when combined with mercury, the symptoms of syphilis rapidly improve, and the Wassermann test, which should be repeated every month or two, will indicate the progressive destruction and disappearance of the spirochetes.

There is no definite time limit within which salvarsan or neosalvarsan, in connection with mercury, should be used; it may be a year; it may be much longer. A persistent negative Wassermann reaction indicates the disappearance of the cause of the disease, but just when this limit will be reached it will be impossible to predict in any given case. The use of salvarsan and the neosalvarsans has also been extended to the treatment of relapsing fever, scarlet fever, malaria and various nervous diseases including cholera.

ANDREW F. CURRIER, M.D., Associate Surgeon, New York Woman's Hospital.

SALVATIERRA, säl-vä-tē-ĕr'rä, Mexico, city in the state of Guanajuato, on the Rio Lerma, and the Celayo-Acambaro railroads, 50 miles southwest of Queretaro. The chief industry is cotton-spinning. Pop. 14,322.

SALVATION ARMY, The. The story of The Salavation Army is the story of an aggressive religious organization that has won its way around the world entirely on its own merits and has built itself up from what had hitherto been regarded as most unpromising material. The Army is organized on military principles, with a view to reaching the nonchurchgoing masses of the world. It was first started in July 1865, in the East End of London as the Christian Mission. Thirteen years later, at Christmas 1878, it received the name of The Salvation Army. Since then its growth throughout the world has been phenomenal. The late Gen. William Booth (q.v.), its wellknown father and founder was born in Nottingham, England, on 10 April 1829; d. London, 20 Aug. 1912. In 1852 he entered the ministry of the Methodist Church and became a powerful evangelist, attracting immense crowds and witnessing thousands of conversions. Finding, however, that the churchless masses could not be reached by ordinary methods, he resigned his pastorate and established the Christian Mission which afterward developed into The Army. In this he was ably assisted by his wife, Catherine Booth, who was familiarly known as the Mother of The Salvation Army. She was born in 1829 and died on 4 Oct. 1890. She was regarded by many as the most eloquent and powerful woman speaker of the century and did more than any other to open up the way for women to preach the Gospel. The absolute equality of women as leaders, officeholders and preachers became one of the cardinal planks in The Army platform. As a temperance movement the value of the work of The Army cannot be over-estimated. It has been said that The Salvation Army has been the means of converting hundreds of thousands of confirmed drunkards. As total abstinence is a condition of membership, this can be readily understood.

The international headquarters of The Army are in London. Its world-wide operations are carried on in 61 countries and colonies, embracing 9,673 posts, under the charge of 23,200 officers and employees, with 61,685 local officers, 28,150 brass bandsmen. Eighty periodicals are pub

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lished in 35 languages, with a weekly circulation of about 205,000. There are 1,173 social relief institutions and 615 day schools in the world, under the charge of nearly 3,100 officers and employees. About 7,399 fallen women annually pass through the 119 rescue homes and from 80 to 90 per cent of these are permanently restored to lives of virtue. About 2,701 ex-convicts pass annually through the prison gate homes. There are 147 slum settlements in the poorest districts of great cities, the worst dives, saloons and tenements being regularly visited. The number of annual conversions in connection with the spiritual work have averaged from 225,000 to 275,000 during the past 10 years, making a total of approximately 2,500,000, of whom not less than 250,000 were converted from lives of drunkenness.

The headquarters of The Salvation Army in America are in New York. Commander Evangeline Booth, daughter of the founder of The Army, is in charge of the work. A separate territory has been formed of the country west of the Mississippi, under Commissioner Thomas Estell, with headquarters in Chicago. The first party of officers, under Commissioner George Railton, landed in New York in March 1880.

The social relief work of The Salvation Army rose, without deliberate plan, to meet certain immediate needs. After 25 years of application The Salvation Army has trained a large body of men and women who are experts on all questions of social relief. Municipal governments in all parts of the country call its officers to council on the problems of poverty and unemployment and the criminal and its various homes in many cities are considered necessary parts of the corrective system. The Prison work of The Salvation Army has made long strides during the last 10 years and its prison department is assuming considerable worth to the parole boards of several States.

