SECURITIES. See BANKS AND BANKING FUNCTIONS OF BANKS, ETC.

SECURITY OF PERSON. See RIGHTS.

SEDALIA, Mo., city, county-seat of Pettis County and the largest city of the central portion of the State, on the Missouri Pacific and Missouri, Kansas and Texas railroads, 189 miles west of Saint Louis and 96 miles east of Kansas City. Sedalia is the terminal point of four divisions of the Missouri Pacific and of three divisions of the Missouri, Kansas and Texas Railroad, including the main lines and branches. The general car and repair shops of the latter road are located at this point, occupying 37 acres of ground, with buildings and machinery costing $160,000 and employing 600 to 800 men. In 1904 the Missouri Pacific Railway Company established at Sedalia its general shops for repairs and construction of cars and locomotives for the entire system at an expense of over a million dollars and calculated for the employment of 2,000 men, the citizens donating $230,000 in money and land as an inducement.

There are numerous manufactories of domestic commodities and several large jobbing and distributing, packing and shipping-houses. There are three national banks, two State banks, and one trust company, with a total capital, surplus and undivided profits of $850,500; deposits, amounting to $5,000,000; also two loan companies. The banks operate a clearing-house for the country banks in surrounding counties, clearings amounting to $1,250,000 per month.

The public buildings include the courthouse, a stone structure, costing $110,000; city hall, market, government building, engine-houses, etc.; Carnegie library, cost $50,000; Y. M. C. A., cost $60,000, 650 members. The public park of 50 acres in city cost $85,000, with swimming pool, tennis court, nice lake for boating, children's playground equipment, large convention hall that has a seating capacity of 1,500. The Missouri State Fair was located in Sedalia in 1901, and $1,000,000 has been spent in buildings and improvements. There are 27 churches and excellent free schools. There are a dozen public school buildings, with furniture, libraries, etc., valued at $350,000; 100 teachers, annual pay roll $57,000. Besides the public schools are two business colleges, one college for colored students, supported by the Methodist Episcopal Church, and several private and parish schools. The high school has a fouryears' course and articulates with the State University.

Public utilities are represented by water, gas and electric companies, with a capital of $3,250,000, supplying 2,000,000 gallons of water per day, gas, electric light and power; a street railway company, operating nine miles of street railway, also furnishing electric light and power; a steam heating company, all operating under franchises protecting public and private rights; and two telephone companies. The municipal and school elections are conducted the same as the national and State elections; having the two political parties - Democratic and Republican - each party nominates a candidate for each office. The government is vested in the mayor and board of eight aldermen. Other officers are police judge, clerk, marshal, assessor, collector, treasurer and attorney. The total valua

tion for taxation in 1915 was $5,733,045, being 40 per cent of cash value. Tax levy for current expense and sinking fund 1 per cent. Total revenue, $105,179.82. Bonded debt $172,000, of which a part bears 4 per cent and the balance 42 per cent. Prior to 1860 the present site of Sedalia was wild prairie. Foreseeing the building of the Pacific Railway, Gen. George R. Smith, a resident of Pettis County, acquired a tract of land in 1856 and 11 Nov. 1857 filed a plat of the town of Sedalia. The first settlement on the town site was in 1860, the railway reaching the place in January 1861. Owing to the breaking out of the Civil War, the westward advance of the railway was delayed, and Sedalia for several years was the western terminus and an important military post and shipping point for the Southwest. The place was held by the Federal troops throughout the war, save for its capture, after a sharp fight, in October 1864, by the Confederate general, Jeff Thompson, who was driven out the next day by Gen. A. J. Smith. The impetus in growth given to Sedalia during the war was afterward continued by its becoming a railway centre of importance, and its growth, though slow, has been constant. Pop. (1920) 21,144. M. V. CARROLL,

Secretary of Chamber of Commerce. SEDAN, sã-dän, France, a town in the department of Ardennes, near the Belgian frontier, on the Meuse River, opposite Torcy, and about 160 miles northeast of Paris. Its principal buildings are the theatre, public library and college. The town has important cloth manufactures, employing the majority of the inhabitants. Its chief interest is connected with the defeat of the French army by the Germans, and the surrender of Napoleon III with 100,000 soldiers 2 Sept. 1870. Pop. about 22,000. See FRANCO-GERMAN WAR.

