Bible Chronology) (1857); 'Chronologia Veterum' (1871), etc.

SEYMOUR, sē'mōr, a noble English family of Norman origin. Their name is corrupted from Saint Maur, their seat in Normandy. They acquired lands in Monmouthshire in the beginning of the 13th century and early in the 15th century added to these estates others in Somersetshire. The first member to become conspicuous was Sir John Seymour, the father of the third wife of Henry VIII and of Edward Seymour, protector of the realm of England during the minority of Edward VI, whose uncle he was. He commanded in a maritime expedition against the Scots in 1544, when he landed a body of troops at Leith and set fire to the city of Edinburgh. By the will of Henry he was nominated one of the council of regency during the minority of Edward VI; but, not content with his share of power, he procured himself to be appointed governor of the king and protector of the kingdom (January 1547). In the month following he obtained the post of lord-treasurer, was created first Duke of Somerset and made earl-marshal. The same year he headed an army, with which he invaded Scotland, and after having gained the victory of Musselburgh returned in triumph to England. His success excited the jealousy of the Earl of Warwick and others, who procured his confinement in the Tower. Six months after he obtained a full pardon from the king and was ostensibly reconciled to his adversary, Lord Warwick. The reconciliation was probably insincere, as Warwick caused Somerset to be again arrested, in October 1551, on the charge of treasonable designs. He was tried, found guilty, attainted and beheaded on Tower Hill in January 1552. His eldest son by his second wife was created by Elizabeth, Earl of Hertford. The Earl of Hertford under Charles II having distinguished himself in support of the royal cause during the Parliamentary war obtained in his favor the revival of the title of Duke of Somerset and took his seat in the House of Lords as second duke in 1660. On the extinction of his line the descendants of the first Duke of Somerset by his first wife claimed the title and on the advice of the attorney-general that claim was pronounced good by the House of Lords, in which body the descendants of that claimant still hold a place. Consult Locke, A. A., The Seymour Family? (London 1911) and St. Maur, R. H., Annals of the Seymours' (ib. 1902).

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SEYMOUR, George Franklin, American Protestant Episcopal bishop: b. New York, 5 Jan. 1829; d. Springfield, Ill., 8 Dec. 1906. He was graduated from Columbia in 1850, from the General Theological Seminary in 1854 and ordained in the priesthood in 1855. He held various charges in New York State, founded Saint Stephen's College at Annandale, N. Y., in 1855 and was its warden until 1861. 1865-79 he was professor of ecclesiastical history at the General Theological Seminary, of which he was also dean in 1875-79, and in 1878 he was consecrated first bishop of Springfield. In 1897 he represented his church at the Congress of Old Catholics at Vienna. He published What is Modern Romanism) (1885); 'Marriage and Divorce' (1893); The Church

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Idea of the Family) (1899); Sacraments and Principles of the Church' (1903), etc.

SEYMOUR, Horatio, American statesman: b. Pompey Hill, Onondaga County, N. Y., 31 May 1810; d. Utica, N. Y., 12 Feb. 1886. He was educated at Geneva Academy (now Hobart College) and at a military school at Middletown, Conn.; studied law at Utica and was admitted to the bar in 1832. In 1833 he became military secretary to Governor Marcy and held the position six years. He was elected to the State assembly by the Democrats of Oneida County in 1841; was mayor of Utica in 1842; re-entered the assembly in 1843 where, as chairman of the committee on canals, he outlined the policy subsequently followed by the State. He was chosen speaker in 1845 and nominated for governor in 1850, was defeated by Washington Hunt, but in 1852 was elected by a large majority. During his term a prohibition law was passed by the legislature and was vetoed by him as unconstitutional. The strong temperance sentiment prevalent at the time made his act very unpopular. During the term of his successor the vetoed law was again passed by the legislature, but was declared unconstitutional by the Court of Appeals. He was again elected governor in 1862 and made an unequivocal declaration in favor of the supremacy of the Constitution and the restoration of the Union, though he denied that the war was the unavoidable result of slavery, or that slavery should be abolished in order to restore the Union. July 1863 serious riots broke out in New York, involving loss of life and destruction of property. These were caused by the draft-law which discriminated against New York City in the allotment of quotas. The governor's complaint to the President secured an investigation which resulted in procuring a correction of the errors of the enrolment. In 1868 he was nominated for the Presidency, but was defeated by Ulysses S. Grant, receiving 80 electoral votes to the 214 cast for Grant. Consult Croly, Seymour and Blair: Their Lives and Services (New York 1868); Hartley, 'Horatio Seymour' (Utica 1886).