Training colleges for cadets have been established for the training of officers in New York and Chicago.

The principal literature of The Salvation Army includes the following books: 'Darkest England, Religion for Everyday' and 'Training of Children,' by General William Booth; 'Servants of All' and 'Bible Battle Axes,' by Bramwell Booth and the Life of Catherine Booth, the Life of Consul Emma Booth Tucker,' by F. Booth Tucker; 'Helps to Holiness' and 'When the Holy Ghost is Come,' by Col. S. L. Boeagle. Its weekly papers are the War Cry, with a circulation of 70,000, the Strids Ropet (Swedish War Cry), 9,000 fortnightly and the Young Soldier, 38,000, issued for children.

SALVATOR, one of the names of the monitor lizard; and also applied to a South American lizard, the teju (q.v.).

SALVE REGINA, săl'vē re-jï'na, the first words of a prayer addressed to the Mother of Christ, in Roman Catholic religious services. The words are also applied to the music used in connection with the prayer.

SALVIA, a large genus of the Labiata, occurring in temperature or warm regions, sev

eral living in the southwestern United States. They range in size from herbs to shrubs, in foliage from entire to pinnatifid leaves and in inflorescence, from axillary to panicled. The flowers are sometimes two inches long and of nearly every hue except yellow; and the floral leaves are often changed into colored bracts, adding to their brilliance. The genus is remarkable for the arrangements made for crossfertilization. The blossoms have a two-lipped corolla, two rudiments of stamens and two polliniferous stamens. The latter stand at the entrance to the throat of the flower, have short immovable filaments and a very long connective between the two anther cells of which the lower is abortive. This connective is crescent-shaped, the horns pointing outward and rocks upon the filament in such a manner that a bee entering the blossom pushes back the lower arm and brings down the other on its back, so that the pollen-filled anther cell deposits part of its contents there.

Salvia officinalis, the common sage (q.v.) and many others are cultivated either for savory herbs or for their flowers; or, as in the Clarys (S. selarea), for colored bracts; or, as in S. argentea, for its wholly white foliage.

SALVINI, säl-vē'nē, Tommaso, Italian tragedian: b. Milan, 1 Jan. 1829; d. 1 Jan. 1916. He began his studies at Florence but showing a talent for acting, his father, who was an actor, put him under the instruction of Gustavo Modena and at 16 he entered upon his stage career. In 1849 he left the stage to take part in the war of Italian independence, was made a corporal and served throughout the siege of Rome. He returned to the stage the following year and acted in the company with Adelaide Ristori. He soon began the study of those parts that he later played with such success, orosmane in Zaïre, Oreste,' the 'Saul' of Alfieri and Shakespeare's 'Hamlet' and 'Othello. His success in Italy was such as to warrant him in looking abroad for honors and he next appeared at Paris where the critics were equally enthusiastic in his praise. In 1865 he took part at Florence in the celebration of the 600th anniversary of the birth of Dante, reciting pasages from the Divine Comedy.' He played in various cities of Spain and in 1871 went to South America to play at Montevideo, Buenos Aires and Rio de Janeiro. In 1873 he appeared for the first time in the United States, enacting Othello at the Academy of Music, New York, 16 September. In 1875 he appeared in London. He afterward played in many parts of Europe and again in America in 1880, his supporting company being American actors, speaking English while he spoke Italian. He has made five visits in all to the United States; in one of these (1886) playing Othello to Edwin Booth's Iago and the Ghost to the other's Hamlet. He retired from the stage in 1891. Besides parts already mentioned he has appeared with distinction in the Egisto of Alfieri's 'Merope'; Palo in Francesca da Rimini'; Edipus in a play of that name written for him by Nicolini; Conrad in 'La Morte Civile'; in 'Sampson, the Gladiator, Macbeth,' 'King Lear, Coriolanus,' and finally in 1891 at FlorIago. Consult Winter, William, 'Shadows of the Stage' (New York 1892); id., The Wallet of Time' (ib., 1913); 'Leaves

ence

as

from the Autobiography of Tommaso Salvini' (London and New York 1893).

