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is dissolved in water, precipitated by a mineral acid and the acid purified by recrystallization. A very pure form is obtained by the action of alkalis on oil of wintergreen. Fine white needle-like crystals of a sweetish acid taste, slightly soluble in cold water, easily so in hot. Its aqueous solution assumes a violet hue upon the addition of a small amount of ferric chloride. It is a valuable antiseptic, the presence of even very small amounts being sufficient to prevent the decomposition of most animal and vegetable tissues or products. Formerly used extensively in the preservation of milk, beer, cider, meats, canned goods and other food products, it has more recently been condemned as injurious to the digestive organs and to the general health, and in many of the States its addition to foods is prohibited. It forms a number of crystalline salts of the metals, the most important being.

Sodium Salicylate, a white or pinkish white finely crystalline body, of a sweetish taste, soluble in water or alcohol. Often used as a preservative in place of the free acid, but the most important use is as a remedy for rheumatism, gout, etc. Dose from 10 to 30 grains. Methyl Salicylate, C.H..OH.CO.OCH, forms about 90 per cent of the oils of wintergreen and of birch. It may be made synthetically by the distillation of two parts salicylic acid, two parts methyl alcohol and one part concentrated sulphuric acid, and is then called synthetic oil of wintergreen. The compounds derived from salicylic acid that are used in medicine are very numerous, some of the important ones being Salicylanid, Saloi, Salophen, Betol, Salifebrin, Salipyrin, etc. They are used as antiseptics or as antirheumatics.

SALICYLOL, SALICYLIC ALDEHYDE, or ORTHO-OXY-BENZOIC ALDEHYDE, is a volatile oil occurring in the blossom of the meadow-sweet. May be obtained by careful oxidation of saligenin or salicin. An aromatic oil, colorless when pure but turning red on exposure to light and air, slightly soluble in water, easily so in alcohol. Used to some extent in the perfume industry, and as a flavoring substance. Said to be added to vermouth and other liqueurs.

SALIDA, sa-li'da or sa-le'da, Colo., city in Chaffee County, on the Denver and Rio Grande Railroad, 64 miles southwest of Colorado Springs. It is the centre of a mining region where iron, copper and silver are the principal ores; marble, onyx and limestone are also quarried in the vicinity, and agricultural, dairying and stock-raising interests are of some importance. Medicinal hot springs have made Salida a favorite health resort. It has good roads and some of the best mountain scenery in the West. The city contains large railroad shops, and two banks. The Rio Grande General Hospital is located here, and there is a public high school. The chief public buildings are the library, city hall and churches. The value of taxable property is $3,050,000. The government is vested in a mayor and council. The municipal receipts and expenditures average $38,000 yearly. Pop. 4,689.

SALII, să'li-i, priests of Mars in ancient Rome, so called from the Latin word salire, to leap and dance. Numa fixed their number at 12; Tullus Hostilius added another 12, who

were called Salii Collini. Their origin is thus accounted for by the Romans: In the time of Numa, Rome was desolated by a pestilence, which ceased when the gods let fall from heaven the “ancile” (a shield of a peculiar form). The soothsayers declared that this shield was the sign of the perpetuity of the Roman power, and advised that 11 others should be made similar to it, so that the true ancile could not be so easily purloined. This advice was followed. On the 1st of March every year when the Salii offered sacrifices to Mars they carried the shields about the city, clashing them together, executing warlike dances and singing the Salian hymns- ancient songs in praise of Mars and the other gods, and of distinguished men, particularly of Mamurius, who made the 11 shields. The dress of the Salii was a purple tunic embroidered with gold, and bound with a brazen belt, and a toga with a purple border. On their head they wore a high cap in the form of a cone, with a sword by their side, a spear or rod in their right hand and an ancile in their left. None but patrician youths whose parents were alive could be admitted among the Salii.

