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has practised the new and strange sculpture of Germany with greater virtuosity than Franz Metzner (b. 1870), another Austrian established in Berlin, whose works abound to-day in all northern Germany. The greatest of these will be found in the Leipzig Völkerschlacht memorial, which has been characterized as "the most complete embodiment of brute force-of the power to crush- that architecture has afforded since the pyramids."

Among the many younger men who followed the new-old archaistic movement are Hermann Haller, Hans Damman, Georg Kolbe, Arthur Lange; Bernhard Hoetger and Ludwig Habich of Darmstadt; Benno Elkan and Hermann Hahn of Munich. Theodor Georgii of the latter city is apparently content to do good sculpture without tinge of the momentary fad. A leader in animal sculpture is August Gaul (b. 1869). Certain German painters, notably Franz Stuck and Max Klinger, have attracted much attention through their experiments, especially in polychromatic sculpture.

Austria is prolific in sculpture, even supplying many leaders to Germany. The traditions of Vienna are of a florid art, as illustrated in the well-known frieze, The Triumph of Bacchus and Ariadne,' in the Court Theatre, the work of Rudolph von Wehr. Earlier, however, in the century come the names of Prof. Franz Bauer, the brothers Hans and Joseph Gasser, Anton Fernkorn, Johann Meixner and Kaspar von Zumbusch. Of the succeeding generation were Edmund Hellmer and Victor Tilgner and the ingenious Arthur Strasser. Among the many able men of to-day are Karl Stemolak and Karl Krikawa. Prague has its own abundant tradition; examples range from the stately Wenzel monument to the fascinating works of Jan Sturza. Nicholas Ligeti and Géza Maróthi are honored names in Budapest. Cracow likewise presents a varied record of recent tendencies, among which may be mentioned Winulski's monument to Jagello and Szymanowski's impressive Cortege of the Wawel. One of the strangest products of the Viennese school is the young Dalmatian, Ivan Mestrovic, whose chosen work is the celebration of the prowess and suffering of his Serbian ancestry. His primitive art is weirdly impressive.

In Russian sculpture the name of greatest prominence is Marc Antokolsky (1845-1902). His powerful Ivan the Terrible' was followed by a series of dramatic works. Among his pupils was Ilia Ginsbourg. Lancéré is the best of many who have made small_military__and equestrian groups of great vigor. Leopold Bernstamm is better known in Paris than in Russia. Prince Paul Troubetskoy is famed for his impressionistic statuettes; but his method is less satisfactory in public monuments. Naoum Aronson (b. 1872) combines delicacy with forcefulness.

The artistic talent which exists everywhere in solution found but small encouragement during the first two centuries of American life; the slight achievements of Mrs. Patience Wright, modeler in wax; of William Rush of Philadelphia, carver of national figure heads, and of John Frazee in his portrait busts, are about all of which we have record. The history of American sculpture really begins with Horatio Greenough of Boston (1805-52), who in 1825

left Harvard College to study in Rome - the first of an endless procession who have sought inspiration and training abroad. Greenough's efforts naturally reflected the then dominant influence of Canova; his Zeus-like Washington,' intended for the rotunda of the National Capitol, was his most important work. Hiram Powers (1805-73) of Cincinnati, who followed in 1837, settled in Florence. His 'Greek Slave' had vast popularity at home and in England and is a landmark in American art history. Thomas Crawford (1813-57) crowded much enthusiastic work into a short life; his is the pediment of the Senate and the Freedom' upon the dome of the Capitol; also the Washington Monument at Richmond. It was Clark Mills, however (1815-83), who in 1853 created the first equestrian statue in America, the astonishing Andrew Jackson' of Washington, D. C. Other pioneers were Thomas Ball (1819-1911), who made the 'Lincoln_Emancipating the Slave' in Washington and Boston, and the equestrian Washington' in the Boston Public Gardens; Henry Kirk Brown (1814-86), whose Washington' in Union square, New York, remains one of our finest equestrian statues; Randolph Rogers (1825-92), William Wetmore Story (181996) and Harriet Hosmer (1830-1908). Last, and perhaps most skilful of the American "classicists," was William H. Rinehart (182574) of Baltimore.