SEDAN-CHAIR, so called from Sedan, a town in northern France. A covered chair, cushioned and decorated, used as a vehicle for carrying one person who sits within it, the enclosure being therefore of much greater height than width. It is carried on two poles which pass through rings secured to the sides, usually by two bearers. They were introduced in western Europe in the 16th century, but their use was extended greatly in the 18th century when they were the common means of transportation for ladies and gentlemen in England and France. Similar chairs carried on the shoulders of two or more bearers, have long been in use in China.

SEDDON, James Alexander, American statesman: b. Falmouth, Va., 13 July 1815; d. Goochland County, Va., 19 Aug. 1880. He was graduated from the law school of the University of Virginia and practised law in Richmond. He was a Democratic member of Congress 1845-47 and 1849-51, after which he retired to his estate. In February 1861 he was one of five delegates to the "Peace Congress" at Washington where he maintained the right of a State to peaceful secession. In July 1861 he was a delegate from Virginia to the Confederate provisional Congress, and in November 1862 became Secretary of War in the Confederate Cabinet. This position he held until the Civil War was nearly over, resigning 28 Jan. 1865 and retiring from public life.

SEDDON, Richard John, New Zealand premier: b. Eccleston, Lancashire, England, 1845; d. at sea, 10 June 1906. Emigrating to Australia at 18 he was attracted to New Zealand four years later by the gold discoveries. He sat in the New Zealand Parliament in 187981 and 1881-90; later he became minister for defense and public works, commissioner of trades and customs, and finally rose to be premier. By profession he was a mining engineer, and he was an associate of the American Institute of Mining Engineers. He was the body and the soul of the New Zealand government.

SEDGE, a common term indiscriminately applied to the many marshy plants of the family Cyperaceae, and particularly to the genera Cyperus and Carex. The sedges are grass-like or rush-like herbs with slender stems, generally solid, often triangular, and but rarely swollen at the nodes. The leaves are pointed and narrow (the word "sedge" refers to their cutting edges), with closed sheaths, with or without reduced ligules, and are three-ranked. The flowers are either perfect or otherwise, and are very small, having a hypogynous perianth, generally consisting merely of bristles or scales, with from one to several stamens having slender filaments, and a simple, toothed or cleft style. The fruits are one-celled and are lenticular or three-cornered. The tiny grass-like flowers are gathered into spikelets of one or more, each (or rarely a pair) in the axil of a scale, which may be persistent or deciduous; the spikelets are themselves arranged in various inflorescences, often in conspicuous umbels. The sedges frequent marshy lands, chiefly, and are occasionally useful in binding sea-sands or in contributing to the growth of peat-bogs.

SEDGWICK, Adam, English geologist: b. Dent, Yorkshire, 22 March 1785; d. Cambridge, 27 Jan. 1873. He was graduated at Trinity College, Cambridge, in 1808, became a Fellow there in 1810 and in 1816 was ordained in the Anglican Church. Because of general high ability he was appointed professor of geology at Cambridge in 1818, a chair hitherto something of a sinecure. Sedgwick, however, set at once about acquiring a knowledge of geology that enabled him to raise the chair to one of importance in the university: was one of the founders of the Cambridge Philosophical Society in 1819, through which he greatly assisted the development of the study of natural science; and labored indefatigably to augment the geological collections of the university, often at his personal expense. He continued his duties as a clergyman and made important geological investigations in Wales, Yorkshire, Devonshire, the Lake Country, the Isle of Wight and northern Scotland. He founded the Cambrian and the Devonian systems; but was for long engaged in a controversy with Murchison, whose Lower Silurian system overlapped Sedgwick's Upper Cambrian system. The matter was disputed until the substitution of the term Ordovician after Sedgwick's death. He was president of the Geological Society in 1829-30, and was awarded its Wollaston medal in 1851. He was also awarded the Copley medal of the Royal Society in 1863. As a memorial to him the Sedgwick Museum was opened at Cambridge in 1903. Author of 'Geological Relations and Internal Structure of the

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Magnesian Limestones (1828); Discourse on the Studies of the University of Cambridge' (1833); Synopsis of the Classification of the British Paleozoic Rocks (1855), etc. With Murchison he wrote 'Physical Structure of the Rocks of Devonshire (1839).

