supplied by Schober. The third act was finished in February 1822, but no public performance of it was given until 26 years after Schubert's death, one cause of this delay being that the original accompaniments proved impossible for a band to play. During 1823 Schubert paid special attention to operatic music but without marked success, perhaps because the librettos were unsuitable. On this point Liszt regarded it as extraordinary that one who had been brought up to love the finest poetry should accept the absurd and impracticable librettos which were offered him, and which resulted in so much of his brilliant music being practically lost to the world. It was in this same year that his famous "Müller-lieder" were composed, consisting of musical settings to Wilhelm Müller's poems, a copy of which he had borrowed from his friend Randhartinger when visiting him.

The rejection of his opera 'Fierabras in 1824 filled him with distress, from which however he was aroused by the quiet joys of his second stay with the family of Count Esterhazy at Zselész. During these happy days he probably wrote his lovely string quartet in A minor and the 'Divertissement à la Hongroise' for four hands, as well as several other pieces already mentioned.

Some of his best compositions in 1826 were the string quartet in D minor and G, the 'Rondeau brilliant,' as well as the sonata in G major, which Schumann regarded as his "most perfect work both in form and composition." The number of pieces published in that year was very large, showing that a popular demand for his music had arisen, but nevertheless Schubert was always poor, partly because his profits were so small, and partly because he allowed himself to be imposed upon by his friends.

The year of 1827 was notable as the one in which Beethoven died. He and Schubert had not been intimate, and the latter's visit to Beethoven in 1822 had ended disastrously, for on looking over the Variations' Beethoven had pointed out something which astonished him, whereupon Schubert is said to have lost his self-control and to have rushed from the room. In April of this year was written the beautiful 'Nachtgesang im Walde' for four men's voices and four horns, and a spring song for men's voices. In this year he was elected a member of the Musical Society of Vienna, which gave him considerable satisfaction.

The last year of Schubert's life, 1828, was remarkable for the number of his compositions, among which, writes Grove, were "his greatest known symphony (in C), his greatest and longest Mass, his first Oratorio, his finest piece of chamber music, three noble pianoforte sonatas, and some astonishingly fine songs." On 26 March he gave his first evening concert in the hall of the Musik-Verein. The program was very attractive and the applause great. In the month before he died he wrote a new 'Benedictus' to one of his Masses, wind-accompaniments to his Hymn to the Holy Ghost,' a long scena for a soprano voice, and a song entitled 'Die Taubenpost,' which is thought to have been his last composition. He was buried, in accordance with his dying wishes, in the Ortsfriedhof in the village of Währing, and in

a grave only separated by two others from the one which held the remains of Beethoven.

Schubert's most prominent characteristics were truthfulness, honesty, good-humor and a cheerful, contented disposition. With his intimates he was entirely at case, genial and even boisterous at times, but at a fashionable gathering he was shy and silent. Of his musical genius no better description can be given than in the words of Liszt: "He was the most poetical musician that ever was; and the main characteristics of his music will always be its vivid personality, fullness and poetry. In the case of other great composers, the mechanical skill and ingenuity, the very case and absence of effort with which many of their effects are produced, or their pieces constructed, is a great element in the pleasure produced by their music. Not so with Schubert. In listening to him one is never betrayed into exclaiming 'how clever'; but very often, how poetical, how beautiful. how intensely Schubert. » sult Ferris, The Great German Composers' (1878); Kreissle von Hellborn, Franz Schubert, eine biographische___Skizze' (1861-65; Eng. trans. 1869); Reissmann, 'Franz Schubert, sein Leben und seine verse) (1873); Barbedette, Franz Schubert, Sa vie, ses œuvres, son temps' (1866); Frost, 'Schubert' (1888).