Erastus D. Palmer (1817-1904) of Albany and John Rogers (1829-1904) were of more distinctly native inspiration, the former creating works of no little ideal beauty, the latter celebrating patriotism and the homelier virtues in naïve, realistic statuettes. John Q. A. Ward (1830-1910) designed many virile monuments culminating in his noble statue of Henry Ward Beecher in Brooklyn. Other names of the early years are Launt Thompson (1833-94), Larkin J. Meade (1835-1910), Franklin Simmons (1839-1913), Martin Milmore (1844-83) and George Bissell (1839-), who have lived to see a marvelous development in American sculpture. Howard Roberts (1843-1900) of Philadelphia and Olin E. Warner (1844-96) were the first to seek training in Paris and thus turned the eyes of American students in a new direction.

It was Augustus Saint-Gaudens (1848-1907) who, after a thorough preparation in the Ecole des Beaux-Arts, was called to the primacy among our sculptors. His 'Admiral Farragut in Madison square, New York City (1881), set a new standard in American monumental art. It was followed by a series of distinguished works including the Lincoln' of Lincoln Park, Chicago; the Shaw memorial in Boston; the Adams memorial in Rock Creek Cemetery, Washington; "The Puritan, Springfield, Mass., and finally the equestrian Sherman' in New York City. These achievements, coupled with various ideal works and a host of remarkable portraits in low-relief, not only gave their author a commanding position among the foremost sculptors of the world but have greatly influenced the trend of American sculpture. No one has done so much to elevate the standard of craftsmanship in this country.

Daniel Chester French (b. 1850) has produced a great amount of admirable work. Best known is his well-beloved 'Death and the Sculptor.' This was followed by the colossal

'Republic of the Columbian Exposition, the O'Reilly Memorial of Boston; Alma Mater' of Columbia University, the "Continents' of the New York Custom House; the Melvin Memorial; the Alice Freeman Palmer Memorial; the Spencer Trask Memorial (Saratoga Springs, N. Y.), with its beautiful Spirit of Life; the Lincoln' of Lincoln, Neb., and the same subject now under way for the great national Lincoln Memorial in Washington. Mr. French has also made a number of spirited equestrian statues some of them in collaboration with Edward C. Potter (b. 1859), as the Washington' in Paris and Chicago, 'General Grant' in Philadelphia and 'General Devens' in Boston. Saint-Gaudens' brilliant pupil, Frederick Mac Monnies (b. 1863), lived in France for many years, modeling there his Stranahan,' 'Nathan Hale,' 'Shakespeare,' 'Bacchante,' "Columbian Fountain,' 'Horsetamers,' groups for the Soldiers and Sailors' Memorial at Brooklyn and many other notable works. Equally well known abroad is Paul Bartlett (b. 1865), whose Columbus' and Michelangelo, for the Congressional Library, are very distinguished conceptions. His equestrian Lafayette' stands in a court of the Louvre in Paris. More recent are the decorative figures for the Public Library of New York and the pediment of the House of Representatives in Washington.

George Grey Barnard has a personal expression of great originality and vigor, as demonstrated in his Two Natures,' The Great God Pan, and two enormous groups for the State House of Pennsylvania. His 'Lincoln' for Cincinnati is particularly noteworthy and like Rodin's Balzac' has occasioned endless discussion. Another leader in American sculpture who like Saint-Gaudens was of Foreign birth, was Karl Bitter (1867-1915). His was the training of Vienna and his progress from the turgid decorations of the Columbian Administration Building of 1893 to the restraint of his Carl Schurz and Lowry memorials (respectively in New York and Minneapolis) and the fine pediment of the Wisconsin Capitol, offers an inspiring example. Herbert Adams (b. 1858) has contributed much to the high esteem in which American sculpture is held. His 'Bryant,' in New York, and other statues are well known, but even more famed are his exquisite portraits of women. Hermon A. MacNeil (b. 1866) has won a high position through his Indian subjects particularly The Sun Vow and various memorials, of which the Albany Soldiers and Sailors' Monument is perhaps the most important. Charles Niehaus (b. 1855) is widely known for his 'Garfield' of Cincinnati, 'Hahnemann' in Washington and other important works. James E. Fraser, a younger man (b. 1876), scored a great success with his equestrian The End of the Trail at the Panama-Pacific Exposition of 1915. Even better known are the various equestrian Indians by Cyrus E. Dallin (b. 1861), which by virtue of their simplicity and sincere workmanship are a real national asset. John J. Boyle, 18511917 did admirably sturdy work on native lines, as in 'The Alarm in Chicago' and 'The Stone Age, Philadelphia.

