introducing Aristotle into Spain, but Isidore had done that long before. He wrote the first summa of knowledge, and his work was used as a textbook during most of the Middle Ages, and was printed no less than 10 times between 1470 and 1529, some thousand years after his time. It contains information almost in the same form as the modern encyclopedia. There is much more insistence on religious questions than in our time. Isidore quotes 154 authors, Christian and pagan. His information is well ordered, so that no wonder it attracted attention. Many editions of portions of the work were issued in the 19th century. Mommsen edited the historical writings of Saint Isidore among the German Monuments of History' (Berlin 1894). The eighth Council of Toledo showed its critical appreciation by declaring him "the extraordinary doctor, the latest ornament of the Church, the most learned man of the latter ages, always to be named with reverence." Isidore's works are the touchstone by which the human interests of this century may be judged.

A great educator of the time was Columbanus, the Irish abbot of Bobbio in Italy, who died there in 615. At the end of the 6th century he had come over to France (probably 585) with 12 companions, three of whom, Saint Attala, Saint Gall and Columbanus the Younger are well known in history. He established the celebrated abbey of Luxeuil, after having founded the abbey of Annegray in the Vosges, but even two monasteries did not suffice for the numbers who came to join him and a third had to be established at Fountains. He deprecated the conduct of Queen Brunehilde, who strove to counteract his influence by introducing religious elements into their differences. The question of the Celtic observance of Easter and of the Celtic, that is the anterior instead of the poll tonsure was brought up. To avoid contention that might give scandal, Columbanus thought it better to leave France for Italy. On his way he left Saint Gall to found the monastery called after him in Switzerland, while he himself, having been given by the king of the Lombardi a tract of land known as Bobbio between Milan and Genoa, erected early in the 7th century the celebrated abbey which for centuries was a stronghold of orthodoxy in northern Italy.

The beginning of the century saw the climax and sad end of the career of a great woman, Brunehilde or Brunehaut (the brunette), daughter of Athanagild, king of the Visigoths, who married Sigebert, king of Austrasia (561). She was intensely ambitious, both for her husband and herself, and of indomitable energy. She did great good by introducing the principles of Roman law which had ruled at the court of her father among the Austrasians. Unfortunately her ambition incited a series of wars between her husband and his brother, in the midst of which her husband was treacherously killed. She became regent for her minor son, but her reign was the beginning of the downfall of the Merovingian dynasty, for mayors of the palace are now mentioned for the first time as exercising power, and the growth of their influence in succeeding reigns finally brought about an end of the ruling house toward the end of the century. Brunehilde was learned as well as ambitious, and deeply intent on securing for her people all the benefits of civilization. She ruled over two-thirds of Gaul

better perhaps than it had ever been governed before. She had roads constructed to facilitate intercourse and commerce, was a patroness of education and the arts, and destroyed whatever remained of idolatry among the people. She built a number of monasteries, partly for educational reasons and partly for the facilities they provided for the solution of social problems in country places. To her is attributed the foundation of one of the very early French hospitals at Hautonne. Dagobert, in the first half of the 7th century, is said to have founded a hospital in Paris. Haeser places the foundation of the Hotel Dieu shortly after the middle of this century. Brunehilde's ambition, however, finally overreached itself and brought her to an ignominious fall. Pope Gregory I, the Great, had written to congratulate her on all that she was doing for Christian civilization, but when she endeavored to maintain her position as ruler by encouraging her grandson in licentiousness so that she might have more power over him, Saint Columbanus reproached her with it, and though he was driven from his monastery of Luxeuil on pretense of heretical tendencies, the clergy became exasperated, and finally the whole kingdom became disaffected, and offered to recognize Lothair II, if he would relieve them of Brunehilde's rule. marched against her and she was abandoned by her army on the banks of the Aisne where with her four grandsons she fell into the hands of Lothair, who had the four princes put to death and bound Brunehilde at the age of 80 to the tail of a wild horse who dashed her to pieces as he ran away (613).

