorporated as a city in 1853 and became the State capital in 1860. It has regular steamer connection with Portland, and is the trade centre of a fertile agricultural region. Its manufacturing interests are numerous and important; they include flour mills, woolen mills, fruit

evaporating and canning establishments, tanneries, brick-kilns, tobacco factories, carriage and wagon factories, and agricultural implement works. In 1914 there were 67 manufacturing plants, employing $2,365,366 capital, and yielding products valued at $2,845,844. The city is well built with wide regular streets and two public parks. The State capitol, built in 1875-76, is a handsome structure; among the State institutions in the city are the Institute for Deaf-Mutes, the Institute for the Blind, the insane asylum, the reform school, and the penitentiary. Under the National Banking Law of 1913 the city is in Federal Reserve District No. 12, and in 1917 had two national banks with combined capital of $225,000, and resources of $2,726,256. The city contains the State and a Masonic library, and a public high school established in 1892; and is the seat of the Academy of the Sacred Heart (Roman Catholic), of the Capital Business College and of Willamette University (Methodist Episcopal). At Chemawa, a few miles distant, is an Indian industrial training school. Pop. (1920) 17,679.

SALEM, Va., town, county-seat of Roanoke County, on the Roanoke River, and on the Norfolk and Western Railroad, 51 miles west of Lynchburg. It is the centre of an agricultural and tobacco-growing region, and has a variety of manufacturing interests, including tobacco factories, tanneries, chair and carriage factories. It has a national bank (capital, 1917, $75,000, resources $679,573) and a State bank. The charitable institutions include two orphan asylums. There are medicinal springs in the vicinity, and it is a popular resort with Southerners. The town has a public high school, and is the seat of Roanoke College, established 1853 under the control of the Lutheran Church. Pop. 4,159.

SALEM, W. Va., city in Harrison County, on the Baltimore and Ohio Railroad, 14 miles west of Clarksburg, the county-seat. Its industrial establishments include three window-glass plants, a lamp-chimney factory, large planing mill, concrete block factory and gasoline refining stations. There are two banks, the Merchants and Producers, with resources of $700,000 and the First National, with resources amounting to $800,000. The value of the taxable property within the city is approximately $3,000,000. The educational establishments include Salem College, a high school and a public school. The most noteworthy public buildings are those of the educational establishments just mentioned and the churches. The government is vested in & mayor and council. The city's receipts in a recent year totaled $21,000, and the expendi1ures $16,000. Of the 627 residences within the city 410 are owned by the occupiers. Pop. 2,920. SALEM WITCHCRAFT. See WITCH

CRAFT.

SALEMA, a Pacific Coast food-fish (Kythosus analogus), about 18 inches long and steel-blue in color. It is one of the rudderfishes, allied to the croakers, and several closely related species are known as chopas, especially K. sectatrix, a large West Indian and Florida form, which is called "chub" at Key West, and affords good sport for the angler.

SALEMI, Sicily, city of the province of Trapani, 64 miles south by west of Palermo. The city is located on an elevation 1,450 feet

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above sea-level. It contains the ruins of an old castle, a library, gymnasium, technical school. There is a trade in cattle, grain, wine and oil. Pop. 10,759.

SALEP, a demulcent and slightly nutritive drug, consisting of the oval tubers of certain orchids (Orchis mascula and O. morio), but not of the hand-shaped tubers of O. latifolia and other species. These tubers are prepared in central and southern Europe and in the Levant, and are dug up as soon as the flower-stalks decay, being then in best condition; the skin is rubbed off, and they are dried, appearing as brownish-yellow, translucent and horny bodies, inodorous and insipid in taste. The powdered salep, containing a large amount of mucilage and starch, makes a nutritious jelly with water, and is a suitable food for convalescents. The Tacca pinnatifida, growing in the islands of the Pacific, furnishes a starch called Otaheite or Tahiti salep.