Andrew O'Connor (b. 1874) won an early triumph with his bronze doors of Saint Bar

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tholomew's Church in New York City, and has done much vivid sculpture, notably his impressionistic General Lawton' in Indianapolis, General Lew Wallace' in Washington and his recent 'Lincoln' for Springfield, Ill. Charles Grafly (b. 1862) of Philadelphia is recognized as the master of portraiture in the western continent; his busts of men are unsurpassed. A. Stirling Calder has a style all his own and did great service in the decoration of the Panama-Pacific Exposition.

Albert Jaegers (b. 1878) in his Von Steuben Monument in Washington; A. A. Weinman (b. 1870) in his Baltimore military memorial and his General Macomb in Detroit have made valuable contributions to the monumental art of America, as have William Couper (b. 1853), Augustus Lukeman (b. 1872) and several others. Nor is any chronicle complete without mention of the Piccirilli family of New York, all skilful craftsmen and, in case of two at least, Attilio and Furio, admirable artists. John Donoghue (1853-1903) is remembered for one beautiful work, his Young Sophocles' in the Art Institute of Chicago, and Edmond A. Stewardson (1860-92) for The Bather.' Another whose death was untimely was Bela L. Pratt (1867-1917), of Boston. Among the many gifted men of a younger generation who are practising with success the ancient art are Robert Aitkin, Sherry Fry, Chester Beach and Albin Polasek, all but the first being graduates of the American Academy in Rome; as are Paul Manship, John Gregory and Leo Friedlander, who have been greatly influenced by the present archaistic tendencies of that institution.

Like Philadelphia, Baltimore has its little band of sculptors and Cincinnati and Saint Louis, each, at least one; Chicago has a large school and an exceptionally united group of craftsmen, while San Francisco shows numerous public works of Douglas Tilden and his pupils. Inspired by the traditions of SaintGaudens several American medalists have won distinction, among them Victor Brenner, John Flanagan, J. E. Fraser and A. A. Weinman. In the sculpture of animals Edward Kemeys (1843-1907) long stood alone, but to-day such skilful men as Edward C. Potter, A. Phimister Proctor, Solon H. Borglum and Edward Roth have won high places.

The women sculptors of America who have been honored by membership in the National Sculpture Society are Mrs. Gail Sherman Corbett, Misses A. St. L. Eberle, Harriet W. Frishmuth, Laura Gardin, Frances Grimes, Anna V. Hyatt, Evelyn B. Longman, Mrs. H. H. Kilson, Mrs. Carol B. MacNeil, Miss Janet Scudder, Mrs. Bessie Potter Vonnoh, Miss Nellie V. Walker and Miss Enid Yandell. LORADO TAFT, Author of 'The History of American Sculpture,

SCULPTURE SOCIETY, National, a society founded 30 May 1893, and incorporated 1896. Up to the earlier of these dates sculpture had received somewhat grudgingly a place in the picture exhibitions and this fact led the sculptors to band together for a separate organization. In 1895 an exhibition for sculpture alone was held in New York, the objects shown having the advantage of a background of architecture, trees, shrubbery and flowers and pe

riodical exhibits have since been held. One reason for the existence of the National Sculpture Society was to provide a centre of authority regarding public and private monuments, and its influence has been beneficially exerted on the decorations and the decorative sculptures of many important public buildings and festival undertakings. The headquarters of the society are at 212 West 57th street, New York City.