He

The climax of Merovingian power was reached in the reign of Dagobert I (602-638), who secured the Franks a preponderance in western Europe. Dagobert put down the Wens, organized the Saxons to resist the encroachment of the Slavs on Thuringia and delivered Bavaria from the Bulgarians who were ravaging that country. Finally he became the master of practically all Gaul, and strengthened his position as ruler by restraining the nobles, preventing abuses and violence, and going through the country to give audience to great and small. He improved the laws, favored commerce at home and abroad, formed an alliance with the Lombards of Italy and the Visigoths of Spain and sent ambassadors to Heraclius the Eastern Emperor. He encouraged art and the arts and crafts, and some of the jewelry of the Merovingian times recently excavated show us how high was the taste of the period.

The great master in the industrial arts was the famous Saint Elois or Eligius (588-659) who was a goldsmith but afterward became the bishop of Noyon. He was a favorite of Dagobert, who went to him for counsel in the foundation of churches and monasteries and in the distribution of alms to the poor. Around Saint Eligius' name a 19th century controversy developed because Mosheim, the German church historian (18th century), had quoted from one of his sermons expressions which seemed to indicate that the essence of Christianity at that time consisted in the paying of church fees. As a matter of fact, the sermon from which the quotation was taken shows that Saint Eligius insisted on all the highest virtues of Christianity. He is himself a fine type of the sincere church

man, devoting himself and all his faculties to the benefit of Christianity.

The great struggle in France between the kings and the higher nobility, which was to continue for so many centuries to hamper national progress, may be traced in its beginnings to this time. The question of the limitation of land grants to the length of the life of the grantee so that each king on his accession might revoke such grants except on assurance of the continued loyalty of the possessors of the land, was one of the factors which made for the establishment of feudalism somewhat later in history, though its earliest manifestations can be noted at this time. The weakness of the Merovingian monarchs only complicated the problem and gave the nobles opportunity to entrench themselves in their possessions.

The great ruler of this century is Heraclius, the Eastern Emperor (575-641). He was the son of Heraclius, governor of Africa, and succeeded to the imperial throne through a conspiracy between his father and Crispus, the son-in-law of the Emperor Phocas. He proved for many years just the ruler that was needed for the Eastern empire. Under Justinian the armies of that emperor had succeeded in reconquering Italy and Africa, and re-establishing the empire in something of its old-time prestige. Barbarous nations had been encroaching more and more on the frontiers of the empire, and the Avars from the North and the Persians made serious inroads. Heraclius set up the Croats and Serbs in Illyricum as a barrier against the Avars, but he himself led his armies against the Persians, and after many strenuous campaigns in the third decade of the century he annihilated Persian power and reestablished the Imperial dominion. This hard task had only just been completed, however, when the Mohammedans began their inroads, and Heraclius had to see his recent Eastern conquests fall under the dominion of this new power in the East, which was to prove so serious an enemy to the Eastern empire and finally bring about its fall.

All during this century the existence of the Exarchate of Ravenna (instituted 568, ended by the Lombards 752) acted as a conservative element in Western civilization. The beautiful architecture and interior decoration of the churches and palaces in Ravenna preserved a taste for the beautiful and an appreciation of art. Its presence kept alive the imperial idea and principle in the minds of Westerners who would probably have lost sight of it if they had only Constantinople in the East to think of. It conserved the idea of a Roman empire and so prepared the way for Charlemagne's dominion and for the feeling of solidarity to some extent among the Western nations. The presence of the Exarch at Vienna accomplished much for peace in Italy and gave some opportunity at least for the cultivation of the arts of civilization instead of utter devotion to the art of war. Under a great ruler like Heraclius the influence of the Greek or Byzantine empire in the West was deeply felt. The maintenance of a strong Greek imperial outpost at Ravenna warded off to a great extent the Slavic races of eastern Europe from invading the South until Christianity had come to modify in some respects their barbarism.