common

SALVINIA, a genus of an aquatic family (Salviniacea) of cryptogams. They are floating plants, widely distributed in warm regions and not far removed from the ferns. S. natans, in southern Europe and tropical America, has a sparingly branched stem lying on the water and develops three leaves at each node; two of these float as oval, green, and papillose foliage, hairy underneath, while the submerged third is divided into numerous hairy filaments, hanging like tassels in the water and metamorphosed into absorptive organs, that appear to be true roots, but are not. The spherical sporocarps, or sori, are borne near the junction of these filaments with the stem and are generally in groups of three, each enclosed in a cuplike growth from the filament, like the indusium of a fern and enclosing unisexual sporangia. The sporangia are composed of either microspores or macrospores. The microspores form antheridia and liberate spermatozoids which fertilize the archegonia developed by the macrospores. Several species of the Salviniacea are useful in aquaria.

or

SALWIN, säl'wen, SALWEEN, SALUEN, Burma, the most important river of the country. It has its source in the Tanla Mountains, south of the Kuen Lun, drawing also from the Kara Nor, some of its water. At its source, it is known as Nagtschu, and consists of the united volume of water coming from the glaciers of the mountain streams rising on the Tibetan plateaus. Its name among the Chinese is Lu-Tse-Kiang. The Burmese call it Thanlwin. About 160 Kilometers from its mouth appear many dangerous rapids, a great menace to navigation. The current is variable. It is a wild and picturesque stream, whose aspect varies greatly in the dry and wet seasons. After the rains the water washes high up the slopes against the trees of the forests; the average difference between high and low water amounting to from 50 to 90 feet. In the lower part of its course, islands also obstruct navigation (not visible at high water). The worst part is the gorge between the Yônzalin and Kyankhnyat rivers. Many ferries are used to cross the river and at these points villages are built on the heights above. There are a few bridges in Chinese territory. The Salwin's chief tributaries are the Nam Yu, Nam Oi, Hsipa Haw, Nam Nim, Nam Ting, Nam Kyek, Nam Nang, Nam Koa, Nam Hka and Nam Pangits largest tributary,- the Nam Hsim, Me Sili and Me Sala; the Nam Hang, Nam Pan, Nam Teng, Nam Pawn, the Thaung-yin and the Yônzalin. The Salwin cuts the British Shan states almost in two. Kyodam, the great timber depot, lies 30 miles below the junction of the Thaung-yin and the Salwin. A cable stretched across the river at this point catches all the timber (teak), which is made into rafts and floated down to Kado near Maulmein (where the revenue is collected). From Kyodan southward and as far as Shwegôn, 63 miles from Maulmein, boats and steamers of light draft can safely navigate. The area of the Salwin Basin is 62,700 square miles. Its length 800 miles, breadth from one to four miles.

SALZBRUNN, zälts'broon, Germany, a group of three villages (New, Lower and Upper Salzbrunn), in Prussian Silesia, 30 miles southwest of Breslau. It is famous as a watering place and has eight mineral springs. The water is alkalo-saline. Many thousand bottles are exported annually and several thousand persons visit the springs in the season. The water is especially adapted to pulmonary complaints. There are various industrial works, including glass and porcelain factories, wool looms, coal mines and brickyards. Pop. 6,459.