SALINA, să-lē'na, Kan., city, county-seat of Saline County, on the Smoky Hill River, and on the Union Pacific, the Missouri Pacific, the Atchison, Topeka and Santa Fé and the Chicago, Rock Island and Pacific railways, 110 miles west of Topeka. Salina was founded in 1857 by Col. William A. Phillips; became a borough in 1873 and a city in 1880. It is governed by a mayor and eight councilmen, elected for two years. It is the commercial centre for a fertile agricultural and stock-raising region, and a valuable salt springs and gypsum quarries are in the vicinity. It has several grain elevators and exports large quantities of grain; extensive flour and paper mills and other manufactories. Under the National Banking Act of 1913, the city is in Federal Reserve District No. 10, and in 1917 had two national banks with combined capital of $3,796,648. There are 11 denominational churches, high school, public library and Federal court buildings. It is the seat of Saint John's School (Protestant Episcopal), Kansas Wesleyan University, Normal University and the Kansas Wesleyan Business Col

lege. Pop. (1920) 15,085.

SALINA CRUZ, Mexico, Pacific seaport in the state of Oaxaca, 12 miles south of Tehuantepec, on the Tehuantepec Railroad, of which it is the southern terminal. It had a fine harbor and steamship connection with many foreign countries. Pop. 6,138.

SALINA FORMATION, or SALINA STAGE, in North American geology an important group of beds, belonging to the upper part of the Silurian series (q.v.), named from a township in Onondaga County, N. Y., where salt springs, issuing from this formation, were discovered in the 17th century by the Jesuit missionaries. The formation, which consists mainly of shales, with frequently extensive salt and gypsum beds, comes to the surface in an east and west belt extending from Herkimer County, N. Y., westward across the Niagara River into Canada. Its erosion has caused a belt of low, often swampy, country, averaging normally from 8 to 15 miles in width, which is followed by the Erie Canal and the New

York Central and other railroads. The formation extends across Canada, where its outcrop is chiefly drift-covered, into Michigan, where it comes to an end. Southward it is known in northern Ohio (500 feet thick) at a depth of 2,000 feet below the surface, but disappears in southern Ohio. Southeastward the formation is known in Pennsylvania and Maryland. The salt of the formation is distributed in irregular lenticular beds, which, with their outer stratified shale seams, often aggregate several hundred feet in thickness. The salt is largely obtained from wells by the leaching process and the solar evaporation of the brine. The chief localities where this is carried on in New York State are Syracuse and Warsaw. The beds of this formation are for the most part non-fossiliferous and were deposited in an enclosed basin or dead sea which characterized eastern North America in late Silurian time. See PALEOZOIC; Salt.

SALINAN (sä-lē'nan) INDIANS, named from Salinas River. A linguistic family of North American Indians formerly inhabiting parts of San Luis Obispo, Monterey and San Benita counties, California, their habitat extending from the Coast Range to the Pacific and from the headwaters of the Salinas River to near the present Solidad. They subsisted by hunting and fishing, ekeing out their livelihood by means of acorns, seeds and roots. They manufactured coiled basketry, but of their general habits and customs almost nothing is known. No name for themselves as a body, for their language or for any division, either in their own or in any other Indian language, is known. They were named by Lathman (1856) and Powell (1891), and are known to have practiced cremation. The missions of San Antonio (1771) and San Miguel (1797) were established among them by the Spanish fathers, the baptisms during the mission period numbering 4,400 and 2,400 respectively. The population gradually decreased, however, and now the stock is represented by only a score of individuals.

SALINAS, sa-le'năs, Cal., city and countyseat of Monterey County, 85 miles southeast of San Francisco, on the Southern Pacific and the Pajaro Consolidated railroads. It is situated in an agricultural and dairying region and sugarbeet culture is an important industry. In the town are machine shops and flour mills and nearby is a large beet-sugar factory. Pop. 4,308.

SALINAS, a river in California, in Monterey County, which flows north by west into Monterey Bay. It is about 150 miles long.

SALIS-SEEWIS, zä'lis-za'vis, Johann Gaudenz, BARON VON, Swiss poet: b. Seewis, canton of Grison, 26 Dec. 1762; d. there, 29 Jan. 1834. He went to Paris in 1779, entered the Swiss Guards and eventually became adjutant to Masséna. He lived in Switzerland after 1793, was influential in Swiss politics and until 1817 was inspector-general of the Swiss military forces. His verse was widely known and deals chiefly with nature. Several of his poems were translated by Longfellow. His collected verse appeared 'Gedichte' (1793; 12th ed., 1839).