SALERATUS, aerated salt; originally potassium bicarbonate, an imperfectly carbonated salt, formerly much used in cooking. The name is now commonly applied to the commercial article sodium bicarbonate, which is used in cookery to neutralize acidity and for raising dough through the evolution of carbonic acid, and is also a common constituent of bakingpowders.

SALERNO, sa-ler'no (Ital. sä-lĕr'nō), Italy, (1) capital and seaport of the province of the same name, on the Gulf of Salerno, 32 miles southeast of Naples. It stands upon an acclivity whose summit is crowned by the ruins of an ancient citadel, and is surrounded by a massive stone wall. The Marina is a broad promenade winding for one and one-half miles along the shore. The lava-paved streets are bordered with few good buildings, the chief of which is the cathedral (1084), of Gothic architecture, adorned with a portico of porphyry and Corinthian pillars from Pæstum - the ruins of which are in the vicinity. Here are the tombs of Margaret of Anjou, of Gregory_VII and a sepulchre containing the bones of Saint Matthew. Other edifices are the governor's palace, theatre, hospitals, churches and convents. It also has courts of justice, a seminary and a lyceum. The chief industries are cotton and silk spinning and printing. The manufactures are glass, ceramics, macaroni, iron and leather goods, thread, linen, etc. There is excellent wine in the neighborhood. Founded by the Greeks, Salerno became an important city under the Romans, passing into possession of the Goths and later to the Lombards, who in turn were expelled by the Normans. Of the ancient city, Salernum, are still to be seen several temples, an amphitheatre and a theatre. In the mediaval period it was celebrated for its school of medicine, founded by Robert Guiscard (11th century). It was annexed to the kingdom of Naples at a later period. Pop. 48,247. (2) The province has an area of 1,916 square miles. It occupies the extremity of Campania on the Tyrrhenian Sea. It is covered with spurs of the Apennines, the chief of which are Monte Cervati, Polveracchio, Alburno and Sacro. The principal streams are the Tusciano, Mingardo and Alerto; the products are wheat, corn, flax hemp, olives, figs, wine and fruit. Pop. 571,213. (3) The Gulf

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of Salerno, or Gulf of Pæstum, is a semi-circular indentation of the Mediterranean Sea, separated from the Bay of Naples by Point Campanellas. On its shores stand the picturesque and interesting towns of Amalfi and Salerno and the ruins of ancient Pæstum (q.v.).

SALERNO, School of (Schola Salernitana), a medical school at Salerno, Italy, famous in the Middle Ages, and important not so much for its contributions to medical knowledge as for its services in retaining the knowledge already possessed, through a period when all branches of learning were suffering decline, and forming a connection between ancient and modern medicine. As early as the 7th century some of the prelates of the Benedictine monastery at Salerno were famous for medical as well as other learning; but the school, or group of schools of medicine, which came into existence at Salerno was secular in character, the wives and daughters of the professors were often deeply learned and acted as teachers, and law and philosophy were taught as well as medicine. The school was at the height of its glory from the 9th to the 13th centuries; but from that time its decline was steady, owing to the more rapid advancement of other schools. At the zenith of the school's fame the city was known as Civitas Hippocrates, and it attracted many famous personages, among them William of Normandy, later Conqueror of England. The teachings of the school are fairly represented by existing works, but these are chiefly compilations founded on the teachings of Hippocrates and Galen. Such advances in knowledge as the school made were those of practical experience; and while a considerable knowledge of drugs was possessed at Salerno the treatment administered was in the main dietic. Anatomy they disregarded almost wholly. The médical school was dissolved by an edict of Napoleon in 1811, and the other departments closed in 1817.

SALES, sālz or säl, Saint Francis de. See FRANCIS DE SALES, SAINT.

SALES. A sale is a contract by which property is transferred for a price in money. Usually the term is restricted to the sale of personal property. A sale is differentiated from other transfers of property by the fact that it is of the general or absolute ownership and by the further fact that it is for a price. A contract to sell, also called an executory contract of sale, is a contract by which the seller is to transfer property to the buyer for a price which the latter pays or agrees to pay. A contract of sale may be absolute or conditional.