Across

SALZBURG, zälts'boorg, Austria, (1) capital of the duchy or province of that name, occupies a position of singular beauty on the Salzbach, 87 miles southeast of Munich. It lies in a valley from which tower the wooded slopes of the Salzburg Alps. The steep sides of the Mönchsberg rise from the midst of the town, rocky and rugged. In the ancient cemetery of Saint Peter, the vaults are hewn in rocky clefts. Many of the private and public buildings are handsome marble structures and are suggestive of the Italian. Shady promenades skirt the winding river. The cathedral is a fine specimen of Renaissance, built in 1614-28 in imitation of Saint Peter's. A monument to Mozart, who was born here, stands in MozartPlatz. The present palace of the archbishops is an imposing edifice, opposite to which are the government offices and law courts. the river is the Mirabell palace, once the_summer residence of the prince-archbishops. There are 24 churches, a theological seminary and schools, hospitals, fine libraries, a museum, riding schools, etc. Salzburg is a very popular summer resort, which contributes much to its development and progress. A park, theatre, art gallery and baths are among the most recent improvements. There are numerous benevolent and charitable institutions. Salzburg engages in a variety of small manufactures, such as musical instruments, marble ornaments, ironwares, cement, artificial wool, etc. Its trade is improving. Its origin and development were equally ecclesiastical, its archbishops German princes. The monastery and bishopric founded here (500-700) by Saint Rupert of Worms, was the nucleus of the present town. It has been the scene of several religious conflicts and is distinctively Catholic. Pop. about 38,000. (2) The duchy covers an area of 2,762 square miles. It is characteristically mountainous with longitudinal valleys intersecting the hills. Of the 200 lakes, Lake Zell is celebrated for its wondrous mountain panorama. It has many mineral and thermal springs and valuable mines and forests. Pop. about 200,000.

SALZMANN, zälts'man, Christian Gotthilf, German Protestant clergyman and educator: b. Sommerda, Thuringia, 1 June 1744; d. Schnepfenthal, 31 Oct. 1811. He was eduIcated at Jena, served as pastor in 1768-81 and was teacher of morals and religion at the Philanthropinum, Dessau, in 1781-84. He was a believer in the natural religion, and the school which he established at Schnepfenthal was organized on especially broad principles. Salzmann held the theory that isolation was a requisite of moral education, was a determined opponent of many methods of teaching then in force and held the faults of the pupil to be

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justly credited to the master. His school attained a considerable reputation and was continued after his death. His writings on educational matters were extensive, most of them being in the form of fiction or of satire upon prevalent practice in instruction. Author of Krebsbüchlein' (1780); Karl von Karlsberg' (1780-86); Konrad Kiefer (1794); Ameisenbüchlein (1806), etc. His collected works were published (12 vols., Stuttgart 1845-46). Recent editions are those of Wagner in 'Klassiker der Pädagogik (1900) and Ackerman in 'Bibliothek pädagogische Klassiker (1897-1901). Consult the Memoir' published by the school at its centennary in 1884.

SÁMAL, sä'mäl, an island of the Philippines in the northern part of Davao Bay forming the east shore of Pasiputan Strait, length 17 miles, width 13 miles, area 140 square miles. Its general elevation is 820 feet, some parts of the shores are low and wooded and other portions are high and rocky. The soil is fertile, and chocolate is the chief product; excellent timber is also obtained. The island is well populated, having seven small towns on its

western coast.

SAMALES, sä-mä’lēz, (1) a small tribe of the Philippine Islands, living on the island of Samal in the Gulf of Daváo, on the east coast of the island of Mindanao. They are of the Malay race. (2) The name sometimes given to the Moros inhabiting the islands between Basilan and Sulu, Philippines; they are also called Sámales-Laút.

SAMANA (sä-mä-nä') BAY, an indentation of the eastern coast of Santo Domingo, Haiti, 30 miles long and 10 miles wide. It affords an excellent harbor, being well sheltered and deep, capable of accommodating the largest vessels. The ports of Sanchez and Santa Barbara de Samana are on the north coast. The bay has an important position near the route from the United States to the Isthmus of Panama; in 1870 a treaty was negotiated providing for its purchase by the United States, which the United States Senate refused to ratify.