SEDGWICK, Anne Douglas (MRS. BASIL DE SELINCOURT), American novelist: b. Englewood, N. J., 28 March 1873. She left the United States when a child and has since lived chiefly in Paris and London. She studied painting in Paris but later turned her attention to literature. She was married in 1908. Author of 'The Dull Miss Achinard' (1898); (The Rescue (1902); Paths of Judgment (1904); 'A Fountain Sealed' (1907); Tante' (1911); "The Nest' (1912); The Encounter (1914),

etc.

SEDGWICK, Arthur George, American lawyer and editor, son of Theodore Sedgwick (1811-59, q.v.): b. New York, 6 Oct. 1844; d. Pittsfield, Mass., 14 July 1915. He was graduated at Harvard University in 1864, entered the Union army as first lieutenant in the 20th Massachusetts regiment in that year, was taken prisoner and held at Libby Prison. He afterward entered the Harvard Law School and was admitted to the bar in 1866. He then practised law at Boston and was engaged with O. W. Holmes, Jr., in editing the American Law Review in 1866-72. He practised in New York in 1875-81, and was contributing editor to both the Evening Post and the Nation until 1905. He was law lecturer at Lowell Institute, Boston, in 1885-86, and was Godkin lecturer at Harvard University in 1909. He was joint author of "Treatise on the Principle and Practice Governing the Trial of Right to Land' and author of Elements of Damages (1909); 'Democratic Mistakes' (1912).

SEDGWICK, Catharine Maria, American author, daughter of Theodore Sedgwick (17461813) b. Stockbridge, Mass., 28 Dec. 1789; d. Roxbury, Mass., 31 July 1867. She was for many years the principal of a famous school for young ladies, and in her day was widely known

as

an American novelist. Her best-known works are 'A New England Tale' (1822); Redwood,' first_published_anonymously, translated into four European languages, and erroneously_attributed to James Fenimore Cooper; "The Traveller' (1825); 'Hope Leslie, or Early Times in Massachusetts (1827); and "The Linwoods' (1835). Consult Dewey, 'Life and Letters of Catherine Sedgwick) (1871).

SEDGWICK, Ellery, American author: b. New York, 27 Feb. 1872. He was graduated at Harvard University in 1894 and taught at Groton School, Massachusetts, 1895-96. He was on the editorial staff of the Worcester Gazette 1896 and The Youth's Companion 1896-1900; and from 1900-05 was the editor of Frank Leslie's Popular Monthly. After a brief connection with McClure's Magazine and with Messrs. D. Appleton and Company, he became editor of the Atlantic Monthly and president of the company 1909. In 1915 he was elected member of the National Institute of Arts and Letters. He has published 'Life of Thomas Paine' (1899).

SEDGWICK, John, American soldier: b. Cornwall, Conn., 13 Sept. 1813; d. Spottsylvania C. H., Va., 9 May 1864. He was graduated at

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West Point in 1837 and served in the army from that time until his death, taking prominent part in three wars and in many engagements against the hostile Indians in the West. During the second Seminole War in Florida 1837-38, he was second lieutenant of artillery, was promoted in 1839, and took part in the Mexican War 184647, receiving promotion for gallantry after Churubusco and after Chapultepec. When the Civil War began he became lieutenant-colonel of artillery and rose to the rank of majorgeneral. Stationed first at Washington, he was afterward commander of brigade, then of division in the Army of the Potomac, being placed in command of the Sixth army corps in 1863. He took part in the battle of Fair Oaks, the Seven Days' Battles; was severely wounded at Antietam, and after a leave rejoined the army in time for Chancellorsville and Fredericksburg. He played a distinguished part at Gettysburg, and in 1864 participated in the battles of the Wilderness and Spottsylvania, at which latter place he was shot by a Confederate sharpshooter during a movement of his troops. A bronze statue of him was erected at West Point in 1868. His death forms the subject of a painting by Julian Scott, now in the public library at Plainfield, N. J.