Con

SCHUCHERT, shuk'ert, Charles, American palæontologist: b. Cincinnati, Ohio, 3 July 1858. He received a common school education, but possessing a natural aptitude for scientific investigation he early began a collection of fossils and the study of paleontology. He was assistant to different experts in 1885-91; and in 1891-92 assisted in the geological survey of Minnesota. He was preparator of fossils with Dr. C. E. Beecher at Yale in 1892-93; served on the United States Geological Survey in 1893–94; and since 1904 he has been professor of palæontology and Yale professor of the history of geology at Sheffield Scientific School, and curator of the geological collections at Peabody Institute. Author of Textbook of Geology); (Historical Geological Paleograph of North America'; 'Revision of Paleozoic Stelleroida, with Special Reference to North American Asteroida' (1915), etc.

SCHULMAN, shool'man, Samuel, American rabbi: b. Russia, 14 Feb. 1864. He came to America as a child, was graduated at the College of the City of New York in 1885 and studied at the University of Berlin in 1885-89. He was rabbi at Helena, Mont., in 1890–93; at Kansas City, Mo., in 1893-99; and since 1899 has been rabbi of Temple Beth-El, New York. He was a member of the board of editors for the English translation of the Bible for the Synagogue; a contributor to the Jewish Encyclopedia'; and is author of articles on religious topics.

SCHULTZ, shults, SIR John Christian, Canadian administrator: b. Amherstburg, Ontario, 1 Jan. 1840; d. Winnipeg, 13 April 1896. He was educated at Oberlin College, Ohio; Queen's University, Kingston; and at Victoria University, Cobourg, taking his M.D. in 1860. He then engaged in practice at Winnipeg (then Fort Garry), also becoming interested in the fur trade and editing the Nor'wester, the first newspaper of the region. He led the Canadian

party at the time of the first Riel Rebellion, 1869-70, was taken prisoner and sentenced to death by Riel. He made his escape, however, and in 1872 became a member of the North West Council. He was a member of the Dominion Parliament in 1871-82; and was a Dominion senator in 1883-88. He was lieutenant-governor of Manitoba in 1888-95. He was actively interested in railway and telegraph development and in colonization; and was for many years a member of the Dominion board of health for Manitoba and the North West Territory. He was knighted in 1895.

SCHULTZE, shoolt se, Carl Emil, American newspaper artist: b. Lexington, Ky., 25 May 1866. He was educated at Lexington and at Cassel, Germany, began drawing for newspapers and under the name of "Bunny" created the popular "Foxy Grandpa" series of comic pictures published since January 1900 in two New York journals. Since 1913 he has been president of the Bunny Amusement Corporation of New York. He is the author of Vaudevilles and Other Things' (1900); 'The Adventures of Foxy Grandpa' (1900); The Bunny Book' (3 vols.), etc.

SCHULZ, shoolts, Leo, American musician: b. Posen, Germany, 28 March 1865. He was educated at Posen, and in the Royal Academic High School of Music in Berlin, came to the United States in 1889, was professor of the New England Conservatory until 1898, was connected with the New York Philharmonic Society in 1890-1906. He published "Cello Album, "Cello Classics' and "Cello Compositions (two books each), and author of many unpublished 'cello compositions, songs, chestral overtures, cantatas, etc.

SCHULZE-DELITZSCH,

or

shoolt'sě-dā'

lich, Hermann, German politician and economist: b. Delitzsch, Prussian Saxony, 29 Aug. 1808; d. Potsdam, 29 April 1883. After legal courses at Leipzig and Halle, he entered the Prussian public service; but from 1841 devoted his attention to the economic betterment of small farmers and artisans. Among his various activities, the most important was the establishment of the "people's bank" system, inaugurated at Delitzsch. In these banks, the subscribers made small deposits, obtaining proportional credit and dividends; the management being vested in a board composed of subscribers. In 1859 the more than 200 such banks were centrally organized under the direction of SchulzeDelitzsch. At the time of his death there were in Germany alone 3,500 branches with more than $100,000,000 in deposits; while the system had been extended to Austria, Italy, Belgium and Russia. He published Chapters of a German Workingman's Catechism' (1863); "The Laboring Classes and Associationism in Germany (2d ed., 1863); 'Money Advance and Credit Associations as People's Banks' (5th ed., 1876). Consult his life by Bernstein (1879).

