The sampler was used in all European countries; and beautiful specimens of Spanish, French, Italian, Dutch and German work exist. To us the English examples are the most interesting because the American samplers are English in character of workmanship and design.

The earliest of all known samplers is in this country. It is owned by the Essex Institute in Salem, Mass., and was worked by Ann Gower, the first wife of Governor Endicott. She came to Salem in 1628 and died in 1629. The sampler was, of course, worked in her girlhood in England. The upper part consists of the alphabet and the lower contains examples of needle-work. Another early sampler, worked by Loara Standish, daughter of Captain Miles Standish, is preserved in Pilgrim Hall, Plymouth, Mass.

The age of a sampler is told by the character of the designs and lettering, coloring, border and insertions. The earliest samplers are long and narrow. A conventional strawberry and oak leaf, or acorn, appears in almost every 17th century sampler. The rose is very frequent, but is not so much used as the "Persian pink," or carnation.

The curious human figures with outstretched arms, known as "Boxers," appear between 1648 and 1742. When they disappear, their place is taken by Adam and Eve in the garden of Eden. During the early part of the 18th century the sampler consisted exclusively of long sentences worked in silks of every imaginable hue. A peculiar mustard-colored linen was introduced as groundwork for the stitches after 1700. Toward the middle of the century blues, greens, yellows and blacks were the prevailing colors for the silks. The stag, which had appeared but rarely before 1700, now became the fashion and continued to be worked as long as samplers were made. About 1728 the border encircled the whole sampler; and it is noticeable that as the variety of patterns decreased the sampler became shorter. From 1740 onward the border always appears and the sampler is a picture instead of a pattern-sheet. Next, the border develops into a wreath of naturalistic flowers. A few dates of decorations will aid the curious in determining the period of any sampler. Alphabets, name of the maker, rows of ornaments, stag (occasionally), and Boxers date from 1648; numerals, 1655; inscriptions, 1662; crown, 1691; motto or text, 1686; verse, 1696; Adam and Eve, 1709; border, 1726; floral border, 1730; fleur-de-lis, 1742; flower in vase, 1742; heart, 1751; stag (commonly used), 1758; house, 1765; mustard-colored canvas, 1728; Spies to Canaan, 1804; crewels replace silk, 1820.

The inscriptions consist of moral sayings, allusions to death and its terrors, hymns, melancholy and lugubrious verses and quotations from the Bible. Sometimes an entire Psalm was worked in letters as clear and neat as those of a printer. The plodding needle also took for its task the Lord's Prayer, or the Ten Commendments. Sometimes, too, the sampler was worked with the names and dates of birth and death of an entire family, proving once again that needlework occasionally fulfilled its ancient purpose of recording events. See EMBROIDERY.

In the 18th century maps were worked on samplers in the dame's schools for the double purpose of teaching geography and needlework. Many of these survive. Darning samplers were

made in the 19th century. These show various kinds of darning stitches suitable for mending certain textiles, and are arranged in circles and squares around a basket, or a vase of flowers. Consult Huish, Marcus B., Samplers and Tapestry Embroideries' (London 1900); Jourdain, M. A., English Secular Embroidery' (London 1910); Earle, Alice Morse, 'Home Life in Colonial Days' (New York 1898), and 'Child Life in Colonial Days' (New York 1899); Century Magazine (1912).

SAMPSON, Archibald J., American diplomat and author: b. near Cadiz, Ohio, 21 June 1839. He was graduated from Mount Union College, Ohio, in 1861 and from the Cleveland Law School in 1865; served through the Civil War in the Union army, starting as private and attaining the rank of captain; was admitted to the bar in 1865 and settled in Sedalia, Mo., where he engaged in the practice of law. There he was successively city, county and district attorney. He removed to Colorado in 1873, locating in Canyon City and establishing his law practice. There he was again county attorney and in 1876 was elected attorney-general of the State. In 1889 President Harrison appointed him American consul at Paso del Norte, Mexico. On leaving there he located in Phoenix, Ariz. In 1897 President McKinley appointed him Envoy and Minister of the United States to the republic of Ecuador, where he remained until 1907, being the first person for over 60 years living in a territory to receive a diplomatic appointment. Since his return to the United States he has spent a good part of his time lecturing on "Masonry as seen in Foreign Lands," and other subjects. Mr. Sampson is past department commander, Arizona Department of the G. A. R.

