22 July 1920. Graduated from the Northwestern University, Watertown, Wis., in 1866, and was married to Theodore Lovett Sewall (d. 1895) in 1880. She became prominently connected with various woman suffrage associations, lectured extensively on woman suffrage, and served as delegate to numerous congresses in connection with that movement. She was identified as a manager of the Columbian Exposition at Chicago in 1893; was appointed by President McKinley commissioner to the Paris Exposition and its congresses in 1900; and was associated in 1915 with the PanamaPacific Exposition. She was principal of the Girls' Classical School founded in Indianapolis by her husband until she retired into private life. She published various articles on literary and reform subjects, besides Historical Résumé of the World's Congress of Representative Women,' and Women, World War, and Permanent Peace' (1916).

SEWALL, Samuel, American jurist: b Bishopstoke, Hampshire, England, 28 March 1652; d. Boston, Mass., 1 Jan. 1730. He was graduated from Harvard in 1671, was ordained to the ministry, but was "diverted into a prosperous and benign secular career," started a printing-press at Boston, and entered public life as a member of the board of assistants. In 1692 he was made a member of the council and judge of the Probate Court, and in the latter capacity joined in the sentence of condemnation against witches at the time of the historic delusion. When he had realized his error he made in 1697 a public confession in church, and afterward spent therefor one day annually in fasting and prayer. He was appointed judge of the Supreme Court of Massachusetts, and from 1718 until his retirement in 1728 was its chief justice. He was possibly the first in America to attack negro slavery, publishing on the subject 'The Selling of Joseph' (1700), a three-page tract of much eloquence. But he is best known for his diary, a garrulous detail of every sort of minutiæ, comparable in this sort to Pepys or Evelyn, and extending from 1674 to 1729. It naturally affords a most valuable source for the political and social history of the colony. In fact, "we have (Chamberlain) no other book like it." Tyler calls Sewall "great by almost every measure of greatness." The diary was printed in volume V of the fifth series of the 'Collections' of the Massachusetts Historical Society.

SEWARD, sū'ard, Anna, English poet: b. Eyam, Derbyshire, 1747; d. Lichfield, 25 March 1809. She was a daughter of Thomas Seward, canon of Lichfield, and was known as "the swan of Lichfield." Some of her earlier poetical efforts were an Elegy on the Death of Mr. Garrick' and an Ode on Ignorance. Her literary aspirations were fostered by her fellowtownsman, Dr. Erasmus Darwin, of whom she later wrote a Memoir' (1804). Her greater success was achieved with a Monody on the Death of the Unfortunate Major André (1781), and an elegiac poem on 'Captain Cook' (1807). Horace Walpole declared she had "no imagination, no novelty," and Miss Mitford spoke of her as "all tinkling and tinsel - a sort of Dr. Darwin in petticoats." Her poems were

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published in 1810 with a memoir by Sir Walter Scott.

SEWARD, Clarence Armstrong, American lawyer and politician, nephew of W. H. Seward (q.v.): b. New York, 7 Oct. 1828; d. Geneva, N. Y., 24 July 1897. He was graduated at Hobart College in 1848, studied law and practised in New York after 1854. He was judge-advocate-general of New York State in 1856-60; and served as Acting Assistant Secretary of State of the United States after the attempted assassination of Secretary of State Seward in 1865. He was active in the creation of the State of West Virginia; and assisted Judge Blatchford in preparing 'New York Civil and Criminal Justice' (1850).

SEWARD, Frederick William, American lawyer, son of W. H. Seward (q.v.): b. Auburn, N. Y., 8 July 1830; d. 1915. He was graduated from Union College in 1849, admitted to the bar in 1851 and for 10 years was one of the editors and owners of the Albany Evening Journal. In 1861 he was sent to apprize Lincoln of the plot to assassinate him in Baltimore, served as Assistant Secretary of State in 186169 and in 1877-81, and narrowly escaped death in defending his father from an assault, 14 April 1865. He went with Admiral Porter on the special mission to negotiate the treaties with West Indies in 1867, assisted in the purchase of Alaska, and in the negotiations for Pago-Pago Harbor, Samoa. He was a member of the New York legislature in 1875, State commissioner at the Yorktown Centennial Celebration in 1881 and in 1900 became president of the Sagaponack Realty Company. He published 'Life and Letters of William H. Seward' (1891); A West Indian Cruise) (1894), and numerous articles in reviews and magazines.