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SEYMOUR, Lady Jane, queen of England: b. England, about 1509; d. Hampton, 24 Oct. 1537. She was the eldest child of Sir John Seymour and sister of Edward, Duke of Somerset and Protector of England. She became the third wife of Henry VIII (q.v.) and the mother of Edward VI (q.v.). She was the first maid of honor to Anne Boleyn, whom she supplanted in 1536, and favored the Protestant Reformation. Consult Hume, Martin, "The Wives of Henry the Eighth and the Parts They Played in History) (Edinburgh 1905).

SEYMOUR, Thomas Day, American classical scholar; b. Hudson, Ohio, 1 April 1848; d. 31 Dec. 1907. He was graduated at the Western Reserve College in 1870 and later studied at the Universities of Leipzig and Berlin. He was professor of Greek at Western Reserve College in 1872-80; and chairman of the managing committee of the American School of Classical Studies, Athens, Greece, in 1887-1901. He edited the College Series' of Greek authors and was American coeditor of Classical Reviews. Author of 'Selected Odes of Pindar' (1882); Introduction to the Language and Verse of Homer' (1885); 'Introduction and

Vocabulary to School Odyssey, Eight Books' (1897); School Iliad, Six Books) (1889-1901), etc.

SEYMOUR, Thomas Hart, American legislator and diplomat: b. Hartford, Conn., 1808; d. there, 3 Sept. 1868. He was educated at a military academy at Middletown, Conn., became a lawyer at Hartford and was editor of The Jeffersonian Democrat in 1837. He was a member of Congress in 1843-45, served through the Mexican War, rising to the rank of colonel, and in 1850-53 was governor of Connecticut. He was Presidential elector in 1852; was United States Minister to Russia in 1853-57 and during the Civil War acted as leader of the Connecticut Peace Democrats, in which connection he lost much of his popularity. In 1862 the State senate voted that his portrait, with that of Isaac Toucey, should be removed from the chamber till the comptroller should be satisfied of his loyalty. In 1863 he was again a candidate for governor but was defeated by W. A. Buckingham after an exciting contest.

SEYMOUR, Truman, American soldier: b. Burlington, Vt., 25 Sept. 1824; d. Florence, Italy, 30 Oct. 1891. He was graduated from West Point in 1846, fought in the Mexican War and was brevetted captain. In 1850-53 he was assistant instructor at West Point, served in the Seminole War of 1856-58, and under Major Anderson at the defense of Fort Sumter in 1861, receiving the brevet of major in recognition of his services. He became chief of artillery in McCall's division of the Army of the Potomac in 1862 and was commissioned brigadier-general of volunteers. He was engaged in the Virginia and Maryland campaigns, was in command of a division at Malvern Hill, Manassas, South Mountain and Antietam, receiving rank of brevet colonel. As chief of staff to the commanding general of the Department of the South in 1863 he led a division on Folly Island, took part in the attack on Morris Island and commanded the unsuccessful assault of Fort Wagner on 18 July, in which he was severely wounded. He commanded a brigade in the battle of the Wilderness, was taken prisoner, and after his exchange in the following August was in command of a division in the Shenandoah Valley, and was engaged in the operations around Petersburgh until the close of the war. He was present at Lee's surrender. He was brevetted major-general of volunteers and brigadier-general in the regular army, and in 1865 was mustered out of the volunteer service. He became major of artillery in 1866 and served in command of various forts until his retirement in 1876. After his retirement he resided in Europe, mostly in Florence.