SCHUMANN, shoo'män, Clara Josephine Wieck, German pianist, wife of Robert Schumann: b. Leipzig, 13 Sept. 1819; d. Frankforton-Main, 20 May 1896.. She was the daughter of the pianist Frederick Wieck, from whom she received instruction for 15 years and for the first time took part in a public concert in her ninth year. When Paganini appeared at

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Leipzig in 1829 he produced a profound impression upon her and her musical genius was developed still further by a tour with her father through the musical centres of Germany and France. While she derived her marvelous technique from her father, she was well grounded in the theory of music by Kupsch and H. Dorn. She was the first to bring Chopin's works into notice and favor with the German public. In 1840 she was married to Robert Schumann (q.v.) and shared his artistic work and European successes until his death in 1856, after which she pursued her public career alone. In 1878 she was appointed teacher in the Conservatory of Frankfort-on-Main, where she met with success in that capacity, and continued to turn out a series of brilliant pupils until 1892. She was equally gifted as a performer, teacher and composer, and among her works at least 40 are in print and comprises songs, a concerto for the piano, a trio for the piano, preludes and fugues. Consult La Mara, Musikalische Studienköpfe (Vol. V); Kohut, 'Friedrich Wieck'; Von Meichsner, Fredrich Wieck und seine beiden Töchter.'

SCHUMANN, Robert, German composer: b. Zwickau, Saxony, 8 June 1810; d. Endenich, near Bonn, 29 July 1856. His father, who was a bookseller and an author of some note, while not directly assisting him toward a musical career, encouraged him, and endeavored to obtain the services of Von Weber as his instructor. After his father's death, when Robert was 16, he attended the gymnasium at Zwickau, and later the University of Leipzig. At 17 he set a number of his own pieces to music. His academic work had been largely confined to law and. philosophy, but at 20 he began serious piano study under Wieck and Heinrich Dorn. An unwisely chosen method, intended to secure independent action of his fingers, resulted in the crippling of one of the fingers of his right hand, which unfitted him for becoming a pianoplayer, and thenceforward he devoted himself to composing. In 1834 he assisted in founding, and until 1844 edited, a musical journal, the Neue Zeitschrift für Musik, for advancing the art and emancipating it from old-fashioned methods and from French and Italian influences. Convinced that German art had not yet reached its full development, he thus expressed himself: "Consciously or unconsciously a new and as yet undeveloped school is being founded on the basis of the Beethoven-Schubert romanticism, a school which we may venture to expect will mark a special epoch in the history of art."

In 1833 Schumann occupied himself with studies in composition, and also published his first 'Impromptus' (op. 5). In this year, too, he commenced his 'F minor Sonata' (op. 11), and completed the toccata which he had commenced in 1829. A turning-point was reached in his life in October 1835 when Mendelssohn and he met at a musical gathering at Wieck's. A strong intimacy seems to have grown up between them. Schumann declared that Mendelssohn was the greatest living musician and that he looked to him as a "high mountainpeak." Mendelssohn at first saw in Schumann only the literary man and the art critic, but it is significant that when, in 1843, Mendelssohn established the Leipzig Conservatorium, Schu

mann was appointed teacher of playing. from score. While there he introduced the use of the piano with pedals as a preparation for playing the organ.

Schumann's marriage in 1840 to Clara Wieck, daughter of his old teacher, was apparently a very happy one, and the fact that he soon afterward began to compose love songs does not weaken this belief. At the same time his wife regarded it as her greatest privilege to interpret his compositions faithfully to the public, nor was it long before she became the leading woman pianist of Germany. In the year after his marriage he paid more special attention to symphonic work, composing three entire numbers, only one of which, however-in Bbwas published at that time. He also wrote the first movement of the 'Pianoforte Concerto in A minor. In 1842 Schumann accompanied his wife on a concert tour to Hamburg. The latter proceeded alone from there to Copenhagen, while he returned to Leipzig. Later they visited Bohemia and met Prince Metternich, at whose invitation they went to Vienna. In 1844 they traveled to Russia, Madame Schumann giving concerts in several of the large cities; but Schumann, who loved the quiet of domestic life, was always impatient to return home.