:

SEDGWICK, Henry Dwight, American lawyer and author, brother of Ellery Sedgwick (q.v.) b. Stockbridge, Mass., 24 Sept. 1861. He was admitted to the bar in 1884 and was engaged in practice in New York in 188598. He has since been occupied with literary work. Author of 'Letter of Father Cuellar' (1896); 'Life of Father Hecker' (1897); 'Life of Samuel Champlain' (1901); Life of Francis Parkman (1904); The New American Type' (1908); Italy in the Thirteenth Century) (1912); An Apology for Old Maids' (1917); 'Dante' (1919), etc.

SEDGWICK, Robert, American colonist and soldier: b. Woburn, England, about 1590; died Jamaica, West Indies, 24 May 1656. He emigrated to Charlestown, Mass., in 1635, being one of the first settlers there; in 1638 he assisted in organizing the Ancient and Honourable Artillery Company of Boston (having received his training in the Artillery Company of London), and two years later became its captain. He rose to the command of the militia, in 1652. With John Winthrop, Jr., he helped establish, in 1643, the first iron works of the United States. Under Cromwell's orders he captured several French ports in the Penobscot region and in 1655 assisted in the capture of Jamaica. Cromwell raised him to the rank of major-general and made him governor of that island.

SEDGWICK, Theodore, American jurist and legislator: b. Hartford, Conn., May 1746; d. Boston, 24 Jan. 1813. He studied at Yale, was admitted to the bar in 1766, began practice at Great Barrington, Mass., and soon removed to Sheffield, where he attained eminence in professional and civil affairs, frequently representing the town in the Massachusetts legislature. At the beginning of the Revolution he entered the Continental army, serving on Gen. John Thomas' staff in the expedition to Canada, and later acting unofficially as commissary. In 1785-86 he was in the Continental Congress, and in the winter of 1787 was prominent in the suppression of Shays' rebellion (q.v.). He was

speaker of the State house of representatives in 1788, and in that year also a member of the State convention for the ratification of the Federal Constitution; from 1789 to 1796 a representative in Congress; and in 1797-99 United States senator, being president pro tem. in 1797. Then he was again in the House, and its speaker until 1801. From 1802 until his death he was a justice of the Supreme Court of Massachusetts, being noted on the bench for the clearness of his opinions. He was one of council who secured a decision (1780) by which such a construction was given to the constitution of Massachusetts as to abolish slavery in that State. He was an active Federalist, and a member of the American Academy of Arts and Sciences.

SEDGWICK, Theodore, American author, son of Theodore Sedgwick (q.v.): b. Albany, N. Y., 27 Jan. 1811; d. Stockbridge, Mass., 9 Dec. 1859. He was graduated at Columbia College in 1829, and was admitted to the bar in 1833. He was attache at the United States legation at Paris in 1833-34, and afterward practised law in New York until 1850. From 1858 until his death he was United States district attorney of the southern district of New York. Author of 'Memoir of William Livingston' (1833); What is Monopoly?' (1835); Treatise on the Rules Which Govern the Interpretation and Practise of Statutory and Constitutional Law) (1857; 2d ed., 1874), etc. He edited the political writings of William Leggett (2 vols., 1840).