To constitute a valid sale, there must be, as in all contracts, competent parties and mutual consent. In addition, there must be a subject matter to be sold and a price or consideration in money. If the price exceeds a specified amount, the contract of sale, to comply with the Statute of Frauds, must generally be in writing unless there is a part payment or some of the goods are delivered and accepted. A contract for the sale of goods not yet acquired by the seller is construed to be a contract to sell. If parties agree upon a sale, but do not fix the price, the law implies a reasonable price. The acceptance of an offer to buy or sell may be expressed or implied. Many questions of real difficulty arise in the law as to

when title passes to the buyer, and the determination of the question is important in the law of insurance, liens, etc. Where a contract of sale provides that the buyer may return the goods or pay the price, the property in the goods ordinarily passes to the buyer subject only to a defeasance by the return of the goods. Under a completed sale of goods the title passes from the seller to the buyer immediately, at the place where the contract is completed. The intention of the parties controls if the sale is of specific or ascertained goods and this may be shown either by circumstances or declarations. If by the terms of the agreement any condition is to be performed or any material act to be done, as to identify the goods, the title generally does not pass until such act is performed. A sale on trial or approval is held to be a sale upon a condition precedent and the contract is executory, the title passing only after the buyer has accepted the goods.

Conditions are distinguished from warranties generally in that the former constitute the basis of the contract on a breach of which the parties may treat the contract as terminated, whereas a warranty is merely a collateral undertaking. Warranties are of two kinds: express and implied. Formerly the harsh rule of caveat emptor was applied to sales, but to-day the law protects the buyer by implying various warranties in contracts of sale. Generally speaking, an implied warranty arises on sales as to merchantability, title, fitness for purpose intended and that the goods shall fill the requirements of the contract, but not as to quantity, quality or value. See CONTRACT; WAR

RANTY.

The law of sales in England and Ireland has been much simplified by the Sale of Goods Act, passed in 1893. The law of Scotland differs somewhat from that of England as to distinctions between conditions and warranties and as to the application of the Statute of Frauds in relation to sales.

An effort has recently been made in the United States to simplify the law of sales by codification, and up to June 1917 this effort had met with substantial success by the enactment of the Uniform Sales Act in no less than 18 States of the Union.

EDWARD F. DONOVAN. SALESIAN FATHERS. See ORDERS, RE

LIGIOUS.

SALESMANSHIP, The Psychology of. The salesman like the advertiser must influence the minds of men. He must influence men to buy goods and to buy his particular goods. Serving in such a capacity a knowledge of the fundamental principles of psychology will generally add to his effectiveness. He, too, must know when and how to make use of argument, when to appeal to this motive and when to that one. He must know that in most acts of deliberation there is a point when the occurrence of an apparently insignificant idea will swing a possible customer to favorable or unfavorable action and he must respond to that situation with the suggestive word destined to close his sale.

That the sales world recognizes the importance of psychological knowledge as a part of each salesman's equipment is clearly shown

by the increasing number of books and articles intended to show how psychological fact may be used in increasing selling efficiency. Besides this there are growing up all over the country public and private sales schools and sales schools conducted by business organizations for their employees, all of which are teaching with varying degrees of success a new science of salesmanship which has as its basis the elementary principles of psychology.

The opinion is also spreading that not alone the salesman but also the man who employs him, needs psychological knowledge. The modern salesman is frequently given a thorough course of training before he is sent out to visit the customers of his firm or possible customers of his firm. Now modern educational methods rest upon a distinctly psychological basis, so he who would train men in a sales school must, like any other teacher, familiarize himself with educational psychology in certain aspects, at least, if he would make the most of the training period of his men.