The style of Schumann's compositions underwent a decided change in 1843, the principal work of the year being 'Paradise and the Peri,' for solo voices, chorus and orchestra. It was first performed on 4 December, and was conducted by Schumann in person. He also composed his popular Variations' for two pianos (op. 46), and from this time his reputation in Germany was firmly established. Thus encouraged he began in the following year the second of his two most famous choral works consisting of a musical setting to Goethe's 'Faust. About this time he gave up the editorship of his paper and changed his residence to Dresden, where he at first lived in seclusion on account of his nervous condition, resulting doubtless from overwork. In 1845-46 he composed his 'Studies' and 'Sketches' for the pedal-piano, as well as his famous C major Symphony, first produced by Mendelssohn at the Gewandhaus in Leipzig, 5 Nov. 1846. In Dresden he met Richard Wagner, for whose work he expressed great admiration, but on account of their very different natures they were never in close sympathy. The former was high-spirited and talkative, while Schumann, always reserved, was growing more and more silent. The idea of the improvement of German operatic music, long a favorite subject with Schumann, now led him to write an opera. He chose as his subject the legend of Saint Geneviève, but only after long and irritating delays was the first performance of 'Genoveva) arranged. This took place on 25 June 1850 under Schumann's own direction. The criticisms of this first attempt at dramatic work were on the whole unfavorable, and it is said that he derived far more gratification from the reception accorded to his music of 'Faust.' He also wrote an excellent musical setting for Byron's Manfred,' which had its first performance in Weimar 13 June 1852.

While living in Dresden he undertook the direction of the Liedertafel, and in 1848 he established a choral society. Two years later he accepted the position of municipal director

of music at Düsseldorf. Here he had the direction of a vocal organization and an orchestra. His duties were sufficiently light, however, to leave him ample time for social enjoyment, in which he took great pleasure. His generous nature was manifested by his arrangement of a series of concerts, some of which were devoted wholly to the works of other living composers. This was in line with his desire to aid in advancing the interests of those less famous than himself. As a conductor Schumann was not regarded as a success. His lack of presence of mind and of sympathy with the players was conspicuous and contributed largely to his unpopularity as a leader. This unfortunate condition of things, combined with the return of a brain affection, symptoms of which had been first manifested as far back as 1833, at length made it necessary for him to resign his post, which he did in 1853. During his residence in Düsseldorf the number of his compositions was very great, including the celebrated 'Eb Symphony, which, it is believed, was intended to convey by musical expression the impressions he received during a visit to Cologne. It was first performed on 6 Feb. 1851, almost exactly three years before that sad day when, in a state of utter mental distraction, he sought to end his life by jumping into the Rhine. He was saved by some boatmen, but unmistakable signs of insanity soon appeared, although for a brief period later his mind became wonderfully calm and clear, and with it returned his old love of work. His mental powers were shattered, however, and the last two years of his life were spent in an asylum at Endenich. He was buried at Bonn. A monument over his grave was unveiled on 2 May 1880.

Schumann's works present a rare combination of passion and tenderness. He did much for the development of piano-playing and his numerous songs reveal the grandeur and depth of his unselfish nature. His compositions consist of orchestral works, vocal works with orchestral accompaniment, choruses, a large number of songs, chamber music and also many pieces for the organ and piano. Striking features of Schumann as a composer are his originality and his cautious approach to the more difficult classes of work. At the outset of his career he chose simple forms, building several together for his longer pieces. From this method, however, resulted no unevenness or inharmoniousness, a fact which bears strong witness to the greatness of his creative abilities. In the composition of songs Schumann must be conceded to take rank with such composers as Schubert and Mendelssohn. As one of his biographers writes: "Schubert shows the greatest wealth of melody, Mendelssohn the most perfect roundness of form; but Schumann is by far the most profoundly and intellectually suggestive."