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Two immortal names are associated with the abbey of Whitby as it has come to be known, though its original name was Streonshalh (Saxon), founded in this century. (The existing remains date from the 12th century). Hilda or Hild, the abbess, and Cædmon, the poet, were here in the second half of the century. Hilda (614-680) is noteworthy as the foundress and, after the Celtic tradition, the head of a monastery in which there were both men and women. She was of royal descent and had been abbess of Hartlepool (649). Cadmon was a stableman at Whitby, who, ashamed of the fact that he could not respond to the request for a song which was customary at the abbey dinners on high festival days — the custom of thus entertaining themselves at this time is noteworthy-retired to the stable and there was commanded in a dream "to sing the beginning of created things" (Bede). In the morning he remembered his dream and his poetical gift was fostered by Hilda until he produced his great poem of Creation,' a metrical paraphrase of the Old Testament, the first monument of English literature. It is said to have influenced Milton deeply. Another great abbey, that of Glastonbury, was refounded in this century. It became a centre of the intellectual and spiritual life of the time. Around it gathered the legends of the visit of Joseph of Arimathea to England, whose staff planted became the famous Glastonbury thorn which blooms every Christmas eve, as well as of the legends connected with King Arthur who is supposed to be buried here on the Isle of Avalon (Isle of Souls or Land of the Blessed). Glastonbury and Whitby continued to be important religious and educational institutions until the time of Henry VIII. There are very old traditions which would place the foundations of Cambridge and Oxford in this century, especially the former, and while false in formal fact, there is an element of truth in them because of the great interest which this century evinced in educational foundations of various kinds and which seems to have touched also the immediate neighborhoods where are now the great English universities.

JAMES J. WALSH, Author of 'The Thirteenth Greatest of Centuries.

PRINCIPAL EVENTS OF THE SEVENTH CENTURY. 602. Dagobert began his reign in western Europe. 610. Mohammed began to preach at Mecca.

613. Brunchilde, queen of Austrasia, was brutally put to death by Lothair II.

614. Persians captured Damascus and Jerusalem. 626, Persians besieged Constantinople.

627. Li-Chimin, son of the founder of the Tang dynasty, ascended the throne of China and assumed the name of T'ait-ning.

631. Nestorian Christian missionaries visited China. 632. Death of Mohammed.

634. The Arabs occupied Damascus.

636. The victory of Yermuk completed the Arab conquest of Syria.

637. Jerusalem surrendered to the Arabs.

638. Persian power was overthrown at the battle of Kadesia. 639. The Arabs invaded Egypt.

641. Death of Heraclius, the Eastern Emperor.

643. Theodosius, emperor of Constantinople, and the king of Persia, sent envoys to the emperor of China with gifts of rubies and emeralds. Chinese civilization reached its climax.

646.

Arabs captured and occupied Alexandria.

672. Arabs began a seven years' siege of Constantinople. Their first attacks were foiled by Greek fire which destroyed their ships.

680. Cædmon, the Anglo-Saxon poet-author of the 'Creation,' died.

692. Arabs destroyed Carthage.

622

SEVENTH DAY BAPTISTS. Sce BAPTISTS, SEVENTH DAY.

SEVERINUS, sev-er-e'nus, Saint, the Apostle of Norica: b. either in northern Africa or southern Italy; d. Jan. 482. After the death of Attila in the 5th century he journeyed through the territory along the Danube, preaching Christianity, and through his courage and good work gained great influence over the people and made many converts. After his death his body was taken into Italy by Lucillus, one of his followers, and found its final resting place on a small island near Naples.

SEVERN, sěv'ern, Joseph, English artist: b. Hoxton, 7 Dec. 1793; d. Rome, Italy, 3 Aug. 1879. He was self-taught and won, after great struggles, the Royal Academy historical painting prize in 1818. Early in life he formed a friendship for the poet Keats, for which he is chiefly noted; in 1820 accompanying the poet to Italy, and caring for him there until Keats' death the following year. He painted several portraits of Keats. In 1821 Severn exhibited (The Death of Alcibiades' at the Royal Academy and won a traveling pension. He subsequently served as British and as Italian consul at Rome, where he lived until his death, devoting his time chiefly to the painting of miniatures. He wrote some, but his literary work is of no importance. He was buried near his poet-friend. His bestknown pictures are the Roman Beggar'; Specter Ship, and his work on the altar of Consult Sharp, Saint Paul's Church, Rome. 'Life, Friendships and Letters of Joseph Severn) (1892).