SAMPSON, Deborah, American heroine : b. Plymouth, Mass., 17 Dec. 1760; d. Sharon, Mass., 29 April 1827. She served in the Continental army for three years during the Revolutionary War, disguised as a man and bearing the name of Robert Shurtleff. She gained a reputation for coolness and courage in action and was engaged in many daring enterprises. She was wounded by a sabre cut on the temple in a skirmish near Tarrytown and later was shot through the shoulder. During the Yorktown campaign she was seized with brain fever and her sex was discovered. She was discharged by Washington, receiving from him a note and a purse of money and later was invited to the capital, where Congress voted her a pension and a grant of lands. She published her experiences under the title 'The Female Review (1797; new ed. with introduction and notes by Rev. John A. Vinton, 1866).

SAMPSON, William Thomas, American naval officer: b. Palmyra, N. Y.. 9 Feb. 1840; d. Washington, D. C., 6 May 1902. In 1860 he was graduated from the United States Naval Academy, where he had been the highest officer of the cadet battalion. His first assignment was on board the frigate Potomac. He was promoted lieutenant, 16 July 1862 and two years later became executive officer on the ironclad Patapsco of the South Atlantic blockading squadron. He held the watch, 15 Jan. 1865, on the turret roof of the Patapsco when that vessel was blown up and sunk by a torpedo in Charleston Harbor. Only his own coolness

A

saved his life in that catastrophe. He became lieutenant-commander in 1866 and commander in 1874. In the autumn of the last-named year he was detailed for the third time as instructor at the Naval Academy and remained there four years in charge of the department of physics. Later he became assistant superintendent of the Naval Observatory, and in 1884 was a member of the International Prime-Meridian and Time Conference at Washington. He was superintendent of the torpedo station at Newport, 1885-86; representative to the International Marine Conference at Washington in 1886. and superintendent of the Naval Academy 1886-90, where he introduced great improvement in the state of training. In 1889 he was promoted captain and later put in command of the San Francisco, the first steel cruiser of the new navy. During his term as chief of the Bureau of Naval Ordnance, 1893-97, the use of smokeless powder was perfected by experiments conducted under his supervision. Upon quitting this post he was put in charge of the battleship Iowa, which had been placed in commission in June 1897, and with this ship he took his place as senior captain in the North Atlantic squadron. On 17 Feb. 1898, two days after the battleship Maine was blown up in Havana Harbor, he was appointed president of a board of inquiry directed to investigate the causes of that disaster. On 22 March the investigation was concluded and Captain Sampson, promoted to the rank of acting rear-admiral, succeeded Admiral Sicard in command of the North Atlantic squadron. Upon the declaration of war with Spain, 21 April, he was ordered with his fleet to blockade the northern coast of Cuba. few days later the Navy Department was informed of a Spanish fleet under Admiral Cervera having sailed from the Cape Verde Islands. toward Cuba. Admiral Sampson was forthwith ordered to intercept this fleet in its supposed progress to the relief of Havana. On 1 June he arrived off Santiago, where the Spanish fleet had meantime been located and at once effected a strict blockade. On 3 June, under his orders, an unsuccessful attempt was made by Naval Constructor R. P. Hobson and others to prevent egress of the Spanish fleet by sinking the Merrimac in the channel entrance to the harbor. On the morning of 3 July Sampson had withdrawn on the flagship New York and was proceeding to Siboney for a conference with General Shafter, the commander of the land forces, when it was discovered that the Spanish ships were leaving the harbor of Santiago. The New York was put about and, under full steam, overtook the blockading fleet already giving battle under the direction of Commodore Schley, commander of the flying squadron and second in command of the blockading fleet. The entire Spanish fleet was destroyed and Admiral Cervera was captured. After the close of the war a long and bitter newspaper discussion ensued over the question whether the chief honors of this victory belonged to Sampson or Schley. A court of inquiry which met three years later, at the request of Schley, decided against his claims, but the controversy prevented Congress from awarding any official recognition to Sampson for his success. For two years from October 1899 Admiral Sampson held command of the Boston Navy Yard. In October 1901 he was