SEDGWICK, William Thompson, American biologist: b. West Hartford, Conn., 29 Dec. 1855; d. 26 Jan. 1921. He was graduated from the Sheffield Scientific School of Yale University in 1877 and later studied at Johns Hopkins University. He was an instructor at the former 1878-79; was at Johns Hopkins as a Fellow in biology 1879-80; as instructor and associate professor of biology at the latter also 1880-83. After 1883 he was professor of biology in the Massachusetts Institute of Technology. He was biologist for the Massachusetts State Board of Health 1888-96. He is a joint author of General Biology (1886); and published "The Principles of Sanitary Science and Public Health' (1902); The Human Mechanism› (1906).

SEDILIA, in architecture, originally the rows of seats in a Roman amphitheatre. Later applied to the stone seats on the south side of the altar in Roman Catholic churches; used by the priest, deacon and sub-deacon in the intervals of the church service. In cathedrals a row of such seats is provided for the clergy.

SEDIMENTARY ROCKS, as originally applied, a term used to indicate those deposits or sediments laid down by water, as contrasted with those rocks which have solidified from a fluid condition and known as igneous. The term has been somewhat expanded in recent usage, to include also the deposits formed by wind and those made by glaciers. They may be divided on the one hand into those laid down in the sea (marine), and those formed on land (terrestrial or continental). On another basis they are divided into aqueous, eolian and glacial. On still another basis they may be considered as of mechanical, chemical or

organic origin. The most familiar types are consolidated gravels, conglomerates; consolidated sands, sandstones; consolidated clay, shales; and consolidated marls or lime oozes, limestones. For a more detailed account of these rocks and the methods by which they are formed, see SHALE, SANDSTONE, and the section on Sedimentary Rocks in the article on ROCKS.

SEDITION, an offense short of treason but more serious than ordinary breach of the peace, or conduct tending thereto. Sedition, as a distinct offense, is unknown to English law, and is also unknown to United States laws, save in acts of Congress relating to the army and navy, and there it evidently means a mutiny or uprising against superior authority, for it is provided that a soldier joining any sedition, or who being present at a sedition does not do his utmost to suppress the same, shall be punished with death, while a sailor uttering seditious words can be punished at the discretion of a court-martial. State laws relating to sedition treat it as a minor offense, to be punished when it amounts to an actual attempt, whether in speaking or writing, or by actual violence, to agitate the overthrow, by unlawful means, of established authority. Anarchist meetings are within this description; when they lead to riot and murder, moreover, as in the case of the Haymarket Riot, in Chicago, the offense is more serious, and all parties concerned are held as principals or accessories to the crimes which result directly from their course of action.

The Alien and Sedition laws enacted by Congress in 1798 embodied an extension of the meaning of sedition which the majority of the American people evidently did not approve, and were aimed at freedom of speech and of the press. The motive for these laws was the suppression of the revolutionary tendencies excited by the French Revolution, the Republican (afterward called the Democratic) party sympathizing with the Revolution, and the Federalists being adverse at least to the extreme phases of that great convulsion. Several prosecutions under the Sedition Law served to make it more odious, and the censequence was the retirement of the Federalist party from power, and the election of Thomas Jefferson to be President of the United States. Since that time, except during the late Civil War, no attempt has been made to interpret as sedition the editorial utterances of the press regarding current events. See ALIEN AND SEDITION ACTS.

SEDITION LAWS. See ALIEN AND SEDITION ACTS.

SEDLEY, sěd'li, SIR Charles, English poet, dramatist and wit: b. Aylesford, Kent, 1639; d. 20 Aug. 1701. He was educated at Oxford, but did not graduate. He wrote comedies and songs; of the latter one or two are still popular, but the former are unequal to his reputation. His first comedy, The Mulberry Garden, partly founded on Molière's 'Ecole des Maris, was published in 1668; and among his other works of this class are 'Bellamira or The Mistress) (1687), based on the Eunuchus of Terence,' and 'The Grumbler.' In later life he entered Parliament and took an active part in politics, uniformly opposing the unconstitutional policy of James II, and was one of the chief promoters of the Revolution.

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SEDRAT, the name given in the religious lore of the Mohammedans to the lotus tree, standing on the right-hand side of the invisible throne of Ali, with two rivers running from its roots. Its boughs extend farther than the distance between heaven and earth, while numberless birds sing among them, and countless angels rest beneath their shade.