SEVERN, England, the second river in size and most important in the country, rises at Maes Hafren in Montgomery County, and after a winding course of about 200 miles falls into the Bristol Channel. The Vyrnwy enters the Severn on the Shropshire borders, the Wye, below Chepstow and the Lower Avon about eight miles below Bristol. At Welshpool the Severn begins to be navigable, about 178 miles above its mouth. Near Gloucester it branches forming the Isle of Alney. It is a great tidal river, with a remarkable eager or bore; vessels of 400 tons can ascend as far as Worcester. Below Gloucester navigation is impeded, and its low banks at this point cause frequent inundations. A railway tunnel (four and onehalf miles) passes under the estuary near the Wye.

SEVERO, să-vā'rō, or NORTHEAST CAPE. See CHELYUSKIN, CAPE.

SEVERUS, se-vē'rus, Alexander. ALEXANDER SEVERUS.

See

SEVERUS, Lucius Septimius, Roman emperor: b. near Leptis, Magna, Africa, 146 A.D.; d. York, Britain, 211 A.D. After the murder of Pertinax, in March 193 he was proclaimed emperor by his troops at Carnuntum. Thereupon he marched to Rome to crush the partisans of Didius Julianus, who had meanwhile purchased the imperial purple from the Prætorians. On his approach Julian was deserted and assassinated by his own soldiers. In professing that he had assumed the purple only to revenge the death of the virtuous Pertinax, Severus gained many adherents and was enabled to banish the Prætorians. But while he was victorious at Rome, Pescennius Niger was in the East at

the head of a powerful army, by which he also had been called to the purple. Getting rid of the rivalry of Albinus by conferring upon him the title of Cæsar, Severus at once directed his arms against this eastern competitor. On the plains of Issus, Niger was totally ruined by the loss of 20,000 men (194). After devastating some territory beyond the Euphrates, Severus took Byzantium, which had shut her gates against him, but only after a protracted siege (196); and he then returned to Rome, resolved to destroy Albinus. He attempted to assassinate him by his emissaries, but when this failed, Severus had recourse to arms, and defeated Albinus near Lyons (197). After returning to Rome Severus marched into the East to repel an invasion of the Parthians; made himself master of Seleucia, Babylon and Ctesiphon, and advanced far into the Parthian territories. From Parthia he marched toward the more southern provinces of Asia and entered Alexandria. A rebellion in northern Britain called him away again in 208. After penetrating to the far north of Caledonia, and losing a vast number of men, he returned southward and rebuilt or repaired the wall of Hadrian across the island from the Tyne to the Solway Firth. The jurist, Paprianus, flourished during his reign and introduced improvements in the administration of justice. Consult Platnauer, M., The Life and Reign of the Emperor Lucius Septimius Severus' (Oxford 1918). SEVERUS, Wall of. See HADRIAN'S

WALL.

SEVIER, sě-vēr', John, American pioneer: b. Rockingham County, Va., 23 Sept. 1745; d. near Fort Decatur, Ga., 24 Sept. 1815. Having founded the town of Newmarket, Shenandoah County, Va., and there become a celebrated Indian fighter, he served as captain in the Virginia line during Lord Dunmore's War (1774; see COLONIAL WARS IN AMERICA). He had removed in 1772 to the Watauga colony on the western slope of the Alleghanies and been, next to John Robertson (q.v.), the most prominent of the settlers. Now, at the beginning of the Revolution, he drafted a memorial to the legislature of North Carolina, requesting annexation to that colony, and as a result all of the present Tennessee was made a county of North Carolina and known as Washington district. He served in the North Carolina legislature and was appointed district judge at Watauga. Elected colonel of the trans-Alleghany forces, he commanded in many Indian fights, distinguishing himself at Boyd's Creek (1779) and King's Mountain (1780). After the war, North Carolina found that the retention of the large section now known as Tennessee would entail obligations for a corresponding portion of the Federal debt and, therefore, the tract was made over to the central government. The settlers then determined to organize an independent State and regularly apply for admission to the Union. At a convention held 23 Aug. 1784 Sevier was elected governor of the new State of Franklin, as it was called. North Carolina now recognized its mistake and granted Watauga a Superior Court, besides organizing the militia troops into a brigade with Sevier as brigadier. But Sevier entered office as governor 1 March 1785, reorganized the military, established a Superior Court and con