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placed on waiting orders; his health was much impaired; he was retired from active service 9 Feb. 1902, and resided in Washington until his death.

SAMSHUI, China, a treaty port in the province of Kuang-tung, situated on the river West, about 100 miles west of Canton. The town is small, but favorably situated for foreign trade.

SAMSON, one of the judges over Israel. He was of the tribe of Dan, and the circumstances attending his birth, heralded as it was by an angel, his consecration as a Nazarite, and those visitations of the Spirit of the Lord through which he was enabled to perform feats of heroic might, marked him out as a man raised up to meet a national emergency. The first recorded instance of the exercise of his great strength is in connection with his marriage to a daughter of the Philistines. At the wedding-feast Samson proposed a riddle to the guests, wagering 30 shirts and as many suits of clothes that they could not guess it in seven days. The secret of his riddle being betrayed to them by his wife, Samson went to Askalon, killed 30 Philistines and gave their clothes to his guests. His wife having, during his absence in his own country, married again, he caught 300 foxes and tying them together tail to tail, with a fire-brand between them, let them loose in the fields of the Philistines. His own countrymen bound and delivered him into the hands of his enemies, but he snapped the cords asunder and killed 1,000 Philistines with the jaw-bone of an ass. From this period Samson was judge of Israel for 20 years. While on a visit to Gaza the gates of the city were closed upon him by the Philistines, whose intention it was to kill him, but he rose and carried off the gates to a distance of 20 or 30 miles. Not long after he fell in love with Delilah, to whom he revealed the secret of his strength, and she by cutting off his hair deprived him of his powers and betrayed him to his enemies, who put out his eyes and set him to work in a mill with slaves. At a great festival in honor of Dagon Samson was brought out to furnish sport to the Philistines. But his hair had grown again, and his vigor having returned with it, he took vengeance on his enemies by pulling down over their heads the building in which they were assembled. Milton has made his death the subject of a drama (Samson Agonistes) (1671), Handel that of an oratorio, Samson' (1743) - and his exploits have been illustrated in the woodcuts of Dürer, and the paintings of Guido Reni, Rembrandt and Rubens.

SAMSON AGONISTES, a tragedy in blank verse and irregular meters, the final work of the English poet, John Milton, was published in 1671. In substance the drama is based on the story of Samson in Judges xiii-xvi; in form it follows rigorously the model of classical tragedy.

The action is limited to the final episode of Samson's life, his destruction of himself and great numbers of the Philistines by pulling down the pillars of their theatre, at a public festival to which he had been brought as a captive to entertain the populace. Preparation for the catastrophe is made by a series of events, comprised in a single day, which rouse Samson to make final use, for the glory of the

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Hebrew God, of the power which had been entrusted to him and which through his own sin he had temporarily lost. A chorus of Hebrews reviews the events of Samson's life and interprets the changing emotions of the action.

The intensity of feeling which Milton has put into his picture of Samson is due to the analogy which he felt between the lot of his hero, a chosen champion of God, "blind amid enemies," and his own position in the alien society of the Restoration. Though lacking the poetic brilliancy and the variety of 'Paradise Lost,' 'Samson Agonistes,' by virtue of its moral and spiritual energy and its consummate art, makes a profound impression on the reader. More nearly than any other work in our literature it is the modern counterpart of The Book of Job. Consult the works on Milton listed under PARADISE LOST; also 'Samson Agonistes' (edited by Verity, A. W., 1892); and Jebb, R. C., Samson Agonistes and the Hellenic Drama.'