SALISBURY, sâlz'bu-ri, Edward Eldridge, American philologist: b. Boston, Mass., 6 April 1814; d. New Haven, Conn., 5 Feb.

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1901. He was graduated from Yale in 1832 and from Yale Divinity School in 1835. After some years spent abroad in the study of Oriental languages, he was professor of Arabic and Sanskrit at Yale in 1841-54. On resigning the chair he provided an endowment for it and subsequently gave the university his Oriental library. He was president of the American Oriental Society in 1863 and for several years conducted its official organ. He was the author of a 'Discourse on Arabic and Sanskrit Literature' (1843); 'Principles of Domestic Taste' (1877); Genealogical and Biographical Monographs (3 vols., 1885-88), etc.

SALISBURY, Robert Arthur Talbot Gascoyne Cecil, 3D MARQUIS OF, English statesman: b. Hatfield, Hertfordshire, 3 Feb. 1830; d. there, 22 Aug. 1903. He was a descendant of the great Lord Burghley, Queen Elizabeth's Secretary of State. Educated at Eton and Oxford, he was elected a Fellow of All Souls' College in 1853 and in the same year was elected member of Parliament for Stamford in Lincolnshire. He held this seat as a Conservative or "Tory» until his succession to the marquisate on the death of his father in 1868. As a young man he visited Australia and New Zealand, where he worked for a time in the gold mines. While in the Commons he was known as Lord Robert Cecil, until the death of his elder brother in 1865, when he assumed the courtesy title of Viscount Cranborne. Between 1860 and 1883 he contributed 33 articles to the Quarterly Review on foreign affairs and weighty domestic problems. For some years, also, he wrote editorials on foreign affairs for the London Standard. In Parliament he quickly made his mark as a brilliant and caustic debater, active in the discussion of public measures and an uncompromising upholder of the central doctrine of conservatism, namely, that it is better to endure almost any political evil than to risk a breach of the historic continuity of government. In the Derby Cabinet (1866) he became Secretary of State for India, which post he resigned in 1867 because of the Reform bill. In 1869 he was elected chancellor of the University of Oxford, and was again sent to the India Office by Disraeli in 1874. At the close of the Turkish-Serbian War in 1876 he was sent as Special Ambassador to Constantinople, visiting the Paris, Berlin, Vienna and Rome chancelleries on the journey. He was virtually the leader of the seven plenary meetings held at the conference, which broke up in January 1877 on Turkey declaring that its recommendations of reform were inadmissible and Europe withdrew to await the inevitable war. At the end of the Russo-Turkish War (q.v.) Salisbury became Foreign Secretary three weeks after the signing of the Treaty of Saint Stefano, when he immediately issued the famous "Salisbury Circular." This was an admirable exposition of British policy in the Near East and declared that, as the position of Turkey had been settled by the Powers of Europe in the Treaty of Paris, 1856, the signatories thereto had the right and the duty to see that no modifications of it should be made without their consent. Russia recognized that the circular meant either war or a conference, and the Berlin Congress (q.v.) resulted. Beaconsfield and Salisbury represented Great Britain at the congress.