SAMAR, sä'mär, an island of the Philippines, the third in size of the archipelago. It lies southeast of Luzon, in the extreme northeastern part of the Visayan group and east of Leyte, from which it is separated by the narrow strait of San Juanico; length northwest and southeast 156 miles; width 75 miles; area 5,198 square miles, with dependent islands 5,488 square miles. A central mountain chain traverses the island from northwest to southeast, being divided near the centre by the valley of the Ulut River; there is also a group of mountains in the extreme northwest. Their height rarely exceeds 1,700 to 1,800 feet. The island has a number of rivers, of which the largest and most important are the Oras and Ulut on the east, the Bató on the north and the Gándara on the west, and there are four lakes. Among the natural curiosities is an arch over the Basey River formed by two limestone rocks from 34 to 40 feet high. In the rocks on the left a cave opens 37 feet above the water, which is 94 feet deep; it has been partially destroyed by the caving of the rocks overhead. The place is known

as the Cuevas de Sojotón. The soil is fertile and adapted to the production of all the staples of the Philippines; the most important products are hemp, sugar, rice and cocoanuts; the hemp product for export amounted to over 21,000,000 pounds in a single year. Coffee, chocolate, tobacco and wheat are also cultivated in abundance. A number of medicinal plants grow on the island, the most famous being the one producing the seed called "isigud," or the "fruit of San Ignacio," also known as "Catbalogan seed," because large quantities of it are grown near the town of Catbalogan. This is highly prized by the Chinese as an efficacious remedy for cholera. Valuable timber is found; bamboo and rattan are abundant, and wax and honey are obtained in large quantities. Coal, gold and copper are found in the mountains, but have not been mined. The raising of horses, cattle, hogs and goats is an important industry. Sugar and cocoanut-oil are manufactured and there are other manufactures for domestic Though there are few roads in the island there is good communication with the interior by means of the rivers which are navigable for native boats. There is also an extensive coastwise trade and trade with Manila. The people of Sámar are of Visayan blood, representing most fully the characteristics of the Malay race. They are, as a rule, industrious. Some native refugees, about 10,000, live in the mountains, practically independent and savage in their manner and customs. During the last insurrection there was an insurgent stronghold at Sojoton which was captured by United States troops in November 1901. The island of Sámar with its adjacent islands was constituted a province and placed under civil government in 1902, in accordance with the provincial government act of the Philippine Commission. Pop. 266,237.

use.

SAMARA, sä-mä'rä, Russia, (1) capital of a province of the same name, at the junction of the Samara River with the Volga, 550 miles southeast of Moscow. It is the seat of a governor and of a bishop, and one of the main ports of the Volga. Its principal buildings are its churches mostly Russian-convents, schools and seminaries; theatres, banks, industrial establishments, philanthropical institutions, public libraries and museums. Its manufactures include machinery, leather, soap, etc. There is an enormous trade in corn, hides and meat, fish and caviare and salt, and a large transit trade between Samara, Khiva, Bokhara and Tashkend. Three markets are held annually. The Koumiss health resorts are celebrated. Pop. 145,600. (2) The province of Samara, in the southcast, has an area of 58,321 square miles. At the north it consists of flat low tablelands, interspersed by deep river valleys. The chief streams are the Volga, Tcheremshan, Sok and Samara. The Zheguleff Mountains rise opposite the town of Samara, from the banks of the Volga. The remainder of the province is covered by low, flat steppes, excepting two spurs of the Obshchiy at the southeast. Agriculture and gardening are the chief occupations of the inhabitants, also stock-raising and bee culture. There is considerable domestic and foreign commerce. The principal fairs are held at Novouzensk and Bugulma. More than an average number of schools are provided. The Serghievsk mineral springs are much fre

quented. There is a large German colony. The chief towns are Samara, Bugulwa, Buguruslan, Buzuluk, Nicolayevsk, Novo-Uzen and Stavropol. In 1889 Samara suffered from famine and a great plague and the Russian Red Cross Society cared for 100,000 people. Pop. 3,710,100.