JAMES H. HANFORD.

SAMUEL, Hebrew judge and prophet about 1140 B.C., whose rule preceded the establishment of the kingly office. His name, in Hebrew "Shemuel," meaning "asked from," or "heard of God," is explained by his story as a child. He was the son of Elkanah, of Ramathaim-zophim, belonging to the tribe of Levi, by Hannah. Hannah had been barren previous to the birth of Samuel, but she prayed earnestly to the Lord for a man-child, and vowed that if her petition were granted she would consecrate the child to the Lord all his days. Her prayer being heard she took her son to Shiloh to surrender him to the high-priest to be trained to the service of the Lord. The boy grew up devoted to the temple service; but after the death of Eli nothing more is heard of Samuel for a space of about 20 years, while the Ark, restored by the Philistines, was in the house of Aminadab. He then exhorted the Israelites, when they were hard pressed by the Philistines, to abandon their idolatry, and to fear God and worship him, as their only means of deliverance. His prayers and sacrifices gained for them the victory at Mizpeh, and it is probable that from this time, and in consequence of the leading part Samuel then took, he obtained the name and authority of judge. It is recorded that he judged Israel all his life, going a yearly circuit from Ramah, where was his home, to Bethel, Gilgal and Mizpeh. At Ramah he built an altar to the Lord. His administration was distinguished by the restoration of the neglected worship of Jehovah. He also established schools of the prophets. In his old age the corruption of his sons, to whom he had transmitted the active duties of the office of judge, excited discontent among the Hebrews, who demanded a king. Samuel reluctantly yielded to this revolution, but at the same time anointed the king of the general choice. After the establishment of the monarchy Samuel still continued to be judge in matters affecting morals and religion, in addition to the exercise of his prophetic functions. In his bearing toward Saul Samuel conducted himself with wonderful dignity and kindliness. He earnestly desired that Saul, as king, should rule well in the fear of the Lord, and that his dynasty should be permanent. When Saul attacked the priestly

office and privileges Samuel anointed a new king, David. He did not live to see the contest between David and Saul decided; but even after his death his spirit, evoked by the witch of Endor, threatened Saul with the divine vengeance. See SAMUEL, BOOKS OF.

SAMUEL, Books of. In the Hebrew Bible the two books of Samuel, like Kings, formed originally one book. The title is derived from the name of the prophet who appears as the principal character in the earlier part of the narrative and who played a most decisive part in the founding of the Hebrew monarchy.

The book seems to have been composed, in essentially its present form, shortly before the publication of the law of Deuteronomy in 621 B.C. After that event Samuel received some editorial revision and additions, but no such rigid framework, designed to teach the great lessons of Deuteronomy, as is seen in Judges and Kings. It thus belongs to the first great era of Hebrew historical writing, which began in the latter half of the 10th century B.C. and ended with the publication of Deuteronomy. The analysis of this book into its component documents has not been so satisfactorily worked out in detail as in the case of the narrative books of the Hexateuch, but there is no great difficulty in recognizing a general distinction between the older and younger elements, at least in the first part of the work. The earlier strand gives a vivid, natural account of the rise of the monarchy, with Samuel appearing as a local seer and leader of a religiouspatriotic movement, eager to unite the Hebrew tribes in a struggle against their Philistine oppressors. In the later strand, Samuel figures as himself a recognized military leader and "Judge of united Israel, who wins overwhelming victory in the struggle against Philistia and is at first opposed to the establishment of the kingship. The earlier picture shows the "king maker" as a really greater and nobler man than the later represents. From a relatively obscure position, with keen vision he recognizes in the unawakened giant who comes to consult him the possibilities of a king who shall unite and free the tribes, and he very skilfully sets in operation influences that make Saul's own action sure. In the later tradition, which took shape in Samuel's own tribe, the figure of the prophet has grown into that of one who holds a position of recognized leadership and authority, but it is no longer one who sees the real need of the time. Many scholars connect the earlier strand with the great Judean history that appears throughout the Hexateuch, and the later with the similar Ephraimite history. It seems more probable, however, that the later strand was written after the composition of the Ephraimite history, while the early stories of Samuel and Saul were composed before the Judean history of the Hexateuch. In the latter part of 1 Samuel and in 2 Samuel we do not have so clearly an inweaving of an earlier and later document, but it is possible to distinguish, to some extent, the younger and older elements. Recognition of the composite origin of the book relieves the obvious difficulty of the duplicate narratives that puzzle any attentive reader the two introductions of David to Saul, the two origins of the saying con