SCUP, one of the names of an important American food-fish (Stenotomus chrysops) belonging to the family Sparida, to which the sheepshead and snapper also belong. Besides some technical characters of the skeleton and swim-bladder the scup may be known among fishes inhabiting the same region by its deep compressed body, prominent dorsal spines, of which the third is elongated and the canine-like incisor teeth. The color is silvery gray with purplish reflections above, pure silvery on the sides below. This fish is abundant from Cape Cod to the Carolinas and reaches a large size on rocky ledges where food is abundant, though ordinarily not exceeding 9 or 10 inches in length; it reaches a remarkable size at the age of two years. In the South it is known popularly as porgy. Consult Goode, G. B., Amercan Fishes, (New York 1888); Jordan and Evermann, American Food and Game Fishes,' (New York 1902).

SCURVY, a disease resembling purpura, characterized by inanition, anemia, asthenia, ecchymoses and a tendency to swelling and bleeding of the gums. It is mainly due to disordered nutrition from improper food. Sometimes it follows a deficiency of fresh vegetables and fruits, or an excess of salt fish and pork, the use of tainted food, a too monotonous diet, or an insufficient amount of food. General ill health and malnutrition, and a cold, damp winter, compelling persons to house themselves, are predisposing causes. No condition of the blood differing from that found in other anemias has been recognized. Some believe that the disease is an infection because it has often spread rapidly in prisons, workhouses, etc., and sometimes has a distinct period of incubation, and because one attack, as a rule, confers immunity. It is not related to relapsing fever, which is contagious.

Up to the middle of the last century scurvy was frequent during wars, pestilences and famine, and especially on long sea-voyages when the diet consisted largely of bread, tea and salt meat. During the Crimean War 23,000 cases of scurvy occurred among the French troops alone, and in the American Civil War 15 per cent of the deaths were from this disease, though many cases recovered, owing to the use of vegetable food furnished by the Sanitary Commission. At the present time scurvy is comparatively rare, as most vessels going on long voyages are supplied with a variety of anti-scorbutics, canned meats, limejuice, lemons, and other fruits, vegetables, etc., and on land, in civilized countries, or at least where hygiene is not rudimentary, fresh fruits and vegetables are more used than formerly.

In scurvy the blood coagulates poorly, its red corpuscles are diminished, while the white are increased in number. Sometimes there is cedema of the feet and ankles and serous exudation into the pleural and large joint cavities.

There are purpuric spots in the skin, especially on the legs, ecchymoses in the pleura, pericardium, cerebro-spinal meninges, synovial membranes and in the mucous lining of the bronchi and alimentary canal; and hæmatoma in muscles like the gastrocnemius and gluteus, which may suppurate or in part organize. The gums are swollen, especially about the teeth, and their deeper layers are thickened; fatty changes occur in the liver, spleen, kidneys and heart; the bones may be carious or fractured; and the bone-marrow and mesenteric glands may display hemorrhagic infiltration. In infants the ecchymoses are almost entirely subperiosteal, the blood raising the periosteum (usually of femur, sometimes of tibia or fibula, rarely of the bones of forearms or other parts) in a fusiform swelling, surrounding the bone. The bones become thickened and sometimes superficially necrosed. The epiphyses may separate. The gums may be spongy.

The symptoms of scurvy, which usually develop slowly, include lassitude, anemia, flaccidity of muscles, a cool, dry skin, with sometimes a yellowish pallor. When the disease is developed the gums are red, nodular or fungous, and bleed readily. When the disease is advanced, hemorrhage occurs internally or externally, the breath is offensive, the gums ulcerate, and the teeth loosen. There is thirst, with a craving for sour food and condiments; the joints are swollen and painful; syncope, dyspnoa, and pulmonary congestion are common; the urine is scanty, high-colored, and less than normally acid; the temperature is subnormal (96° F. or 97° F.). The patient is pale, feeble, much emaciated, mentally depressed, and may have low delirium and coma. Meningeal hemorrhage may cause convulsions or hemiplegia. In infants, over the inflamed periosteum there is intense pain and tenderness, swelling and a tense, shiny skin. The child screams when moved, loses appetite, emaciates, grows pale and feeble, perspires freely. There is usually diarrhoea, sometimes hematuria, hemorrhagic blebs in the pharynx, and extravasation of blood in the orbit. Other extravasations, however, are rare. The present day attitude is to regard scurvy as a disease duct, the deficiency of certain ingredients in the diet. These are usually chemical or nitrogenous phosphorus compounds, often called vitamines.