The Gladstone campaign of 1880 brought the Liberals into office and Salisbury into opposition till 1885, when Gladstone was defeated on a budget resolution. In June, Salisbury formed his first ministry, taking the Foreign Office for himself. In February of the following year (1886) Gladstone came into power again. By July he had introduced his first Home Rule bill and had been defeated, giving place to the second Salisbury administration, the latter again combining within himself the offices of Premier and Foreign Secretary. During this administration, which lasted till 1892, several measures of importance were introduced; but Home Rule, once more placed at the head of the Liberal program, aroused, through Gladstone's influence, so wide an interest that the general elections of June 1892 once more swept the Conservatives from office and Gladstone returned with a majority of 40. Perhaps the most memorable achievement of Lord Salisbury's foreign policy was the AngloGerman agreement with regard to Africa (1890), by which the relations of Germany, Portugal and Great Britain in Africa were settled and "spheres of influence" were marked off. England obtained the protectorate of Zanzibar and gave Germany the island of Heligoland. When the second Home Rule bill was thrown out by the House of Lords, Gladstone relinquished the premiership to the Earl of Rosebery, who resigned in 1895. Salisbury then entered on his third and last premiership, from 2 July 1895 to 11 July 1902. He had to deal with the Armenian and Cretan questions, with the Chinese imbroglio, the Venezuelan boundary controversy and the South African War (1899-1902). After the 1900 elections, by which the government received a popular mandate to carry the war on "to a finish." Lord Salisbury reconstructed his cabinet and handed the Foreign Office over to Lord Lansdowne. Salisbury withdrew from public life 11 July 1902 and was succeeded as Premier by his nephew, Mr. Arthur James Balfour (q.v.). Between 1895 and 1902 the leading figure in the government was the late Joseph Chamberlain, Colonial Secretary, a former bitter antagonist of Salisbury. Throughout his long public career of 47 years, the Marquis of Salisbury was a consistent Tory. He had many intellectual gifts; an extensive knowledge, a mastery of the English language, a mordant and effective style in debate and a singular mental clearsightedness. He saw so clearly and stated so plainly the reasons against any particular course of action that he frequently seemed to stop the way to any action at all. On occasion, too, he asserted the claims of his country with such unflinching and rigid logic as to place the other side in a position of difficulty and almost of humiliation, though he was not prepared to follow up his words by deeds, and was quite ready to accept a compromise. He harbored a strong dislike and a mistrust of Germany; he regarded the ambitions of that country as a standing menace to England. In later years he attempted to bring about a better understanding with Germany, as well as with France and Russia. From the outset of the SpanishAmerican War he strongly set his face against the scheme of a European coalition in favor of Spain. Of a scientific bent of mind- he was an expert electrician and a keen student of

chemistry-Lord Salisbury was entirely indifferent to public opinion and impatient of ceremonial and court functions. In his early career he rather mistrusted the masses, a sentiment gradually replaced in later years by an unswerving belief in the solid sense of his countrymen. He never played to the gallery or made flowery speeches. Yet he ultimately acquired the supreme confidence of both partisans and opponents, simply because he was above the political temptations of ordinary men.

Bibliography.-Aitkin, The Marquis of Salisbury (London 1902); Butler, G. G., The Tory Tradition' (ib. 1914); Dennis, G. R., 'The Cecil Family (Boston, Mass., 1914); How, F. D., The Marquis of Salisbury' (London 1902); Jeyes, S. H., The Life and Times of the Most Honorable the Marquis of Salisbury' (ib. 1896); McCarthy, J. (in 'British Political Portraits, New York 1903); Pulling, F. S., 'The Life and Speeches of the Marquis of Salisbury, K.G.' (London 1885); Traill, H. D., 'The Marquis of Salisbury) (1891 and 1906); Whates, W. T., 'The Third Salisbury Administration (ib. 1900).

SALISBURY, Rollin D., American geologist: b. Spring Prairie, Wis., 17 Aug. 1858; d. Chicago, Ill., 15 Aug. 1922. He was graduated from Beloit College, Wisconsin, and taught in the academy of that institution in 1881-83. He accepted the chair of geology there in 1884, occupying it until 1891 with the exception of 1887-88, which he spent at the University of Heidelberg. He was professor of general and geographic geology in the University of Wisconsin from 1891-92 and in the latter year became professor of geographic geology in the University of Chicago, which position he held until his death. He was dean of the university colleges from 1894-96 and dean of the Ogden Graduate School of Science after 1899. From 1903 to 1919 he was head of the department of geography and from 1919 until his death, head of the department of geology. He was connected with the United States Geological Survey (glacial division) from 1882-94, and a geologist of the Survey thereafter. From 1891 to 1915 he was geologist in charge of Pleistocene geology of New Jersey. His works include 'Geography of Chicago and its Environs,' with W. C. Alden (1899); Geography of the Region about Devil's Lake and the Dalles of Wisconsin' with W. W. Atwood (1900); a threevolume treatise on Geology,' with Prof. T. C. Chamberlin; College Geology' and 'Introductory Geology,' with the same author; 'Physiography, Advanced Course'; two smaller works on physiography: 'Elements of Geography,' with Prof. H. H. Barrows and W. S. Tower, and 'Modern Geography,' with the same authors.