SEYMOUR, Conn., town in New Haven County, near the junction of Bladen, Little and Naugatuck rivers, and on the New York, New Haven and Hartford Railroad, nine miles northwest of New Haven. Seymour is one of the oldest towns of Connecticut. The manufacturing of woolen goods was begun here the last of the 18th century. In 1803 Gen. David Humphreys (who was the first to bring merino sheep into the United States) bought the woolen mill and enlarged it to what was then called a large factory. In 1836 the place was incorporated under the name of Humphreysville, and in 1850 it was incorporated as a town under its

present name. The chief manufactures are woolen goods, mechanics' tools, agricultural implements, nails, pins, paper, submarine cables, fountain pens, bicycle parts and rubber. There are five churches, a high school, public graded schools, private schools and a public library. Pop. 6,781. Consult Sharpe, History of Seymour (Seymour 1902).

SEYMOUR, Ind., city in Jackson County, on the Pittsburgh, Cincinnati, Chicago and Saint Louis, the Baltimore and Ohio Southwestern, the Chicago, Terre Haute and Southeastern, I. P. S. Traction Company and I. and I. Traction Railway Company, about 60 miles south of Indianapolis and 50 miles north of Louisville, Ky. It is an agricultural and stock-raising region and has considerable manufacturing interests. The chief industrial establishments are woolen mills, grain cradle and tool factory, large flour mills, hominy mill, chair factories, furniture factory, several commercial printing plants, harness factories, carriage factory, shirt factory, planing mills and other woodworking establishments, ice and cold storage plant, ice cream plant, bottling works and creamery. This being a division of the Baltimore and Ohio Southwestern, a great many railroad people are employed and live here. There are 11 churches, four ward public schools, Shields High School, Catholic and Lutheran parochial schools, two national banks, capital $100,000 each, and one trust company, capital $60,000. Pop. 7,348.

SFAX, sfäks, Tunis, a town on the east coast, on the Gulf of Cabes, opposite Kerkenna Island. It is strongly fortified and surrounded by gardens and villas. The European, Arab and French portions are the three distinct divisions of the town. The first modern, the second in the central portion-walled and entered by two gates; the third, a camp. Sfax is an important seaport, with a considerable trade in dates, olive-oil, wool, fruits, sponges, grasses, etc.; cotton, woolen and silk goods are manufactured. A safe harbor and a railway connecting with the interior are modern features. The harbor is provided with a repair dock and slips for fitting and repairing the sponge and fishing vessels. Sfax was occupied in the 12th century by the Sicilians, and in the 16th century, for a brief period, by the Spaniards. One of the principal events of the conquest of Tunis by the French was the bombardment of the town in 1881. Pop. 45,000.

SFORZA, sfort'sä, a celebrated Italian house, which played an important part in the 15th and 16th centuries, gave six sovereigns to Milan and formed alliances with most of the princely houses of Europe. The founder of the house was a peasant of Cotignola in Romagna, GIACOMUZZO (Giacomo or Jacopo Muzio) ATTENDOLO: b. Cotignola, in the Romagna, 10 June 1369; d. 4 Jan. 1424, whose skill and courage made him one of the most powerful condottieri of Italy. His surname of Sforza (the forcer), which youches for his great strength, he is said to have received from Alberigo Barbiano, the true founder of the condottiere mode of warfare in Italy. He served in the wars in the papal states, in Tuscany and in Naples, and died as Grandconstable of Naples. His son FRANCESCo: b. 25 July 1401; d. Milan, 8 March 1466, received the command of