SCUTAGE, or ESCUAGE, in the feudal system the fee on payment of which the military service due from the holder of a knight's fee was not exacted. It originated about the 11th century, and the irritation caused by its exaction was one of the causes that moved the barons to oppose King John in 1214. Consult Baldwin, J. F., The Scutage and Knight Service in England' (Chicago 1897).

SCUTARI, Anatolia, city on the east shore of the Bosporus, opposite Constantinople. It is a busy trading centre of ancient date, and now an important railway junction, with manufactures of silk and cotton textiles, leather, etc. Historic Chalcedon as the modern village of Kadiköi is two miles distant to the south. Scutari was prominent during the Crimean War 1854-56, as the scene of the ministrations of Florence Nightingale and her co-workers, and was also the centre of great activity during the European War. Pop. about 100,000.

SCUTARI, skoo'ta-re, Albania, (1) capital of the province of Scutari, at the confluence of the Drin and Boyana, lies near the Lake of Scutari. The town is fortified, the citadel crowning an eminence. There are besides, two castles, mosques, Greek and Catholic churches, shipbuilding yards and factories for cotton and firearms. There is an active trade. The exports include wool, wax, hides, skins, tobacco and dried fish, sent to Trieste, Venice and Avona. The imports are colonial produce, silk and other manufactured goods which are sold at the large fairs. The fisheries are important. Pop. 32,000.

(2) The province or sanjak of Scutari contains 4,516 square miles and has a population of 322,000.

(3) The Lake of Scutari is 18 miles long by 6 miles wide; on the northwest it receives the Moratcha. The Boyana forms its outlet into the Gulf of Drino in the Adriatic Sea.

SCYLLA, sil'a, a character in mythology, the daughter of Nisus, king of Megara, who, when Minos came from Crete to attack Megara, in revenge for the death of his son, Androgeos, was led by her love for Minos to cut off from the head of her father, King Nisus, a purple lock of hair which while it remained on the head of Nisus made it impossible for Minos to take the city. Megara was captured and Nisus slain, and Scylla was either drowned or changed into a fish which Nisus, changed into an eagle, constantly pursued.

Also another Scylla, mentioned in the Odyssey, as a monster with 12 feet, six necks and six mouths, and occupying a rock on the Italian coast. Legends represent her as having been a beautiful woman changed into a monster through the jealousy of Circe or Amphitrite.

SCYLLA and CHARYBDIS, ka-rib'dis, the former a promontory of southern Italy, at the entrance of the strait which divides Italy from Sicily. Navigation around this promontory was considered dangerous by the ancients, but is regarded by moderns as not attended by special difficulty. Charybdis is a whirlpool nearly opposite the entrance to the harbor of Messina in Sicily, the navigation of which is regarded as very dangerous even to vessels of the present age and which must have been extremely perilous in ancient times. "Between Scylla and Charybdis," means to be confined to a choice between two dangerous situations.

According to the Odyssey (xii, 73ff.) these were two sea monsters, personifying the dangers of rocks and eddies. A description of Scylla is given under that heading. Charybdis sat opposite her, on a low rock under a fig tree, sucking in and belching forth, thrice daily, the adjacent water. In the 'Alexandreis' of Gautier de Lille occurs the famous line, "Incidis in Scyllam cupiens vitare Charybdim.»