cluded treaties with the Cherokees. In 1787 Governor Caswall of North Carolina declared the Franklin government a revolt, subdued it by force of arms, imprisoned Sevier and ceded the region to the Federal government. Sevier was afterward made brigadier-general of forces in the territory south of the Ohio, in 1790 elected as first representative of Congress from the Mississippi Valley, and in 1796 was elected governor of the new State of Tennessee, serving three successive terms. In 1803 he was reelected and again served three terms consecutively. He was chosen to Congress in 1811 and returned for a third term. Consult Gilmore, 'Rear-Guard of the Revolution,' and 'Life' (1887).

SEVIER, a salt lake in Millard County, in Utah, just west of the Beaver River Range, in lat. 30° N., long. 130° 10' W., and at an altitude of 4,000 feet. Sevier River enters it on the north and it has no apparent outlet. The water lines of the valley surrounding the lake show that at one time it was of considerable extent and was a part of Lake Bonneville (q.v.), together with Great Salt Lake, Lake Lakeshore and other bodies of salt water in the vicinity. In 1872 Sevier Lake was 28 miles long, 10 miles wide and had a surface area of 188 square miles. For over 30 years the waters of Sevier River have been used for irrigation, and so great is the quantity now used for this purpose that during the summer months the bed of the lake is almost dry and the salts have been precipitated so as to form a crust over the lake bottom. This crust is composed of about three-fourths sodium chloride and the other fourth is nearly all magnesium sulphate and sodium sulphate. The crust is estimated to be about 1,500,000,000 tons. The only animal life

found in the lake are Artemia, a species of brown shrimp and the larvæ of some insects. Fishes entering the lake from the river are poisoned by the strong brine.

SÉVIGNÉ, Marie de Rabutin-Chantal, mä-rē de rä-bü-tăn shän-täl sã-vēn-yā, MARQUISE DE, French writer: b. Paris, France, 5 Feb. 1626; d. Grignan, Drôme, France, 17 April 1696. She was the daughter of Baron de Chantal, was left an orphan in 1633, and brought up by her maternal grandparents, and by her uncle, the Abbé of Livry. She was married in 1644 to the Marquis Henri de Sévigné, who was killed in a duel in 1651, leaving her the mother of a son and a daughter. Though gifted with wealth, beauty, talent and high social position, she made no second marriage, but devoted herself to the education of her children, and to reading, meanwhile moving as one of the most brilliant members of the literary circle of the Hôtel Rambouillet. She was devotedly attached to her daughter, who was married in 1669 to the Comte de Grignan, and shortly afterward accompanied him to Provence, where he had been appointed lieutenant-governor. This separation resulted in the voluminous correspondence, which, while not intended for publication, has since been given to the world, and has made the writer famous, the letters being models of literary style and of great historical value. They cover a period of only about seven years, as after 1687 Madame de Sévigné was rarely separated

623

from her daughter, who died in 1694. The correspondence abounds in delightful gossip, witty anecdote, clever remarks on men and topics of the day, and graceful delineation of the pleasures and gaieties of Parisian society. They mirror the life of the woman who was in turn the noted beauty of the court, the brilliant wit of the Hôtel Rambouillet, the religious devotee, the woman of business, endeavoring to make her income meet the demands placed upon it by her extravagant son, the appreciative student of Virgil, Montaigne, Molière, Pascal, Arnauld, Quintilian, Tacitus and Corneille, and always the devoted mother, deploring the enforced separation from her daughter. They fill 14 large volumes, and were first published in 1726. Successive editions have appeared at intervals, the best being that of Monmerqué in the 'Grands Ecrivains series (14 vols., 1862-66), completed by the Lettres Inédites of Capmas' (2 vols., 1872). Consult Walckenaer, Mémoires touchant la Vie et les Ecrits de Madame de Sévigné (1842); Combes, 'Madame de Sévigné historienne (1885); Saporta, La famille de Madame de Sévigné en province) (1889).