SAMARANG, sä'ma-räng', Java, a seaport town on the north coast, 255 miles east of Batavia, the principal port for the trade of Middle Java, since 1873 connected at Surakarta with the Java Railway. The European quarters have all the appearance of a typical Dutch town. The more important buildings are a military Christian hospital, the city hall (1854-64), churches and schools. A fort and a coast battery provide defense for the town. The river is silted up at its mouth, but a canal, constructed in 1879, serves as a harbor. The roadstead is west exposed during the Pop. (1905) 96,660, including 12,372 Chinese and 4,800 Europeans.

monsoon.

SAMARIA, sa-ma'ri-a, Palestine, (1) the ancient capital of Samaria, 36 miles northwest of Jerusalem, occupied the acclivity of an isolated and abrupt height-Mount Sameron, which is separated from the surrounding mountains by a rich and well-watered plain. The town rose in terraces from this plain to a height of 400 or 500 feet. Samaria was the capital of Northern Israel from the date of its foundation by Omri, about 925 B.C., to the time of its capitulation to the Assyrians 721 B.C. The site was selected by Omri for a stronghold and capital, as commanding two of the most important high-roads. The situation surpasses greatly that of Jerusalem, though not so picturesque. It commands, however, a charming view toward the Mediterranean, the mountains of Schechem and Mount Hermon. The most important ruins are those of the time of Herod. It was in Samaria that the 10 tribes of Israel founded their independent state after the revolt, perpetuating their mutual animosity by incessant warfare. Thus the name Samaritan became a term of bitter reproach. This antipathy was religious as well as political, but was later mitigated by the return of the Samaritans to the ancient form of worship, and by the erection of a temple, modeled after that of Solomon in Jerusalem, soon after Alexander the Great had passed through Syria. Samaria having been presented by Augustus to Herod, he rebuilt the city which had been the residence of all the kings of Israel till its overthrow by the Assyrians-calling the new temple Sebaste, in honor of the donor. An old church or mosque, once dedicated to John the Baptist, in the adjacent village of Sebastieh, marks the scene of that saint's burial or martyrdom. In the great World War the city was in the zone of military operations by the British against the Turks, resulting in the surrender of Jerusalem, 10 Dec. 1917, after being in possession of the Mohammedans, with two brief intervals, for more than 1,200 years. (2) Samaria, the name also given to the kingdom of Israel and the subsequent Roman province forming the central portion of Palestine stretching southward from the Plain of Esdraelon, declining south of Hebron, into the desert plateau of Et Tih,

Samaritan Language.— The Samaritan language was formed of varied elements gradually collected and assimilated from the Hebrew, Chaldee and Syriac. Greek, Latin, Persian and Arabic also contributed words to this dialect which grew up among a people isolated and even secluded in some respects, but through whose territory passed the immemorial trade route which connected Egypt and Africa with Assyria and the far East. Thus roots and heterogeneous scraps of language were jumbled together in the vernacular of an illiterate people, whose grammar was irregular, whose orthography was uncertain; there appears a complete confusion between the gutturals and cognate letters severally; quiescents or silent vowels prevail, and while vowel sounds are uncertain that of a is the most prominent. When the Arabians conquered Palestine in the 7th century this language gave place to that of the conquerors excepting among the priests, where it survived as the language of religion and ritual; thus it shared the fate of Hebrew among the Jews, Latin in Italy and the Roman provinces and Sanskrit in Hindustan. Like all Semitic languages it is read from right to left and the alphabet consists only of consonants, namely, alaf, bith, gaman, dalat, i, ba, sen, it, tit, jud, kaph, labad, mim, nun, simcat, in, phi, sadi, goph, rish, shan, tav. The two vowels with which certain words begin have a slight consonantal value. There are no accents or other diacritical symbols and no vowel points as in other Semitic languages, but some consonants are used as vowels. The numbers are written as in Hebrew. The characters appear in two forms, one of which is found in manuscripts, the other being confined to engraved inscriptions.