SCYTHIANS, the writers of the Classic Age confounded under this name several peoples, who dwelt from the present Rumania to the Pamir across middle Russia and the Caspian steppes. However, the authors who have best described these peoples distinguish the Scythians proper or Scolotes, as they called themselves, the immediate neighbors on the north of the ancient Greeks, from the Sarmates who lived to the east of these, and from

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the Saks who dwelt further east in the land. now known as Turkestan.

The Scythians proper occupied from the time of Herodotus the region between Atlas (the present Aluta, tributary of the Danube) on the west and the Tanaïs (the Don or perhaps the Molotchnaïa) flowing into the Sea of Azov on the east. To the south their frontier was marked by the lower course of the Danube from the mouth of the Aluta, and by the Black Sea. To the north their territory extended to the country of the Agathyrces (Transylvania?), to the Neuri in the upper basin of the Dneister and the Bug, and to the Androphages. Altogether they occupy the eastern part of Wallachia, almost all Moldavia, Bessarabia, the present Russian provinces of Kherson and southern Podolia, and the Crimea, except the mountainous southern portion of the latter, which remained in possession of the savage Tauri. Herodotus divides the Scythians into (1) cultivators, dwelling in the valleys of the Dneister and the Bug, adjoining the Neuri and in the lower valley of the Dneiper and the Panticapée (probably the present Ingouletz); (2) the nomads of the eastern Crimea and south of the mouth of the Dneiper; (3) the Royal Scythians in the eastern Crimea and between the Dneiper and the Tanaïs; (4) the Kallipydes between the Bug and the mouths of the Danube. The Scythians are mentioned for the first time in Hesiod, and many ethnologists are of opinion that their arrival in Europe was about the 15th century B.C. The principal trait

of nomadic life-sustenance from ass's milk - is recorded in every ancient description of this people, who were for the most part, nomads and warriors. Hippocrates gives a detailed description of their mode of life-in fourwheeled chariots, impervious to rain, wind and snow, and often divided into two or three compartments. These chariots were drawn by hornless cattle, the women and children remaining within them while the men accompanied them on horseback. They remained in the same place while there was forage sufficient for their animals, failing which they moved onward. They lived on cooked meats, ass's milk and cheese.

Excellent horsemen, the Scythians hunted and fought on horseback; they were famed as bowmen, but were poor swordsmen. Enemies slain in battle were scalped and their blood drunk from the skulls of others previously slain.

Their religion was a kind of polytheism without external worship. They had no temples nor images of deities to which prayers and sacrifices were offered. The god of war alone had special places reserved for his especial adoration. To him animals and even human beings were offered in sacrifice. Fire worship was general. Women enjoyed a certain amount of consideration due, it is thought, to the legend that the people were descended from a femalewarrior race, the Amazons.

The mode of life of the nomadic Scythians led many to a belief in their Mongolian origin. This opinion is, however, no longer held. The little we know of their language, customs and religion leads rather to the conclusion that they were Iraneans. About the second century B.C. the Scythians were conquered by the Sarmates and absorbed by them. Thereafter they dis

SEA-ANEMONE, a popular name, having reference to their flower-like aspect, for certain polyps or cœlenterate animals belonging to the suborder Actinaria of the order or class Anthozoa. The sea-anemones are sac-like animals of a more or less cylindrical form, usually fixed by a base or foot to some firm body, and with a disc at the opposite end in which is the slit-like mouth surrounded by whorls of simple hollow tentacles in greater or less number, but nearly always some multiple of six. From the mouth a short tubular gullet or œsophagus reaches into the cavity of the body to the walls of which it is connected by radiating septa or mesenteries, which divide the body-cavity into a corresponding number of sacs, with all of which the œsophagus communicates by a central space into which the septa do not reach. A pair of ciliated grooves or siphonoglyphs extend along opposite sides of the oesophagus and into the corresponding corners of the mouth. These always remain open and are the seat of inflowing and outflowing currents of water, serving a respiratory function as well as for the transportation of waste matter from the body. The body-walls, as well as the tentacles, which are outgrowths from them, are very contractile and largely composed of muscles arranged in a circular and a longitudinal layer, the former serving for purposes of extension, the latter for retraction. These muscles have special relations to the mesenteries. The mesenteries are vertical radiating septa reaching from the mouth disc or peristome to the base, and from the body wall to the œsophagus, but below the level of the latter ending freely. They are not strictly radial in arrangement but are grouped in pairs almost always, like the tentacles, in some multiple of six. The mesenteries corresponding to the siphonoglyphs differ in structure from all of the others and are termed directive; the others form different classes according to the order and degree of development. The inter-mesenteric sacs may further communicate by one or two pores in each mesentery. Along the edges of the septa the testes and ovaries are developed from the cells lining the gastric cavity. Digestive cells are also found in the same region as well as an area filled with stinging thread cells or nematocysts. In some species the latter are found in addition upon delicate threads or acontia which may be protruded through the mouth or cinclides.