SEWARD, George Frederick, American diplomat, nephew of W. H. Seward (q.v.): b. Florida, N. Y., 8 Nov. 1840; d. 1910. He was educated at Union College, and in 1861 was appointed United States consul to Shanghai, China, where he remained until 1876, serving as consul-general from 1863. In 1876-80 he was Minister to China, but was recalled in the last-named year in consequence of refusing to undertake the negotiation of a treaty to restrict Chinese immigration. During his residence in China he was active in suppressing riots and in reducing piracy. He was vice-president of the North China branch of the Royal Asiatic Society after 1887, and after 1893 was president of the New York Fidelity and Casualty Company. He published Chinese Immigration_in Its Social and Economic Aspects' (1881); 'Digest of System of Taxation of New York' (1902), etc.

SEWARD, William Henry, American statesman: b. Florida, Orange County, N. Y., 16 May 1801; d. Auburn, Cayuga County, N. Y., 10 Oct. 1872. He was graduated from Union College (1820), and having studied for the law, began practising at Auburn in 1823, but soon indicated a decided bent for politics, which gradually drew him away from the legal profession. In 1830 he was elected as an anti-Masonic candidate to a seat in the New York senate, and from that date he was, with few intervals, in one form or another, an effective and prominent leader in the councils that framed the policy

both in his own State and of the nation. In 1838 he was elected first Whig governor of New York by a majority of 10,421. Though his administration was rendered peculiarly difficult by the internal dissensions of his party, it was marked by wise measures of reform, which definitely added to Whig strength in the State. During his term many of the disabilities of foreigners were removed, the anti-rent troubles were adjusted, the natural history and geological survey of the State was commenced, the State museum of natural history was established and a bill was passed securing for fugitive slaves a trial by jury with counsel furnished by the State. He was re-elected in 1840. From 1843 to 1849 he was occupied largely with professional practice, though he delivered several addresses on political and other topics, among them one on the life and character of O'Connell, which is accounted one of his happiest oratorical efforts. He was elected in 1849 to the Senate, and there attained great influence as both a party leader and an adviser of President Taylor. In a speech of 11 March 1850 in favor of the admission of California, he spoke of the exclusion of slavery from all new States as demanded by "the higher law," a phrase which greatly offended Southern Democrats, and was made one of the battle cries of Abolition. Upon Fillmore's accession, Seward strongly opposed that President's pro-slavery attitude, though this was accepted by many Whigs in Congress. Having been re-elected senator in 1855, he took a leading part in the discussion immediately antecedent to the Rebellion. In an address at Rochester, N. Y., in October 1858, he made reference to the "irrepressible conflict" whose outcome must make the United States a nation either all of free labor or all of slave. In 1856 and again in 1860 he was the most prominent Republican candidate for the Presidential nomination, receiving on the first ballot at the Chicago convention in 1860 1732 votes as against 102 for Lincoln, who was eventually chosen. Seward, however, spoke for Lincoln in the West and East, and was made Secretary of State. This post he filled with notable efficiency, particularly in connection with the foreign relations of the government. He reorganized the diplomatic service, and by his able dispatches and the instructions furnished to representatives abroad retained the confidence of Europe, which had been ready to grant recognition and support to the Confederacy. A famous incident of his secretaryship was the correspondence with Great Britain àpropos of the "Trent affair." When the Confederate agents, Slidell and Mason, were removed from the British ship Trent, their restoration was peremptorily called for and war seemed certain. The answer, formulated by Seward and slightly amended by Lincoln, by its skill, closed the matter. Great Britain, it said, now recognized the principle of exemption from search, contended for in the War of 1812 by the United States, which now, therefore, willingly released the prisoners. Seward insisted on redress for American citizens for depredations by the Alabama (see INTERNATIONAL CLAIMS). Secretary Seward firmly asserted the Monroe Doctrine in relation to the French invasion of Mexico, but, by avoiding a provocative attitude, which might have involved his government in a foreign war, was able