the Milanese forces in the war against Venice. In 1447 he laid claim to the states of Milan in virtue of his wife, although she was only the natural daughter of the last duke, and to enforce his claim concluded a treaty with Venice, and advanced against Milan. He laid siege to the city in 1449, and on 3 March 1450 it was forced by famine to surrender. His son GALEAZZO MARIA: b. 24 Jan. 1444; d. 26 Dec. 1476, a barbarian and a voluptuary, was murdered by conspirators. The son of Galeazzo, GIOVANNI GALEAZZO: b. 1468; d. 1494, never actually ruled. Till 1480 he was subject to the guardianship of his mother and her minister, Checco Simonetta. The latter was then beheaded by his uncle Lodovico, surnamed the Moor, in 1481. Lodovico then assumed the government himself and kept his nephew virtually a prisoner in the castle of Pavia. At a subsequent period he joined the league against France, and was on that account deposed by Louis XII (1500). He was taken to France where he died. His son MASSIMILIANO: b. 1491; d. 1530, once more drove the French from his territories by the aid of the Swiss, but in consequence of the battle of Marignano was obliged to cede his dominions to Francis I (1515) in consideration of a pension. The remainder of his life was spent in France. Francis was afterward driven from Italy by the Emperor Charles V, who invested FRANCESCO: b. 1492; d. 24 Oct. 1535, brother of Maximilian, with the duchy of Milan in 1522. On the death of Francesco in 1535 Charles V conferred the duchy on his son Philip II, king of Spain. Consult Ady, C. M., History of Milan under the Sforza (New York 1907); Corio, 'Historia di Milane (1565); Verri, 'Storia di Milane' (1851); Hallam, View of the State of Europe during the Middle Ages' (1818); Magenta, 'Gli Visconti e gli Sforza' (Milan 1883).

He

SGAMBATI, zgam-bä'tē, Giovanni, Italian musician: b. Rome, 28 May 1843; d. 14 Dec. 1914. He studied at Trevi, Umbria, and in 1860 removed to Rome. There he gained the friendship of Liszt, whose teaching and influence were of inestimable benefit to him. became known as a conductor, composer and pianist, and as an interpreter of German music in Italy. He was professor of pianoforte at the Academy of Saint Cecelia from 1877; and in 1897 he founded the Nuova Societa Musicale Romanà. His pianoforte pieces won wide success and he also composed a requiem mass, three symphonies, several concertos, overtures and organ pieces.

SGANARELLE, zga'na'rel', a comic character in ancient comedies, frequently used by Molière, with whose plays he is generally associated. He is introduced by Molière in 'Siganarelle, ou le cocu imaginaire' (1660). He appears also in 'Don Juan, ou le festin de Pierre (he is Leporello in the opera 'Don Giovanni'); and in 'L'Amour d'médicin'; Le médecin malagre lui'; 'Le mariage forcè,' and others. The character as handled by Molière is the source of many popular proverbs.

SGRAFFITO (sgräf-fe'tō) DECORATION, that which is produced by means of scoring or scratching on a comparatively soft surface. It is like engraving in all respects except in the relative hardness of the material

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and the delicacy of the work. There is only one peculiarity in it which is different in nature from the effect produced by engraving, and that is the producing of color effects by scratching through an outer surface so as to show an inner surface of a different hue or tint. Even in this respect it is like a very delicate art of incision, namely, the Japanese method of cutting through different layers of colored lacquer so as to produce decorative patterns. It is also in this respect like the art of cameo-cutting when applied to onyx in layers of black and white, or a similar stratified material.

Sgraffito decoration, in the usual sense, is of two kinds: first, that which is applied to plaster surfaces, as of the outer faces of walls; and, secondly, to clay surfaces, as where an carthen pot is scored with a hard point before it is fired. In both of these departments sgraffito decoration is one of the earliest methods applied; and in pottery we have in our museums pieces of prehistoric and primitive work of great interest, while also the art seems one never wholly abandoned when pottery is made cheaply and quickly by people who care for decorative effect. The sgraffito decoration of plaster walls is, however, limited in application to a few epochs of European history. It has never been out of use in Italy since the Middle Ages, and occasionally a new building, even of some pretensions, is adorned in this way, or a monument of the past is carefully restored, with its sgraffito decoration repaired and completed. In the northern lands of Europe the severity of the weather is a partial check on the employment of the art; but the main reason for its neglect is the modern desire for smoothness, finish and completeness of all sorts, with which the sgraffito process may be thought to be inconsistent. It is clear that a house faced with brown plaster which is deeply scored to show line of black and white plaster from below will not meet the requirements of a community respecting nothing which has not the look of expense and deliberation. The effects, however, are very spirited and artistic, and it is a pity that the process is not used for inexpensive building. Consult Opitz, Sgraffito' (1891).