Then there is another highly important application of psychology to the problems of the selling organization. The methods of selecting the sales force have been and are still in many instances of a surprisingly hit or miss character. As a new development, psychologists are being called in by certain progressive concerns to standardize their methods of selecting men. While the science of mental measurement is still in a comparatively undeveloped stage, certain facts regarding a man can be determined, with a fair degree of accuracy, by means of mental tests. For example, mental tests will give a strong indication of the general native intelligence of a man. This fact alone will not of course give complete information as to the selling ability of an applicant, but, all things considered, the greater native intelligence a man has the more likely he is to succeed in a selling position. So, when taken as additional information about an applicant, the information secured from such tests is highly valuable. Present mental tests investigations are hastening the day when more specific information about applicants for sales positions can be obtained by this method.

Psychological investigations into the problems of character traits, the judgment of such traits and their bearing upon specific lines of work are bringing out further results of great utility for the sales manager. In short, the sales organization, like all other organizations so intimately concerned with the modes of human thought and action and with the differences which we know exist between one inan and his neighbor, is sure to reap increasing benefits from the modern efforts of psychologists to work out practical solutions for the problems of the human failures and misfits.

WALTER DILL SCOTT, Director, Bureau of Salesmanship Research, Carnegie Institute of Technology, Pittsburgh. SALFORD, sâl'ford, England, a corporate town of Lancashire, adjoining Manchester, of which industrially and economically it is practically an integral portion, and with which it is connected by 16 bridges and several railroad viaducts; area, eight square miles. There are four parks, a museum and four public libraries. Pop. about 233,970. See MAN

CHESTER.

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ex

SALIC LAW, an ancient code or system of jurisprudence of the Salians, a tribe of Germans, who originally inhabited the country between the Meuse and the Rhine, but in the 5th century invading and conquering Gaul under Clovis, they founded the French monarchy. Their code appears to have been committed to writing about the 5th century, but according to Hallam it did not originate before the time of Clovis. The particular law, commonly called the Salic law, by which females were cluded from the throne of France, has been the subject of much dispute, and its modern application was probably fortuitous. The laws of the Salians do not appear to have usually excluded women from inheritance, and the particular law on which the exclusion rests did not originally refer to the crown, but to certain lands called Salic; and does not appear to have excluded women from the line of inheritance, but only from inheriting immediately. Its object may have been to secure the performance of military service. It remained in force from this time till the close of the French monarchy.

SALICIN, CHOT, a glucoside, discovered by Leroux, existing in the bark and leaves of most varieties of the willow and poplar. Colorless, silky, crystalline needles, bitter taste, soluble in water or alcohol. Boiling with dilute acid gives glucose and saligenin or salicyl alcohol. Oxidation gives salicylic acid. Used to some extent as an anti-periodic in malarial disorders, but not as efficient as quinine. Believed by some to be valuable as a substitute for salicylic acid in the treatment of rheumatism. Dose 10 to 30 grains.

SALICORNIA, a genus of the Chenopodiacea, with about 10 species, growing in saline soils, named from the saline properties of the genus, and the horn-like branches. The three American species are curious naked, jointed plants, sometimes two feet high, with many opposite terete branches and leaves reduced to mere scales at the nodes, and appearing to ensheath the upper joints. The flowers are also reduced to pistils and stamens, and are pocketed in groups in hollows at the axils of, and behind, the upper scales. They are succulent herbs, so brittle as to be called glassworts, and grow over such large areas of marsh lands that when their usual green hue turns to red in the autumn they form great patches of vivid color. Hence the common name marsh samphire. There are five or six known species, and some of them yield soda in large quantities, especially the Salicornia brachiata, common along the coasts of India and those of Indian salt-lakes.

SALICYLIC (sal-i-sil'ik) ACID AND SOME OF ITS IMPORTANT COMPOUNDS. Salicylic acid, ortho-oxy-benzoic acid, C.H..OH.COOH, occurs in the free condition in the buds of the Spirea ulmaria (meadow-sweet) and as a methyl ester in the oil of Gaultheria procumbens (wintergreen). It may be prepared by oxidation of saligenin, a compound obtained from salicin; also by action of carbon dioxide on dry sodium phenolate at ordinary temperatures. The resulting phenyl sodium carbonate is heated for several hours in an autoclave to about 285° when it is decomposed into dry sodium salicylate; which