SEVILLE, sěv'il or sě-vil', or SEVILLA, sā-vēl'yä, Spain, (1) capital of the province of the same name, on the east bank of the Guadalquivir, 62 miles northeast of Cadiz. The principal buildings are grouped around or near the Plaza del Triunfo. The great Gothic cathedral, which ranks next to Saint Peter's at Rome, was built (1401-1519) on the site of a Moorish mosque, and comprises a profusion of works of art and historical treasure, paintings by Murillo, De Vargas, etc., gilt and colored wood carvings by Dancart (1482), fine sculptures and superb metal work, costly and curious statues and reliquaries, a large organ, and above all the delicate Moorish stone and marble tracery which decorates the interior. In the nave are the tombs of Fredinand III and of Ferdinand, the son of Columbus. The approach is made by a high flight of steps, and the cathedral is surrounded by the shafts of 100 antique columns. The east and north portals contain respectively some fine sculpture and bronze doorways. The immense clustered pillars, the magnificent stained glass by Flemish artists, and the Giralda (q.v.) or Bell Tower (the finest in Europe) are interesting features. North of the cathedral is the Patro de los Naranjos, with the library of Columbus-containing some valuable works and manuscripts-and the original Moorish fountain. The Alcázar is the chief specimen of Moorish arthitecture in Seville, and only second to the Alhambra in beauty and interest. It was founded in 1181, was the Arabian royal palace and was surrounded by walls and towers. Its most conspicuous features are the façade, the hall of ambassadors, and the patro de las muñecas. In the rear are beautiful gardens. The Exchange contains many historical documents. The Ayuntamiento or city hall is a fine specimen of the Renaissance, between the Plaza de la Constitucion and the Palaz de San Fernando. Adjoining is the Audiencia or Court of Justice. The other noteworthy buildings are the Casa de Pilatos (15th century), with a fine colonnade and courtyard and the Casa de las Dueñas, with numerous courtyards and nine fountains. The remarkable churches include Omnium Sanctorum, San Marcos, Santa Maria

la Blanca (an ancient synagogue), and La Caribad (the latter containing several chef d'œuvres by Murillo and J. de Valdes Leal. Many of the churches, in themselves uninteresting, contain masterpieces of sculpture and painting. The Museum contains works of art of inestimable value, representing the School of Seville (16th and 17th centuries). Other notable buildings include the University (1254) (1567), formerly a convent; the archbishop's palace; the royal cigar factory, "Fabrica de Tabacos," an enormous and palatial building, with many courts, fountains, and tropical plants; the palace of San Telmo and the picture gallery. The chief squares not mentioned are the Plaza Nueva, the Plaza del Duque, the large bull-ring, which ranks next to that at Madrid, and the Quemadero, the former scene of the Autosda-fé. Las Delicias is a charming promenade along the river bank. The suburb of Triana is inhabited by gypsies and the poorer class. The Guadalquivir is a tidal river and navigable for large vessels into the city itself. Seville has always been an important commercial port. The exports include lead, quicksilver, iron ore, olives, oranges, cork and copper pyrites; the imports timber, drugs, chemicals, coal, coke, machinery, petroleum and coffee. The principal manufactures are tobacco, porcelain, hardware, soap, leather goods, chocolate, corks, etc. The Pickman tile factory at Cartuja is an old and noted porcelain manufactory. A railway connects the city with Cadiz and Cordova, and an iron bridge and two other bridges (one belonging to the railway) connect it with Triana (where typical peasant games and costumes are scen). Seville was first colonized by the Phoenicians, from whom it passed in turn to Romans, Vandals, Visigoths and Arabs and was finally taken by Ferdinand of Castile (1248), 300,000 Moors voluntarily seeking exile. suffered many revolutions prior to this period, and later was depopulated by a yellow fever scourge. Under Soult (1810) the French robbed the city of her riches. The discovery of America gave the town considerable commercial importance as the seat of American trade. It is the birthplace of Velasquez Murillo and other celebrities. Pop. about 158,300. Consult Calvert, A. F., Seville' (London 1907); Gallichan, W. M., The Story of Seville' (London 1903).