Samaritan Literature. The literature of the Samaritan people consists of many departments, including grammar and lexicography. Three grammatical treatises on the Samaritan language were published from a manuscript at Amsterdam in 1862. They expound the theories of certain Arabian grammarians, from whose philological works whole passages are copied word for word. The Samaritan pronunciation may be judged of by the transliteration of Hebrew words into Arabic. No Samaritan lexicon has yet come to light. The lexicography, therefore, of the language is in an inchoate condition. The nearest approach to a glossary is to be found in the fragments of "Tardeschemans' (interpreters) Hebrew-Arabic dictionaries now preserved in the Imperial Library at Saint Petersburg. There are also at Paris in the Bibliothéque Nationale des Anciens Fonds a concordance of forms occurring in the Scriptures with the Arabic and Samaritan words in parallel columns. The Imperial Library at Saint Petersburg also possesses some Samaritan calendars, or astronomical tables. In legendary lore are several extant manuscripts. The British Museum possesses a 'Commentary on the Legends ascribed to Moses,' which is largely a compilation from Jewish sources. similar character is the Jewelled Necklace in

Of a

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Praise of the Lord of the Human Race,' that is, Moses, who is credited with a divine nature, while great emphasis is laid upon the circumstances of his birth and the miracles he wrought. These two are typical of a somewhat extensive Samaritan legendary literature. The Samaritan commentaries on the Pentateuch are many in number and interesting as showing the doctrines of these people. It abounds in quotations from the Pentateuch, the prophets and the Mishna, and avoids all references to the Deity which imply an anthropomorphic conception. A number of fragments from the commentaries are also preserved at Saint Petersburg. The Samaritan Chronicle or Book of Joshua,' sent to Scaliger by the Samaritans of Cairo in 1584, seems to have revised and redacted into its present form about 1300 A.D. from four special manuscripts, three Arabic and one Hebrew, that is Samaritan. Among other things it relates that "King Joshua" waged war with 300,000 mounted men against two kings of Persia, and was succeeded on his throne by five "royal rulers the last being Sampson. The Chronicle of Abulfath' covers a period from Adam to Mohammed and is full of the wildest fables. Consult Uhlemann, 'Institutiones linguæ Samaritanæ (Leipzig 1837); Petermann, H., 'Brevis Linguæ Samaritanæ Grammatica (Berlin 1873); Gesenius, W., 'De Pentateuchi Samaritanæ indole' (Halle 1815); Brüll, A., Kritische Studien über Samaritanische Fragments in Oxford (Frankfort 1875); Kohn, S., Zur Sprache, Litteratur und Dogmatik der Samaritaner (Leipzig 1876); id., Samaritanische Studien (Breslau 1868); Cowley, 'The Samaritan Liturgy' (Oxford 1909).

SAMARITAN PENTATEUCH, an ancient version of the books of Moses, which has been preserved by the Samaritans, and along with the book of Joshua, constitutes their sacred scriptures. The Samaritan Pentateuch is most probably a recension of the same original as that from which the Jewish came, and possesses an independent value in determining the text. It is written in a non-Hebrew character, probably older than that of the Hebrew Septuagint. A manuscript copy of the Samaritan Pentateuch is in existence which is said by the Samaritans to have been written by

Abishua, the great-grandson of Aaron. There are various other manuscript copies of this version, besides a translation of it in the Samaritan vernacular and one in Arabic, which after the 7th century superseded Samaritan as the language of the people. The work was known only through Origen, Jerome and other early writers until Pietro della Valle discovered a copy of it at Damascus in the 17th century. There are now several printed editions. See SAMARITAN LANGUAGE AND LITERATURE.

SAMARITANS, so called from the city of Samaria, the capital of the kingdom of Israel, and from Samaritis, the region adjoining that city. The policy of the Israelitish kings was, as a rule, to keep their subjects apart from too close association with the kingdom of Judah, and the breach between the two peoples was made wider, when, after the captivity of Israel, Assyrian colonists intermarried with the remnant left behind by the conquerors, and the