Until Schumann reached his 30th year he wrote almost entirely for the piano, and his method of treating the instrument must be regarded as strictly original. He followed none of the methods of the older composers, although he was evidently familiar with their work. His earlier compositions strike the hearer as the result of sudden impulses and, therefore, contain much that is apparently at variance with the established laws of art, but this in no wise detracts from, but rather adds

to, the freshness and originality of their conception.

His symphonies are generally regarded as the most important contributions of this class since the time of Beethoven, whom he approached quite nearly at times, and whose works occasionally served as his models. His love for sacred music was developed only a few years before his death. In writing to a friend in 1851 he said: "It must always be the artist's highest aim to apply his powers to sacred music. But in youth we are firmly rooted to the earth by all our joys and sorrows; it is only with advancing age that the branches stretch higher, and so I hope that the period of my higher efforts is no longer distant." Several compositions of this class are recorded, one of the most famous being op. 71, an Advent hymn for solo, chorus and orchestra; op. 93, a motet for men's voices; op. 144, a New Year's hymn for chorus and orchestra; his 'Mass,' op. 147, and a 'Requiem,' op. 148. These, while not counted among his greatest works, were grandly conceived, and with his other compositions must be a lasting monument to his imperishable genius.

A list of Schumann's works may be found in the catalogue of Schuberth and Company (1860-61), while a complete index to all his published compositions was compiled by Alfred Dörffel and was printed as a supplement to the 'Musikalisches Wochenblatt (Leipzig 1875). R. I. GEARE,

National Museum, Washington, D. C. SCHUMANN-HEINK, hink, Ernestine, née Roessler, American opera and concert singer: b. Lieben, near Prague, Bohemia, 15 June 1864. She was educated at an Ursuline convent and studied music under Marietta Leclair at Gratz. She made her debut at Dresden, 13 Oct. 1878, and sang in opera there for four years, afterward singing for many years at Hamburg and Bayreuth, winning a wide reputation for her magnificent contralto voice and splendid acting. She made her London début at Covent Garden, 8 June 1892, repeating her former triumphs, and first appeared before an American audience at the Metropolitan Opera House, New York, in 1898. Since 1908 she has been engaged chiefly in concert work, although she has made occasional appearances at the Metropolitan Opera House and with the Chicago Grand Opera Company. She ranks as the leading contralto of her time. She was thrice married, to Herr Heink in 1883; to Paul Schumann in 1893, and to William Rapp, Jr., in 1905, divorcing him in 1915. She is an American citizen and has for some years made her home in America. During the European War she gave freely of her time and talent in war benefits and the great loan campaigns.

SCHURMAN, shoor'man, Jacob Gould, American educator: b. Freetown, Prince Edward Island, 22 May 1854. He is of a Dutch family which in the 17th century settled in New Holland, now New York, where his grandfather was born. He was educated in the provinces where he gained the Gilchrist Dominion Scholarship in 1875 and studied later at London and Edinburgh universities. He was elected to the Hibbert traveling fellowship in 1878 and spent two years at Heidelberg, Berlin and Göttingen, mainly occupied with the study of

philosophy. In 1880 he became professor of philosophy and English literature at Acadia College, Nova Scotia, and in 1882 removed to a similar post at Dalhousie College. In 1886 he became professor of philosophy at Cornell University and in 1890 was made dean of the Sage School of Philosophy there. In 1892 he was elected president and resigned in 1920. He was appointed by President McKinley chairman of the United States Philippine Commission in 1899 and spent the larger part of that year in the Philippine Islands. During the year 1912-13 he was United States Minister to Greece and Montenegro. He was appointed Minister to China in June 1921. He wrote 'Kantian Ethics and the Ethics of Evolution' (1881); The Ethical Import of Darwinism' (1888); 'Belief in God' (1890); ‘Agnosticism and Religion' (1896); A Generation of Cornell (1898); Philippine Affairs-A Retrospect and Outlook' (1902). He is also joint author of the 'Report of the Philippine.Commission' rendered to Congress in 1900; 'Why America is in the War' (1917).