It

(2) The province has an area of 5,428 square miles, and forms a part of Andalusia. The summits of the Sierra Morina rise at the north to a high elevation; south, the surface is low and fertile. The Guadalquivir is the principal river, and its affluents are the Genil, the Guadira, and the Guadalimar. The province is exceedingly fertile and produces all cereals and vegetables. The exports include tobacco, leather, paper, chocolate, silk and woolen goods, glass, soap and pottery. The chief European domestic animals are abundant, and in the higher districts occur copper, silver, lead, iron, coal, and salt mines, besides chalk and marble. Trade has developed rapidly by the building of railways in recent times. Four senators and twelve deputies represent the province in the Cortes. The chief towns are Seville (q.v.), Carmona, Constantina, Ecija, Lebrija, Marchena, Morón de la Frontera, Osuna and Utrera. Pop. about 013,000.

SÉVRES, savr, France, in the department of Seine-et-Õise, on the Seine, lies about 10 miles southwest of Paris, and an equal distance from Versailles. Its celebrated porcelain manufactory, founded at Vincennes in 1745 and removed to Sevres in 1756, was purchased by Louis XV, 1760. In 1876 the old and dilapidated buildings were replaced by a new structure, erected in the park of Saint Cloud. The Porcelain Museum contains numerous articles of china collected from all over the world, which represent every age and clime. A technical School of Mosaics was established here in 1875. Besides the celebrated Sèvres vases, painted glass and mosaics are made. In the artistic pottery the pâte-sur-pâte (or layers) method is used-original to this manufactory. The general effect is that of a cameo, though possessing greater delicacy and rich coloring. (See CERAMICS; PORCELAIN). Sèvres has other manufactures of shawls, cordage, leather and chemicals. It was occupied by the German troops in 1870, bombarded by the French a few weeks later, and attacked by the troops of the Commune in 1871. Pop. about 8,500.

SÉVRES PORCELAIN. See PORCELAIN. SEWAGE. See SANITARY ENGINEERING: WASTES, CITY, DISPOSAL OF; Garbage.

SEWALL, su'al, Frank, American Swedenborgian clergyman: b. Bath, Me., 24 Sept. 1837; d. 7 Dec. 1915. He was graduated from Bowdoin in 1858, studied at the universities of Tübingen and Berlin, and afterward engaged in pastoral work in Ohio. He was president of Urbana University, Ohio, for 16 years, was engaged as a pastor in Glasgow, Scotland, for some time, and after 1890 was engaged at Washington, D. C. He wrote many books of a denominational and religious character, and translated with much success from French and Italian poetry. His works include (The Christian Hymnal (1867); Moody Mike' (1869); The New Metaphysics' (1888); translations, Poems of Giosue Carducci (1892); and 'Sonnets of J. M. de Heredia' (1900); (Swedenborg and Modern Idealism' (1902); 'Reason in Belief' (1906), etc.

His

SEWALL, Jonathan Mitchell, American poet: b. Salem, Mass., 1748; d. Portsmouth, N. H., 29 March 1808. He studied at Harvard, was for a time in trade, but took up the law, practised in Grafton County, N. H., and became register of probate there in 1774. songs and verses appeared widely in American newspapers in the Revolutionary time, War and Washington' being among those familiar to the army. Probably a good share of his poetry was, like On Independence,' of the "pompous, rhetorical, and truly ligneous variety." But he wrote for a performance of Addison's 'Cato' at Portsmouth (1788), an epilogue, the concluding two lines of which are frequently quoted:

"No pent-up Utica contracts your powers; But the whole boundless continent is yours!" Sewall was a Federalist, and a "wit" of the time. A volume of his 'Poems' containing paraphrases of Ossian and of Washington's Farewell Address' appeared in 1801.

SEWALL, May Wright, American educator: b. Milwaukee, Wis., 27 May 1844; d.