cerning Saul among the prophets, the two accounts of sparing Saul's life, etc. The analysis also brings into clear relief as a separate document the wonderful, dramatic story which, with some later elements, constitutes chaps. ix to xx of 2 Samuel.

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The book as a whole attained substantially its present form earlier than any other of the historical books of Israel. In its completed form, it falls into five principal sections, due in part to the plan of the compiler and in part to the form in which the materials came to him: (1) Samuel and the establishment of the kingdom under Saul (1 Samuel i-xiv); (2) Saul and the rise of David (1 Samuel xvxxxi); (3) the establishment of David as king (2 Samuel i-viii); (4) court and family life of David (2 Samuel ix-xx); (5) Appendix (2 Samuel xxi-xxiv). Some would treat (2) and (3) as one section the summaries of the reigns of Saul and David introduced into 1 Samuel xiv and 2 Samuel viii would favor such division. In the opening chapters of the book the scenes lie in the days of the Judges, when the tribes of Israel are without political union or any common organization. The birth and boyhood of Samuel are recounted. The defeat of Israel by the Philistines with the capture, vicissitudes, and restoration of the Ark precede Samuel's judgeship and victory in battle against the Philistines. The circumstances leading to Saul's selection as king and his early victories are followed by the summary of his wars and a notice of his family. The second section opens with the rejection of Saul and the introduction of David to the history. It is occupied chiefly with Saul's growing jealousy and David's flight and outlaw life. Saul's last battle against the Philistines closes this section. The third division gives David's elegy over Saul and Jonathan, taken from a collection of national songs known as the Book of Jashar. The narrative goes on to record the steps by which David becomes king over all Israel, with the Philistines subdued and the Hebrew capital established at Jerusalem. The summary of David's victories and his court officers closes this section. The following division (2 Samuel ix-xx) tells the story of the birth of Solomon and the troubles in David's family that resulted in the deaths of older brothers, making room for Solomon's ascent to the throne. The conclusion of this dramatic narrative is not given in the book of Samuel, but forms the introduction of the book of Kings. The appendix contains two songs ascribed to David, one of which occurs also as the 18th Psalm, lists of David's heroes, and two very primitive stories of a famine and pestilence that occurred during his reign. Samuel thus contains a history of the transformation of a group of tribes into an organized state, commanding the respect of neighboring kingdoms and able to weather the storms of rebellion and civil war.

Viewing the book as literature, the early narrative of Saul's selection, beginning with chap. ix, the stories of his jealous struggle against the rising prestige of David, and the complex story of David's court and family life are to be noted as the earliest examples of connected prose in ancient Israel. As such they constitute the beginnings of genuine his

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torical literature in the writings of the world. From these vivid narratives, committed to writing soon after the events had occurred, the writers of Judah and Israel later went on to compose the story of the earlier past. In power to select the significant points that make character and event living and intelligible, these early narratives are unexcelled in prose literature. The religious and moral conditions recorded show many primitive traits, yet the narratives are characterized by a devotion to the God of justice, who cares for right conduct among men, that makes them perennial sources of moral and religious inspiration.