SCHURZ, shoorts, Carl, German-American publicist, editor and author: b. Liblar, near Cologne, Prussia, 2 March 1829; d. New York City, 14 May 1906. He studied at the University of Bonn, in 1848 with others published a revolutionary journal, in 1849 escaped to the Palatinate upon the failure of an insurrection which he promoted at Bonn, took part in the defense of Rastadt and upon its surrender fled to Switzerland. In 1850 he returned to Germany, going thence to Scotland and to Paris, where he was a correspondent for the German press, and, after a year in London, came to the United States (1852), where until 1855 he resided in Philadelphia. Having then removed to Madison, Wis., he identified himself with the Republican party, and by his speeches made himself an important factor in determining the German element of the State against slavery. He participated in the Lincoln-Douglas senatorial canvass in Illinois, entered legal practice at Milwaukee, was a member of the National Republican Convention of 1860 and assisted largely in the framing of its platform. During the ensuing campaign he spoke much in both German and English. He was appointed by Lincoln Minister to Spain, but in December 1861 resigned to enter the army, receiving a commission as brigadier-general of volunteers. He distinguished himself at the second Bull Run (Manassas), was promoted major-general, 14 March 1863, commanded a division at Chancellorsville, held temporary command of the 11th corps at Gettysburg and took part at Chattanooga. After the war he returned to professional practice, in 1865-66 was Washington correspondent of the New York Tribune, and was made by President Johnson a special commissioner to report on the workings of the Freedmen's Bureau. In 1868 he was temporary chairman of the convention that nominated Grant, whom he actively supported in campaign. In 1869-75 he was senator from Missouri. He vigorously opposed many of the leading measures of the Grant administration, in 1872 helped to organize the "Liberal" party and presided over the Cincinnati convention which nominated Greeley, but in 1876 supported Hayes, by whom he was made Secretary of the Interior. He introduced competitive examinations for posts

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in the civil service, and provided for forest protection on public domains. From the close of the administration to 1884 he was editor of the New York Evening Post. In the canvasses of 1884, 1888 and 1892 he supported Cleveland. He had been prominently identified with the Civil Service Reform League and later with the Anti-Imperialist League. His speeches and contributions to periodicals were numerous and able. Among his many publications are a volume of Speeches) (1861), a 'Life of Clay' (1887), and Abraham Lincoln: An Essay' (1891). Á statute of him has been erected on Morningside Drive at 116th street, New York City.

SCHUVALOFF, shoo'vä-lof, Peter Andreievitch, COUNT, Russian diplomat: b. Saint Petersburg, Russia, 15 July 1827; d. there, 22 March 1889. He early entered the army, rose to the rank of general at 30, was head of a department in the Ministry of the Interior in 1862, governor of the Baltic provinces in 186466, and in the latter year was appointed chief of the secret service. He was sent to London in 1873 as Special Ambassador and arranged the marriage between the daughter of Alexander II and the Duke of Edinburgh. In 1878 he was a representative at the Congress of Berlin, where his pacific course cost him his popularity and influence at home, and later as Ambassador to England he was instrumental in preserving friendly relations between Great Britain and Russia after the Russo-Turkish War of 1877-78, but Prince Gartschakoff was displeased with his concessions and recalled him from London, and thereafter he took no part in public affairs.

SCHUYLER, ski'ler, Aaron, American educator: b. Seneca County, N. Y., 7 Feb. 1828; d. Salina, Kan., 1 Feb. 1913. He was educated at Seneca Academy, Ohio, and was its principal, 1851-62. He was professor of mathematic's at Baldwin University, Ohio, 1862–75, and president 1875-85, and from 1885 till his death he was professor of mathematics and mental philosophy at Kansas Wesleyan University, Salina. He was author of 'Complete Algebra (1870; rev. ed., 1883); Elements of Geometry) (1876); 'Higher Arithmetic' (1877); Empirical and Rational Psychology' (1882); "Outlines of Psychology (1893); 'Systems of Ethics' (1902), etc.