SEDUCTION, in law, the act of wrongfully persuading a woman, as by promise of marriage, to surrender her chastity. The theory of this offense in English law is that it is not against the seduced person but against the parent or person standing in that relation, who may sue for damages for actual loss of services caused by such seduction. If this be proved, he can recover not only any pecuniary loss he may have sustained but also compensation for injury to his feelings and damages by way of punishment of the offender. Very slight evidence of service is sufficient to establish the relation of master and servant and to fix the defendant's liability. The action is usually brought by the father, but it may be brought by any person who stands in the relation of master to the seduced person. Usually the woman cannot sue in her own name, but in Scots law she may do so if the deceit of the defendant has been the sole cause of the injury. The action, as a rule, can be brought only in behalf of an unmarried woman, the seduction of a wife being known as criminal conversation, but in England it was formerly held that an action might be brought by the father of a married woman living in his house separated from her husband and giving even the slightest services to her parent. By statute, however, the husband can now demand damages in a suit for divorce where the seducer is corespondent. While the rule in England is that the parent cannot sue if the daughter is not performing at least slight services for him, this has been modified in the United States to the extent that the parent may bring action if he is entitled to her services during minority, whether she is in his service or not. Statutes

in the United States have greatly modified the old common-law rule. For instance, seduction was not a crime at common law, but in many of the States it has been made so by statute if the woman seduced was previously chaste, particularly when accompanied by a promise of marriage. Likewise in some States the seduced woman may bring the action in her own name and may have both a criminal and a civil remedy.

SEDUM, a genus of plants of the family Crassulacea, the many species of which inhabit chiefly the north temperate and Arctic zones. They have succulent, generally smooth foliage, of varying form, but often crowded on the stems, and four or five parted flowers, with distinct petals, usually in cymose inflorescences and of pink or yellowish hue. The carpels of the fruit are separate or united at the base. The sedums are pre-eminently useful for rockgardens, and for cultivation in plots or in poor soil, since they are remarkably hardy under adverse conditions. Some prefer barren rocks, and spread luxuriantly over them, thus earning their common name of stone-crop. Like the house leeks (Sempervivum), which they closely resemble, they are easily propagated by seeds

or offshoots, and are possessed of great vitality. S. telephium is the orpine (q.v.), a livefor-ever, or live-long, so called because a cut branch, fastened out of doors, will grow, and perhaps bloom, drawing upon the store of reserve tissue in its fleshy bulk, and since it will occasionally start into growth when pressed and dried it is also called Aaron's rod. This species was further known as Midsummer men, as it was used for love-charms on midsummer's night, two stems of it being set up to see if one, representing a lover, would turn to the other. S. acre, the English wall-pepper, is a common creeping plant covered with yellow, star-like flowers, fond of sunny, rocky places, and is an emetic and cathartic. One of the handsomest species is the old-fashioned border plant, S. spectabile, with upright stems and broad cymes of purplish flowers. S. telephioides and S. roseum, the rose-root or rhodia of old time shops, with rose-scented roots, make themselves conspicuous by growing in great masses on mountain ledges. S. album was formerly used as a medicine, and cooked or eaten as a salad under the name of worm grass or prickmadam.

SEE, Horace, American naval engineer: b. Philadelphia, 17 July 1835; d. 1909. He received his training as a mechanical engineer in a machine shop. As superintendent engineer of the firm of William Cramp and Sons he was identified with its fame as the builder of highclass ships. He is known as the inventor of the hydropneumatic ash ejector, the cylindrical mandrel for face bearings and other important mechanical devices. He was consulting engineer and naval architect for several noted corporations in the United States.

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SEE, SIR John, Prime Minister of New South Wales: b. Felling, Huntingdonshire, England, 1844; d. 1907. In 1853 he went to Australia, and in 1880 was elected member of the colonial Parliament, to which he was elected several times as member for Grafton until 1904. In 1885 he was appointed Postmaster-general and from 1891 to 1894 was Treasurer. In 1899-1901 he held the portfolio of Chief Secretary and Minister of Defense, and from 1901 to 1904 was Prime Minister. In 1902 he was knighted. Ill health compelled his retirement in 1904.