to defer the decision to a more favorable time. Before the close of the Civil War he intimated to the French government the irritation felt in the United States in regard to its armed intervention in Mexico. Many dispatches on this subject were sent during 1865 and 1866, which gradually became more urgent, until the French forces were withdrawn and the Mexican Empire fell. Seward supported Lincoln's proclamation liberating the slaves in all localities in rebellion, and three years later announced by proclamation the abolition of slavery throughout the Union by constitutional amendment. In the spring of 1865 Mr. Seward was thrown from his carriage, and his arm and jaw were fractured. While he was confined to his couch with these injuries President Lincoln was murdered and on the same evening, 14 April, one of the conspirators gained access to the chamber of the Secretary, inflicted severe wounds with a knife in his face and neck, and struck down his son, Frederick W., who came to his rescue. He negotiated treaties for the purchase of the Danish West India Islands and the Bay of Samoa, which failed of approval by the Senate, and made a treaty with Colombia to secure American control of the Isthmus of Panama, which had a similar fate. Seward sustained the reconstruction policy of President Johnson, and thereby alienated the more powerful section of the Republican party and subjected himself to bitter censure and ungenerous imputations. He opposed the impeachment of the President in 1868, and supported General Grant for the Presidency in the same year. He retired in March 1869, afterward visited Alaska and made a tour of the world in 1870. negotiated the purchase of Alaska from Russia. He published a Life' of J. Q. Adams (1849). An edition of his 'Works' appeared in 1853, including speeches, addresses and essays. His orations and speeches appeared in five volumes (New York 1890) and by order of Congress his official correspondence was published. Consult Bancroft, F., Life of W. H. Seward' (2 vols., New York 1899); Hale, E. E., William H. Seward' (Philadelphia 1910); Lothrop, T. K., William Henry Seward' (in American Statesmen Series,' new ed., Boston 1899); Seward, Oliver, William H. Seward's Travels Around the World' (New York 1873); Welles, Gideon, Lincoln and Seward' (ib. 1874).

He

SEWARD, Alaska, town on Resurrection Bay, Kenai Peninsula, off the Gulf of Alaska, 340 miles south of Fairbanks, and the southern terminal of the Alaska Northern Railroad. It is important as a winter railroad headquarters. Pop. 1,100.

SEWARD, Neb., city, county-seat of Seward County, on the Big Blue River, and on the Chicago, Burlington and Quincy and the Chicago and Northwestern railroads, about 26 miles west by north of Lincoln, the capital of the State. It is in an agricultural and stockraising region, in which wheat and corn are the chief farm products. The city has flour mills, grain elevators, stock yards and creameries. There is a large trade in grain and livestock Pop. (1920) 2,368.

SEWARD PENINSULA. See ALASKA. SEWELL, Jonathan, Canadian jurist: b Cambridge, Mass., 1766; d. 1839. He was edu

cated at Bristol, England, and in 1785 he settled in Canada. He studied law, was called to the bar in 1789 and engaged in practice at Quebec. He was appointed solicitor-general in 1793, and in 1795 became attorney-general and judge of the Court of Vice-Admiralty. In 180838 he was chief justice of Lower Canada. He made the decision concerning the disputed boundaries of Ontario, in 1818. He was president of the executive council in 1808-29; and from 1809 he was speaker of the legislative council. He is said to have made the original proposal for the Canadian federation while in England in 1814. Author of Plan for the General Federal Union of the British Provinces in North America' (1815); 'Essay on the Judicial History of French Law so Far as it Relates to the Law of the Province of Lower Canada' (1824).

SEWELL, Robert van Vorst, American artist: b. New York, 1860. He was graduated at Columbia University in 1883, and studied art under Boulanger and Lefebvre in Paris. He was awarded the Hallgarten prize of the National Academy of Design in 1888. He specialized in mural decoration. Among his works are the mural painting The Canterbury Pilgrims in the great hall at Georgian Court, Lakewood; and The Story of Psyche,' a series of lunette decorations in the palmroom at the Saint Regis Hotel, New York.