SHABATZ, shä'bats, SHABATS, or SABAC, Jugo-Slavia, town, capital of the Drina department, on the river Save, 35 miles west of Belgrade. It has a castle dating from 1470, is the seat of a bishop, of the district prefecture and of a tribunal. The town is the commercial centre of the surrounding country, and exports honey, prunes, grain, cattle and hogs. It suffered considerably as the scene of active fighting in the European War. Pop. 12,072.

SHABUOTH, a Jewish feast, known also as the Festival of the Weeks; the most joyous of all the ancient Hebrew holidays. It was originally called the Feast of the Barley.

SHACKLETON, shak'l-tŎn, SIR Ernest Henry, British explorer: b. Kilkee, Ireland, 15 Feb. 1874; d. at sea, off S. Georgia Island, 5 Jan. 1922. He was educated at Dulwich College, served in the merchant marine and was a lieutenant in the Royal Navy Reserve. He was third lieutenant under R. F. Scott in the National Antarctic Expedition in 1901-04, and with Scolt

reached lat. 82° 17', the farthest point south then touched. He was secretary and treasurer of the Royal Scottish Geographical Society in 1903-06. In 1907-09 he commanded the British Antarctic Expedition, and succeeded in reaching lat. 88° 23' S., 9 Jan. 1909, establishing a new record. He also ascended Mount Erebus, 13,120 feet high, and reached the south magnetic pole 16 Jan. 1909, determining its position as lat. 72° 25', long. 154° E. He headed a third expedition in 1914-16, crossing Antarctica from Coat's Land to Mac Murdo Sound and making valuable geologic and scientific surveys. He was awarded the special gold medal of the Royal Geographical Society, the King's Polar medal with two bars, and gold medals from the Royal Scottish Geographical Society as well as from the geographical societies of Denmark, Belgium, France, Antwerp, Italy, America, Paris and Russia. He was knighted in 1909 and was an officer of the Legion of Honor. Author of "Heart of the Antarctic' (1909); 'Diary of a Troopship.'

SHACKLETON, Robert, American writer: b. Wisconsin, 26 Dec. 1860; d. Hyeres, France, 24 Feb. 1923. He studied law in Michigan, was admitted to the Ohio bar, was journalist in New York five years, was in Philadelphia as associate editor of The Saturday Evening Post two years. He is the author of Toomey & Others) (1900); 'Many Waters' (1902); The Great Adventurer (1904); The Quest of the Colonial' (with Elizabeth Shackleton, 1907); Adventures in Home-Making' (1910); A Living Without a Boss' (1911); Unvisited Places of Old Europe' (1913); The Charm of the Antique (with Elizabeth Shackleton, 1915); Four on a Tour in England' (1915); Life of Russell H. Conwell (1916); 'The Book of Boston' (1916).

SHAD, the popular name of three recognized anadronous fishes of the genus Clupea, viz., the Allis, or European shad; the American shad, clupea sapidissima; and the Twaite shad, clupea finta. To these should be added a fourth, recently discovered to be distinct, to the Gulf States. This genus is closely allied to the alewives (Pamolobus), from which it is distinguished by the very deep head, particularly the cheeks, and by having the upper jaw compressed and grooved to receive the tip of the lower. The American Atlantic shad is the largest of the herrings found in this country, the female exceeding the male and generally weighing at the spawning age three to six pounds, though larger ones are taken. On the Pacific Coast, where the shad has been introduced and established, it reaches a greater weight. The body is deep and compressed, especially on the belly, where the scales and their supporting bones form a series of serrations; the scales are large and very easily detached; the mouth toothless and the gill-rakers long and numerous. The numerous slender, pin-like bones, which are such an annoyance at the table, are chiefly several series of intermuscular bones which support the muscle segments above the ribs. There is a narrow lateral strip of dark muscle.