Most of the anemones live singly, but some are colonial, in which case they never, like the closely related stone corals, form an internal limy skeleton, but may form a superficial one in the ectoderm. Generally they live attached to rocks or piles, but a few burrow in mud or sand, some as commensals fix themselves to shells inhabited by hermit crabs, etc., and a few are truly parasitic in jellyfishes. All are marine; most sublittoral, some deep-sea and a very few pelagic. They reproduce both asexually by budding and fission and sexually by eggs

stome.

and spermatozoa, which are usually produced by different individuals. The eggs are fertilized in the gastric cavity and escape from the mouth in most cases as minute free-swimming larvæ or planulæ which soon attach themselves, develop mouth, tentacles and mesenteries, the latter in a definite order, until the adult structure is attained. Sea-anemones are carnivorous, but, having very limited powers of locomotion, are dependent upon such food as falls upon the expanded tentacles and periThis is captured through the paralyzing effect of the stinging cells or engulfed by the enfolding tentacles and passed through the mouth into the gastric cavity for digestion, the undigested portion being rejected through the mouth. They will devour a surprising quantity of food and grow rapidly; and if starved, gradually shrink to almost the point of disappearance without losing their form. The species are quite numerous and are chiefly distinguished by the arrangement of the septa and tentacles, with color, form, etc., as minor characteristics. Most of them and particularly the tropical forms are beautifully colored. A large, handsome and variable species very common on the rocky shores of New England is Metridium marginatum, which makes an interesting inmate of the marine aquarium. Consult Agassiz, E. C., and A., 'Seaside Studies in Natural History) (Boston 1871); Arnold, A. F., 'The Sea Beach at Ebb Tide (New York 1900); Mayer, A. G., (Sea-Shore Life' (ib. 1905); Lankester, Treatise on Zoology,' Pt. II (London 1901); for American species, Parker, American Naturalist' (1900).

SEA-BASS, a fish (Centropristis striatus) of the family Serranida (q.v.), also known as the black-fish, etc. It commonly attains the length of about a foot and a weight of two to four pounds, and is readily known by the large mouth with the teeth of moderate and nearly uniform size, the smooth area on top of the head, the rather large very rough stenoid scales, continuous dorsal fin with a very strong spine and the slightly trilobate tail with a short filamentous tip to the upper angle. The color is mottled blackish with more or less evident parallel pale streaks. The sea-bass is well known along the entire Atlantic Coast of the United States and is very common from Cape Cod to the mouth of Chesapeake Bay. It lives on rocky ledges wherever an abundance of food offers itself, and feeds voraciously upon all sorts of small crustaceans, fishes, squids and other mollusks, etc. The sea-bass is a sluggish bottom-loving fish, but appears to be somewhat migratory. It spawns in June and the eggs are of small size and buoyant. During the summer large numbers of the young collect in the shallow bays, where eel-grass grows in abundance. Owing to its abundance and the readiness and determination with which it takes the hook this is deservedly a favorite with anglers who lack the opportunity or skill to cope with nobler game. The fishing is done with hand-lines in from 5 to 20 fathoms of water, a heavy lead and a stout hook, preferably baited with squid, being required. Where they are plentiful two fish are frequently brought up simultaneously on as many hooks and large strings are taken during a single slack water, which is the time best suited to their capture. For the market large