SEWELL, William Joyce, American statesman: b. Castlebar, Ireland, 6 Dec. 1835; d. Camden, N. J., 27 Dec. 1901. He came to the United States in 1851, served as a sailor for a time and later engaged in business. He commanded a brigade at Chancellorsville, where he led a brilliant charge and was badly wounded. He was wounded also at Gettysburg, and served creditably on other battlefields. At the close of the war he was brevetted brigadier-general and major-general. He was interested in railroad affairs after the war; was elected to the New Jersey senate in 1872, and was president of that body in 1876, 1879 and 1880. He was United States Senator from New Jersey in 1881-87 and 1895-1901. In 1899 he became major-general of the New Jersey National Guard.

SEWELLEL, a terrestrial rodent (Haplodon rufus) which is formed into a family by itself, and regarded as a connecting link between beavers and squirrels. It is represented by a single species (H. rufus), restricted to "a small area on the west coast of North America, in Washington, Oregon and California." The aborigines called it "Showt' or "Sewellel," the trappers the "Boomer" or "Mountain Beaver." The animal is plump, with broad head, short limbs and hardly any tail; measures about a foot in length; and has a brownish color. It lives socially in colonies, burrows underground and lives on vegetable matter. It dwells in wet places in which the vegetation is rank and dense. For its winter store it collects great quantities of woody plants and ferns, which it dries thoroughly in the sun before putting in storage for the winter. As a connecting link Haplodon is of much interest to naturalists, while the Indians use its skin and also its flesh. SEWERAGE. See SANITARY ENGINEER

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SEWICKLEY, Pa., borough in Allegheny County, on the north bank of the Ohio River, 14 miles northwest of Pittsburgh, and on the Pennsylvania Railroad. It is chiefly residential in character as a suburb of Pittsburgh, and is patronized as a summer resort. There are natural gas and petroleum in the district. The borough has a high school, library and hospital. Pop. (1920) 4,955.

SEWING MACHINES. On 17 July 1790 Thomas Saint, an English cabinet-maker, secured a patent on a machine to be used for "quilting, stitching and sewing, making shoes and other articles." The patent was for some sort of a machine connected with boot-making, and the specifications and drawings of the patent comprised, among other things, a crude Stitching device for forming a chain-stitch. This patent was discovered a few years ago by a searcher among the ancient archives of the British Patent Office, where it had lain unnoticed for well-nigh a century, no attempt, so for as is known, having ever been made to introduce into practical use the mechanisms described in the patent. Between 1790 and 1841 several parties obtained patents for stitching devices, making the tambour and chain-stitches, none of which was commercially successful, one of the fatal defects in each being the fact that the cloth had to be fed by hand. When, in 1841, Newton and Archbold patented in England a needle with an eye near the point, in connection with a glove-stitching machine and which is essentially the same needle now in use by all sewing-machine manufacturers, one of the greatest difficulties that had theretofore stood in the way of making the sewing machine a practical success was overcome. In 1818 a sewing machine which made a back-stitch was invented by the Rev. John Adams Dodge, of Monkton, Vt., but was neither patented nor manufactured for sale. The first sewing machine put into operation was patented in France, in 1830, by Barthlémy Thimonnier, and though it was rudely made of wood, nearly 100 of them were collected in a factory used in the manufacture of clothing for the French army. The entire plant was later destroyed by a mob. In 1848 Thimonnier put another machine on the market and on 3 Sept. 1850 took out a patent in the United States. These later machines were made of metal.

A machine having a needle with an eye near the point attached to the end of the vibrating arm was invented and manufactured in 1832-34, in New York, by a machinist named Walter Hunt. This machine was a lock-stitch and used two continuous threads. Hunt sold his idea to a blacksmith named Arrowsmith and through him the combination of the two threads and the needle with the eye near the point became public property. In 1853 Hunt endeavored to patent his idea, but it had been covered by a patent to Elias Howe in 1846. In 1842 a machine for sewing leather and various other heavy materials was invented by J. J. Greenough but this did not become generally used. In 1843 a machine somewhat similar to the Greenough machine was invented by George H. Corliss. This had an automatic feed and the needles, of which there were two, were run horizontally through the goods to be sewed. Numerous other inventions were made between the years 1849 to