Bibliography.- Fowler, H. T., 'History of the Literature of Ancient Israel' (New York 1912); Kennedy, A. R. S., "Samuel (in NewCentury Bible, New York and Edinburgh 1905); Kent, C. F., Beginnings of Hebrew History' (New York 1904); Kirkpatrick, A. F., "Samuel» (in Cambridge Bible, Cambridge 1894); Smith, H. P., "Samuel" (in 'International Critical Commentary,' New York 1902); Encyclopedia Biblica'; Hastings, Dictionary of the Bible; Jewish Encyclopedia,' Old Testament Introductions of Cornill, Creelman, Driver, Gray, McFadyen, Moore.

HENRY THATCHER FOWLER, Professor of Biblical Literature and History, Brown University.

SAMURAI, the feudal warriors of Japan, who, prior to the revolution of 1867-68, comprised about one sixteenth of the population (see JAPAN) and are now represented by the shizoku, or knights. They were distinguished by indomitable courage, their marvelous feats of arms, fervent patriotism, intense loyalty and a strong antipathy to foreigners, which was in marked contrast to the hospitable and courteous demeanor of the mass of the population. They were the military retainers of some 276 daimios or feudal chieftains, the more powerful among whom were those of the southern clans Satsuma, Choshiu, Tosa and Hizen. After the reopening of foreign relations due to United States initiative in 1854, the enlightened Japanese discovered at once that to place themselves commercially and politically on a level with the progressive nations of the world they had to adopt Occidental methods and the prominent chiefs and their samurai were the first to advocate the suppression of the Tokugawa shogun, the supremacy of the mikado, the surrender of feudal powers, and a reorganized administration for the building up of a constitutional monarchy, most of which was effected by the revolution of 1868.

The samurai expected that the military and naval services would be. exclusively reserved for them and their descendants. The radical measures adopted in 1871, however, led to the total abolition of feudalism and the absorption of the samurai into the mass of the people, in many cases with a praiseworthy self-abnegation, but in others not without serious opposition. That of the famous Saigo of Satsuma, hitherto one of the most prominent reformers, culminated in the civil war of 1877 and the total defeat of the samurai and their pretensions. See JAPAN.

SAMVAT, a method of reckoning time in India, generally used except in Bengal. Chris

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tian dates are reduced to Samvat by adding 57 to the Christian year. See CALENDAR.

SAN ANDRES, sän än'drās, or PICO DE ORIZABA, Mexico, an extinct volcano, called by the Aztecs Citlalepetl, or Mountain of the Stars, 61⁄2 miles southeast of the city of Orizaba. It is 5,550 metres high and the loftiest mountain of Central America. Its highest pass, Cuchilla, has an elevation of 4,418 metres, snowline of 4,292 metres; the deepest glacier, El Corte, 4,015 metres. It was first ascended in 1848, by two American officers, Reynolds and Maynard. Its last eruption extended from 1545-66.

SAN ANGELO, an'jěl-ō, Texas, town, county-seat of Tom Green County, on the Concho River and on the Gulf, Colorado and Santa Fé Railroad, 180 miles northwest of Austin. It is the centre of a prosperous stock-raising and wool-growing region; agriculture is also carried on successfully in the vicinity; fruit and celery being important products. The town contains flour mills and an ice factory. In 1918 there were four national banks with combined capital of $625,000 and resources of $4,670,410 and the assessed property valuation exceeded $6,000,000. It has an elevation above sea-level of 2,000 feet and is a health resort, especially for consumptives. There is a public high school established in 1889. Pop. 9,392.