The northern limit of the shad's range is the Gulf of Saint Lawrence, south of which it enters all of the rivers of the Atlantic seaboard unless prevented by some obstruction. Intro

SHAD

duced into the Sacramento River by the California and United States fish commissions in 1871-80, it has now become abundant on the Pacific Coast from Monterey Bay to Alaska. Concerning the habits of the shad during the greater part of its existence in the sea, very little is definitely known. Apparently, from the fact that they are taken frequently with mackerel and other fishes near the coasts, they do not depart very far from the shores. Their structure indicates that they swim near the surface, strain through their gill-rakers the water taken in by the mouth, and retain the minute life which it contains. This food appears, from what few stomach examinations have been made, to consist chiefly of minute crustaceans. Their movements are controlled largely by the temperature of the water and, although the annual migration from the sea to the rivers is solely for the purpose of reproduction, it takes place when the temperature of the water lies between 56° and 66°, and is hastened or retarded accordingly by warm or cold seasons. The movement of the schools begins in November and ends in March in the Saint John's River and progresses regularly from south, northward, as the season advances, the chief runs in the Potomac occurring in April, in the Delaware in April and May and in the Kennebec in May and June. During the earlier weeks of the migration males predominate, during the later, females. The eggs may be deposited anywhere above brackish water, at the mouths of creeks or high up the rivers. No nest is formed or other care given the eggs; the spawn and milt are simply ejected in intermingling streams as the male and female fish swim side by side about the time of sunset. The fertilized eggs are about one-eighth of an inch in diameter with a water space beneath the egg membrane and, being heavy, sink to the bottom. From 30,000 to 100,000 eggs are taken artificially from each female, but the natural yield is much greater. After spawning, the fish which are lean and starved begin to feed and move sea-ward. The young shad remain in the rivers much longer and do not finally enter the bays and coastal waters until the temperature of the river water approaches 40° when, in November, they are about three inches long. They remain in the sea for three or four years until mature, though a few immature ones often enter the rivers in the spring with herrings or shad, and they have been found on several occasions in shallow bays along the coast. Besides man, the shad has many enemies, and the destruction of the eggs and young by predaceous fishes, and especially by eels, is enormous. Because of this fact and the added one that shad can be caught only before and during the spawning season, and for various other reasons, the shad fisheries had greatly declined and in some places had even been abandoned during the seventies.

To remedy this the United States Fish Commission took up the problem of the artificial propagation of shad and succeeded so well that the fisheries have not only been saved, but greatly extended and at the present time are dependent on this means of maintaining the abundance of this fish. The chief advantage of artificial over natural propagation lies in the much larger percentage of eggs fertilized and

hatched. In its perfect state the method is very simple but exact. The spawn-takers enter the boats as the nets are drawn and select and strip with great precision the ripe males and females, the milt being squirted over a layer of eggs in the bottom of a moist pan, after which a small quantity of water is added and the whole gently agitated. The surplus milt is then washed away and eggs carefully washed and cleaned. As the eggs are heavier than the water they are now hatched in a closed McDonald or siphon jar, to which a stream of fresh water is admitted through a glass tube running to the bottom, and the overflow drawn off at the top, thus constantly moving the eggs. They begin to hatch in about a week, though the time varies with the temperature, and as the young fry and nearly hatched eggs rise to the surface they are drawn off automatically at the outlet into larger vessels. With careful attention to details the fry are distributed to the various creeks and rivers a few days after hatching, in some cases the special cars devised for carrying young fish being employed for their transportation. They may, however, be readily reared in ponds, and many have been thus kept for months or even a year before being liberated. The shadhatching work at one time reached enormous proportions. In 1900, for example, the United States Fish Commission hatched and distributed 241,056,000 fry; but in the fiscal year 191617 the distribution fell to 77,946,000 fry.