SALISBURY, formerly FORT SALISBURY, Africa, capital of Southern Rhodesia, in Mashonaland, 372 miles by rail from Beira on the eastern coast, and 298 miles by rail north of Buluwayo. Its two parts are known as the Causeway and Kopje, separated by an intervening space of about three-quarters of a mile. Municipal and government offices have been established; and there are several hospitals, a cathedral, stock exchange and other buildings. Causeway is the residential district and government headquarters; the Kopje, the

business district. Gold and coal mines abound in the environs, and the plateau is suitable for agriculture. The increasing native and European population includes over 500 whites.

SALISBURY, Conn., town, Litchfield County, on the Housatonic River, and on the Philadelphia, Reading and New England Railroad, 63 miles northwest of Hartford. The town contains the villages of Salisbury, Lakeville, Lime Rock, Chapinville and Ore Hill. It was first settled about 1720 by Dutch from New York; New England settlers came to the town about 1740 and it was incorporated in 1741. The mining of the iron ore found in the vicinity soon became an important industry, and during the Revolutionary War much of the cannon, shot, etc., for the colonies was made at Salisbury. The iron mines continue to yield ore of excellent quality, and the town has several blast furnaces, also a cutlery factory, a railroad machine shop and a foundry. The region is hilly, and the township contains Bear Mountain, the highest elevation in the State. The Connecticut School for Imbeciles is located here; there is a public academy (high school), a public library, established by the Library Association in 1771; also Saint Austin's School, a Protestant Episcopal secondary school, Saint Mary's Convent, Hotchkiss School, Scoville Memorial Library. Pop. 3,522.

SALISBURY, or NEW SARUM, nu-sa' rum, England, a cathedral city, the capital of Wiltshire, 80 miles southwest of London, stands on the Avon at its confluence with several smaller branches. It is built in modern style, and the streams by which it is divided are crossed by bridges which connect the various sections of the town. Most conspicuous among the public buildings is the splendid cathedral, dating from 1220, one of the grandest and most interesting specimens of Gothic architecture in England. It is in the form of a double cross, with a graceful and exquisite interior and has a spire 404 feet high. The light and airy pillars and pilasters are of Purbeck shell marble. There is some stained glass, and many interesting old monuments. Within the spacious precincts of the cathedral are the episcopal palace, the deanery and other buildings. There are three parish churches in the town, besides a Roman Catholic chapel, an artistic structure. The market-place is a central wide open space, at the southeast corner of which stands the council-house, with a handsome Doric portico. Saint Nicholas Hospital and the Poultry Cross are ancient edifices of some architectural merit. Educational and charitable institutions are numerous. Salisbury was formerly renowned for its manufactures of woolens and cutlery, but is at present chiefly important as a distributing centre. Pop. 21,476.

SALISBURY, Md., village, county-seat of Wicomico County, on the Wicomico River, and on the Baltimore, Chesapeake and Atlantic, and the New York, Philadelphia and Norfolk railroads, 84 miles southeast of Baltimore. It is in an agricultural and lumbering region, and has a large trade, exporting chiefly grain, fruit, vegetables and lumber. The most important manufacturing establishment is a yellow pine box factory, the largest in the United States; there are also saw and planing mills, flour mills and a wool carding mill. There

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are (1917) two national banks, with combined capital of $180,000 and resources of $1,633,985. The village has a public high school established in 1872. Pop. about (1920) 7,502.