SEE, Thomas Jefferson Jackson, American astronomer and mathematician: b. on a farm near Montgomery City, Mo., 19 Feb. 1866. In 1884 he entered the University of Missouri and was graduated (A.B., L.B., S.B.) at the head of his class in 1889, with the Missouri astronomical medal for an original thesis on the 'Origin of Binary Stars.' He at once entered the University of Berlin, for post-graduate study, and won with high honors the degrees of A.M., Ph.D., 10 Dec. 1892 Upon returning to America 25 Dec. 1892, he organized and had charge of the department of astronomy at the University of Chicago, and aided in establishing the Yerkes Observatory, 1894. In 1896 Dr. See entered upon a survey of southern double stars and nebulæ for the Lowell Observatory. During two years at Flagstaff, Ariz., and at the City of Mexico, he examined with a 24-inch telescope some 200,000 fixed stars, between 15 and 65 degrees south declination, and discov

ered some 600 new double stars, besides measuring about 1,400 stellar systems previously reorganized by Sir John Herschel and other observers. Dr. See lectured on Sidereal Astronomy at Lowell Institute, Boston, in December-January, 1898-99, and was immediately afterwards appointed professor of mathematics, United States Navy, by President McKinley. On duty at the Naval Observatory, Washington, 1899-1902, with 26-inch telescope, he observed double stars and satellites, and measured the planets and satellites by daylight and at night, thus deducing the absolute diameters and constants of irradiation of the chief bodies of the solar system. On duty at the Naval Academy, 1902-03; since in charge of the Naval Observatory, Mare Island, Cal. During 1902-03, he investigated the position of Laplace's "Invariable Plane of the Solar System"; and during 1904-06 carried out important researches on the moments of inertia, internal densities, pressures, temperatures and rigidities of the heavenly bodies, earthquakes, etc. He has made numerous other researches in regard to the origin of the solar system, the cause of the land and water hemispheres of the terrestrial globe, gravitation, etc.

He has published 'Die Entwickelung der Doppelstern-Systeme (Berlin 1893); 'Researches on the Evolution of the Stellar Systems' (Vol. I, Lynn 1896); Vol. II, Capture Theory of Cosmical Evolution' (1910); 'Researches on the Physics of the Earth' (in Proc. Am. Philos. Soc. 1906-13); 'Dynamical Theory of the Globular Clusters' (in Proc. Am. Philos. Soc., 1912); Electrodynamic Theory of Magnetism and of Universal Gravitation: Discovery of the Cause of Gravitation, with proof that this fundamental force of nature is propagated with the velocity of light' (communicated to the Royal Society of London, by Lord Rayleigh, Feb. 1915); Determination of The Physical Cause which has established the Unsymmetrical Equilibrium of the Solid Nucleus in the Fluid Envelope and thereby produced the welldefined land and water hemispheres of the Terrestrial Spheroid' (in 202d volume of the Astrom. Nachr., Kiel, January 1916).

SEE, a word applied to the seat or throne of a bishop, but more usually employed as the designation of the city in which a bishop has his residence, and frequently as that of the jurisdiction of a bishop, that is, as the equivalent of diocese. The Holy See is located in Rome.

By universal usage, see designates the city (thence, at least in popular language, the entire diocese) in which the seat of the bishop is placed. Sees have, as a rule, been in some city, or considerable town, and in general the name of a see is taken not from the district governed by the bishop but from the city or town. To this usage, the names of most of the Protestant Episcopal sees in America are an exception. Sees In Partibus Infidelium were those which retained their ancient names, though in many cases not merely the cities themselves, but even all traces of the Christian religion, in the sites on which they anciently stood, have disappeared. In the Roman Catholic Church, the Pope alone establishes sees, and alters their distribution and their local limits and boundaries; though