SCHUYLER, Eugene, American diplomat: b. Ithaca, N. Y., 26 Feb. 1840; d. Cairo, Egypt, 18 July 1890. He was graduated at Yale in 1859 and at Columbia Law School in 1863. After practising law he entered the diplomatic service in 1866, was consul at Moscow and Reval and secretary of legation at Saint Petersburg, 1870-76. In 1876 he was transferred to Constantinople and that year, after careful investigations, rendered an important report on the Turkish massacres in Bulgaria. In 1878 he was consul at Birmingham; the next year consul-general at Rome and in 1880 became chargé d'affaires and consul-general at Bucharest. In 1881 the United States government authorized him to arrange and sign the commercial and consular treaties with Rumania and Serbia and in the following year he assumed toward those two countries and Greece the post of Ministerresident and consul-general. In 1889 he became consul-general at Cairo. He published Pete

the Great Emperor of Russia' (1884); Turkestan: Notes of a Journey in Russian Turkestan, Khokand, Bokhara and Kuldja' (1876); American Diplomacy and the Furtherance of Commerce' (1886). He also made translations from Tolstoi and Turgenieff.

SCHUYLER, Louisa Lee, American social worker, great-granddaughter of Gen. Philip Schuyler and of Alexander Hamilton: b. about 1838. She was a member of the United States Sanitary Commission in the Civil War; was one of the organizers and for many years an officer of the New York State Charities Aid Association, founded in 1873; in 1874 originated the first American training school for nurses at Bellevue Hospital against the protest of a considerable share of the management, which grudgingly allotted six wards for its practice field; and in 1907 she was appointed a trustee of the Russell Sage Foundation. She received in 1915 an honorary LL.D. from Columbia University in recognition of her more than 50 years of public service. Author of numerous reports and papers.

SCHUYLER, Montgomery, American journalist: b. Ithaca, N. Y., 19 Aug. 1843; d. New Rochelle, N. Y., 16 July 1914. He was educated at Hobart College, served in the Union army in 1862-63, was on the staff of the New York World in 1865-83, New York Times in 18831907 and New York Sun from 1912 till his death. He published The Brooklyn Bridge' with W. C. Conant (1883); 'Studies in AmeriArchitecture' (1892); Westward the Course of Empire' (1906).

can

SCHUYLER, Philip John, American soldier: b. Albany, N. Y., 20 Nov. 1733; d. there, 18 Nov. 1804. He was the second son of John Schuyler, owner of a large estate near Albany. He served in the French and Indian War in two campaigns (1755-58), first as captain and afterward as commissary with the rank of major. In 1761 he went to England to settle the colonial claims. Returning in 1763 he successfully engaged in the lumber business at Saratoga. He built the first flax mill in America. In 1764 he acted as a boundary commissioner to determine the line between New York and Massachusetts, and later helped settle the New Hampshire boundary. In 1768 he was chosen as Albany's representative in the colonial assembly, where he earnestly defended the side of the colonists. In 1775 he was a delegate to the Continental Congress and served on the committee to frame rules and regulations for the Continental army. He was appointed (19 June 1775) major-general and placed in command of the department of northern New York, with headquarters at Albany. He planned to invade Canada and proceeded as far as Lake Champlain, where he left Gen. Richard Montgomery in command of Fort Ticonderoga, while he returned to Albany to raise more troops and forward supplies. Early in 1776 he led an expedition to Johnstown, N. Y., where he captured the military stores of the British. Owing to a clash with Gen. Horatio Gates he offered his resignation (14 Sept. 1776), which Congress would not accept. In 1777 he was appointed chief of the Pennsylvania militia, and in June was again placed in command in northern New York. On 4 July 1777 Ticonderoga was evacuated by Gen.