The great estimation in which the shad is held as a food-fish led to the development of this fishery so that it is exceeded in value only by that of the cod and salmon. The fisheries attained their greatest extent in Delaware Bay and river, Chesapeake Bay and tributaries and the North Carolina sounds. By 1916 the supply had become imperiled by unrestricted fishing and by obstructions and pollutions. In the Hudson, formerly one of the leading shad streams, the catch decreased from 588,898 in number in 1896 to 9,287 in 1916; in the Chesapeake region, from over 7,000,000 pounds in 1890 and 3,252,000 in 1909, to 1,454,535 in 1915; in Virginia, from 11,500,000 pounds in 1897 to 4,714,124 in 1915. In 1915 these fisheries were operated on a capital of $1,528,824, and the value of their products was $1,155,670. With the exception of a few pickled and salted the entire catch of shad is consumed fresh. In the sounds, bays and estuaries many are taken in pound nets and weirs, but in the rivers above their mouths gill nets and seines are the chief means of capture. Some of the great seines in use on the Potomac and Delaware rivers are more than a mile in length and are hauled by means of donkey engines.

Two species of shad are found in Europe, the common or allis shad (Alosa vulgaris) and the twaite shad (A. finta). The common shad inhabits the sea near the mouths of large rivers, and in the spring ascends them for the purpose of depositing its spawn in the shallow water about their sources. The young fry remain for a season in the waters which gave them birth, but on the approach of cold weather descend the rivers and take refuge in the ocean. The old ones likewise return, and at this time are emaciated and unfit for food. Its color is a dark blue above, with brown and greenish lustres, the under parts being white. The twaite

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shad is about a half less than the common species, and weighs on an average about two pounds.

Bibliography. Goode, The Fisheries Industries of the United States' (Washington 1884-87); Stevenson, 'The Shad Fisheries of the Atlantic Coast,' Report United States Fish Commission (Washington 1899); Brice, A Manual of Fish Culture' (Washington 1897); Cunningham, Marketable Marine Fishes' (New York 1896); and the Annual Reports of the United States Bureau of Fisheries. See CLUPEIDE; HERRING.

SHAD-BUSH. See AMELANCHIER.
SHAD-FLY, a May-fly (q.v.).

SHAD-WAITER. See WHITEFISHES.

SHADDOCK, a small tree (Citrus decumana) of the order Rutacea. It is a native of the Malay Archipelago, whence it has been introduced into India, the West Indies, Florida, California and other warm climates for its fruits. It is a small tree about 25 feet tall, with large ovate leaves, large white flowers and light yellow or pink fruits, with sweet or acid pale yellow or reddish pulp, arranged in sections like those of the orange. In some horticultural varieties the fruits are more than six inches in diameter and weigh more than 10 pounds. The true shaddocks are pear-shaped and are seldom found in the northern markets, since the round fruited kinds or "pomelos" are in America considered more valuable for shipping. The name "grape-fruit" is often applied to the shaddock because it is produced in clusters somewhat resembling grapes. Other popular names are forbidden fruit, fruit of paradise, pumelo, pompelos and variations of spelling. The tree is somewhat larger than its relative, the orange, and is planted about 30 feet apart. It is found to be most satisfactory when budded upon its own stock, or that of the sour or sweet orange, the first being preferred by many growers. It is considered more tender than the orange and in the United States is grown only in the lower part of the Florida Peninsula and warmer California. The cultivation, fertilization and management are practically the same with the above exceptions to those of the orange and lemon (qq.v.).

SHADOOF, an ancient Egyptian contrivance for raising water. It is extensively in use in the East for drawing water for irrigation purposes, and its prototype is found in use in the South in the United States, where it is employed to draw water from the open "surface" wells. The machine consists of a crossbar on two uprights; suspended on this horizontal bar is a long rod or branch of a tree, so fixed as to work as on a fulcrum, the long end or lever pointing upward and over the water, usually a river or stream, and the short end behind the bar and nearest the ground. On the short end is affixed a weight of rock or dried mud, to act as a counterpoise to the long end. From the end of the long portion a bucket is suspended. When not in use the shadoof naturally rests with the short weighted end next to the ground and the long end, with dependent bucket, in the air. When it is desired to draw water the bucket is pulled down (by a rope attached to the long end) and is dipped under the water; on account of the weight at