SALISBURY, N. C., city, county-seat of Rowan County, on the Southern railroad, 130 miles west of Raleigh. It was originally settled by English churchmen from Salisbury, England, and was named for that city; it was selected as the county-seat as early as 1753, but was not chartered until 1770. It is the centre of an agricultural and mining region; and contains tobacco-factories, iron foundries, machine shops, railroad workshops, tanneries and cotton and woolen mills. There are (1917) two national banks, with combined capital of $150,000 and resources of $1,737,757, and a State bank. The city has a public high school, established in 1899; and it is also the seat of Livingston College, established in 1882, by the African Methodist Episcopal Church, for the education of the colored race, and the State Colored Normal School. Pop. (1920) 13,884.

SALISBURY PLAIN, England, in the county of Wilts, is a high rolling plain of considerable extent and of chalky formation, from which diverage the majority of the hill chains of central and southern England. The name applies actually to the district lying between Salisbury and Devizes, although the plain may be said to extend both north and south of Salisbury. It is about 20 miles long, by 14 broad, the greater length being from north to south. Eight miles north of Salisbury upon this plain stands the historical and desolate Stonehenge (q.v.).

SALISHAN (sa'lish-an) INDIANS (Okinagan, sälst, “people”), referring specifically to the Flathead Indians, hence Salish, or Selish, of which the stock name is an adaptation. A linguistic stock of North American Indians comprising a large number of tribes or bands, most of them insignificant in numbers,, the original habitat of which included an isolated area on the Oregon Coast, occupied by the Tillamook and Nestucca, who were separated from their congeners to the north by Chinookan and Athapascan tribes; then beginning on the northern coast of Shoalwater Bay, Salishan tribes occupied the entire northwestern part of Washington, including the Puget Sound region, excepting small tracts about Cape Flattery and southward, and near Port Townsend, which were held by Chimakuan tribes. Eastern Vancouver Islands was also inhabited by Salishan tribes, while the greater part of their territory lay on the mainland opposite, including much of the upper Columbia. On the south they were hemmed in mainly by Shahaptian tribes; on the east they dwelt to a little beyond the Arrow lakes and their feeder, one of the extreme northern forks of the Columbia, where they were met by Lewis and Clark in 1804. On the northeast Salishan territory extended to about lat. 53°. In the northwest the main area did not reach Chilcat River, but the Bellacoola occupied an isolated area on Dean Inlet, Burke Channel and Bellacoola River, British Columbia. The Salashan tribes were successively visited by Juan de Fuca (1592), by the Spanish navigators who later explored the coast, by George Vancouver (1792-94) and by Lewis and Clark (1804-06), who gave the first

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definite information regarding them. The furtraders penetrated their country early in the 19th century and while Astoria, at the mouth of the Columbia, was not founded within their immediate territory, its establishment formed the beginning of the change in the primitive condition of the Salishan and the surrounding tribes which perhaps reached its climax soon after the establishment of the trading post at Victoria, British Columbia., in 1843. In their habits and customs the Salishan Indians may be divided into the coast and the interior groups. Among the former, at least, the gentile system is recognized, descent being in the male line; their houses are long communal structures, built of puncheons and designed to accommodate several families, each with its own fire. Sea products formed their chief sustenance; the canoe played an important part in their daily life; slavery was practised, and the potlatch, a curious institution which consisted of elaborate feasting and the distribution of personal property, held sway to such an extent as frequently to impoverish the most progressive members of the tribe. The interior Salishan tribes hunted and fished for salmon in the many streams that drain their former territory. Their houses, unlike those of the coast, were conical and constructed of poles covered with grass, pine-needles, bark and earth. The custom of head-flattening was practised particularly among the coast Salish, but, strange as it may seem, this habit did not prevail among those members of the stock now designated by the name "Flatheads." There are many tribes or sub-tribes of the Salishan stock in Washington, Montana and British Columbia, numbering in all about 18,500 individuals, of whom about 8,000 are within the limits of the United States. The principal Salishan tribes within Canadian territory are the Lillovet, Okinagan, Thompson Indians and Lhuswap. Of the population of the Canadian divisions of the stock little reliable information is obtainable, as many tribes or tribal divisions are assembled on each of several reservations, only the combined population of which is known. These are distributed as follows: Fraser River Agency, about 5,000; Kamloop's Agency, about 2,600; Cowichan Agency, about 1,850; Okinagan Agency, 950; Williams Lake Agency, 1,900; Kootenay Agency, 50. The principal Salishan tribes or bands on reservations in the United States are:

Colville Agency, Washington.- Cœur d'Alêne (Skitsuish), 474; Colville, 296; Kalispel or Pend d'Oreilles, 150; Lake or Senijextee, 307; Spokane, 653; Okinagan, 575; Sanpoil and Nespelim, 400, making a total of 12,350.