SAN ANTONIO, Texas, city, county-seat of Bexar County and the largest city in the State, is on the San Antonio River, 150 miles from the Gulf Coast and about the same distance from the Rio Grande border at Laredo. This quaint and picturesque old city of Spanish origin is beautifully laid out on a plateau 661 feet above the sea-level, along both banks of the San Antonio, a few miles from where it bursts forth at once a river of volume and great natural beauty from hundreds of crystal springs, in a noble woodland park. Through the western part of the city runs a smaller stream flowing out of another group of sparkling waters, situated in a live-oak grove, known as San Pedro Springs.

Railroads. The Southern Pacific, International and Great Northern, Missouri, Kansas and Texas, San Antonio and Aransas Pass and San Antonio and Gulf railroads pass through the city and the extension of the Frisco main line makes it a great railroad centre, from which four distinct lines penetrate into Mexico.

Waterworks and Sewer System. The San Antonio Water Works Company, a private corporation, maintains a thoroughly modern system of water supply. The water is obtained from 17 large artesian wells, furnishing a daily supply of 50,000,000 gallons of wholesome water. The company also owns riparian rights around the head springs of the San Antonio River and has a large reservoir adjacent on a hill, kept fully supplied for any emergency. In addition many of the office buildings, hotels and manufacturing plants have their own wells yielding an additional 45,000,000 gallons daily. The sewer system, constructed after the most approved engineering science, meets the latest sanitary requirements.

Street Railway and Lighting. The traction company has 96 miles of well-built elec

tric lines furnishing modern equipment and excellent service to an annual average of 32,000,000 passengers carried. There is also maintained a complete plant for gas and electric lighting and power, with all the necessary mains and supply lines.

Parks and Plazas. There are 26 cultivated parks and plazas in the city comprising 423 acres and valued at more than $2,000,000 under the management of a park commissioner. The city is renowned for the beauty of its natural parks and the attractive features of its old Spanish plazas. Brackenridge Park, situated adjacent to the head springs of the San Antonio River, is a noble forest of 230 acres, left in its natural state of oak, pecan and shrub growth and containing miles of well-kept walks and drives. In this park there is maintained a rare collection of buffalo, deer, antelope, elk and other wild animals. Through it flows the San Antonio River which furnishes the site of the Lambert Bathing Beach, one of the most popular resorts of its kind in the country. San Pedro Springs is another favorite resort, with lakes, shady groves and an excellent "zoo." Seventeen iron bridges span the serpentine windings of the river in its 13 miles' course through the city, giving picturesque views at many points.

Many of the quaint characteristics of the old Spanish régime are still to be found in the public plazas, fragrant with their tropical trees and plants and famous for their Mexican chile and tamale stands and in the narrow streets in the old parts of the city, still called by their liquid Spanish names. The San Antonio Club, country fishing and hunting associations, golf links and tennis grounds afford recreation for the society world; the military reviews and artillery drills of the large garrison at Fort Sam Houston and during the late war Camp Travis, Camp Stanley, Kelly Aviation Fields and Balloon School draw crowds of visitors; and the annual spring carnival and battle of flowers on San Jacinto day have made San Antonio as noted as the Mardi-Gras spectacles have New Orleans.

Public Buildings.- Among the public buildings are the courthouse, the Federal building, the market house and convention hall, with a seating capacity of 4,000; the city hall, the Grand opera house, the San Fernando cathedral, part of which was built in 1749; the Saint Mark's Cathedral, the city and county hospital, the many fine hotels, whose open courts are filled with tropical plants, palms and flowers; several theatres and numerous stately and ornamental business blocks.

Commerce, Banking and Manufactures.The unique situation of San Antonio, 200 miles from any rival business centre, has given it a commanding position as to the trade of a large section of Texas and Mexico. Large wholesale houses push their business through an extensive territory. The city possesses about 269 manufacturing establishments, including several machine shops and foundries, flouring mills, binderies, cotton presses, cement works, broom factories, oil mills, etc., and their products are distributed through a vast section. There are 24 banks: National, State and private. Their combined capital is more than $8,000,000; their deposits average about $40,000,