Puyallup Agency, Washington.- Chehalis, 156; Georgetown, Humptulip, Quaitso and Quinaiel, 324; Nisqualli, 107; Puyallup, 536; Skallam or Clallam, 317; Skokomish, 165; Squaxon, 118.

Tulalip Agency, Washington.- Lummi, 340; Muckleshoot (collective), 148; Port Madison, 150; Swinomish, 313; Tulalip, 488.

At Large in Washington.- Nooksak, 200; Piskwans or Wenatchi, 166.

Flathead Agency, Montana.- Charlot's band of Flatheads, 157; Confederated Flatheads, Pend d'Oreilles and Kootenai, 1,310; Lower Kalispel or Pend d'Oreilles, 53; Spokan, 77.

Since the above statistics were published many of the younger Indians have left the reservations and gone into civilized life, which has reduced those remaining on the various agencies to over 10,000 in Canada and over 8,000 in the United States. Consult Curtis, E. S., Indian Days of the Long Ago' (Yonkers 1914); Farrand, L., Basket Designs of the Salish Indians' (New York 1900); Trey, A., Von Salis-Seervis' (Frauenfeld 1889); HillTout, C., British North America' (London 1907); Hodge, 'Handbook of American Indians' (Washington 1910); Pöder, G. W., 'Der Dichter Johann Gaudenz von Salis-Seervis' (Saint Gall 1863); Smet, P. J. de, 'Letters and Sketches) (Philadelphia 1843).

SALIVA. See SALIVARY GLANDS.

SALIVARY GLANDS, the glands which secrete saliva, the fluid of the mouth, or spittle. By means of these secretions the food in the mouth is brought to a pulpy state, and through the chemical action of saliva certain changes are effected in the constituents of the food. In man the salivary glands comprise three pairs, as in the mammalian class generally. Of these the largest is the parotid gland, lying in front of the ear, before the mastoid process of the temporal bone, and behind the ramus of the lower jaw. Its duct is the parotid duct, or duct of Steno. It opens into the mouth opposite the second upper premolar tooth. This gland measures from two and one-half to three inches in length, and is supplied with blood by branches from the main trunk of the external carotid artery, from the temporal, facial and other blood-vessels. The nerve supply is chiefly derived from the vegetative nervous system. The submaxillary gland, next in size, is in the lower portion of the lower jaw, above the digastric muscle. Its duct (Wharton's duct) is about two inches long, and its arteries and veins are derived from the facial and lingual vessels. The third distinct salivary gland, the sublingual, is still smaller, and is situated on the floor of the mouth, beneath the front part of the tongue. It is from one and one-half to two inches through its long axis. Its numerous ducts open on the floor of the mouth by many minute apertures. The excretory ducts of subsidiary glands in the mouth open simply on the mucous membrane of the mouth. The minute microscopic structures of the salivary glands are composed of lobes in turn composed of lobules, each of which contains a small branch of the main duct of the gland, the subdivisions of which ultimately terminate in minute vesicles or sacs, known as acini. The salivary fluid as found in the mouth is usually mixed with the mucus secreted by the mucous or lining membrane of the mouth, and is thus rendered of viscid consistence.

or

Salivary glands are absent in some mammals, as whales; in some reptiles, as crocodiles; and in most fishes. In mammals alone salivary glands are present of the definite structure seen in man; but in many reptiles, as in serpents, definite (buccal) glands exist, within the inside margin of the jaws. In birds the submaxillary glands may be of large size; and in some forms, as woodpeckers, the saliva may be normally of a viscid consistence, adapted for smearing the tongue, and for thus aiding in the capture of insect-prey. Swifts, as is well