of the district was generally recognized (Isaiah xxxv, 2), and its roses in the Song of Solomon (ii, 1). The herds of David are mentioned as grazing there (1 Chron. xxvii, 29).

SHARON SPRINGS, N. Y., village in Schoharie County, on the Delaware and Hudson Railroad, about 50 miles west by north of Albany. It is in a valley about 1,100 feet above the sea. It is a famous summer resort on account of its picturesque location and its four noted mineral springs, a white sulphur, blue sulphur, a magnesia and a chalybeate. It was incorporated in 1871. Pop. about 800; in the summer season, about 10,000.

SHARP, Abraham, English mathematician: b. Little Horton, 1651; d. Yorkshire, 15 July 1742. Having studied and taught mathematics in Liverpool, he was employed by John Flamsteed in the Greenwich Observatory and made for him, in 1688-89, Flamsteed's first successful instrument, a mural arc. Afterward he taught mathematics in London and subsequently retired to Ltttle Horton, where he devoted himself to mathematics and to making astronomical and calculation instruments, and is said to have been the first Englishman to make these accurately. He published a book of logarithms, the first of its kind, was a joint author with Crosthwait of The British Catalogue' and plotted a number of important astronomical maps. Consult Cudworth, W., Life and Correspondence of Abraham Sharp' (Bradford 1889).

SHARP, Becky, the leading character in Thackeray's novel, Vanity Fair (1847). In the notes contributed by Thackeray's daughter, Mrs. Ritchie, to the Biographical Edition' of Thackeray's works, she makes the statement that she once saw the lady who was supposed to have unconsciously sat for the portrait of Rebecca Sharp. Literary gossip contains a story, current for a time, that Becky was the portrait of Charlotte Brontë and that Miss Brontë retaliated by drawing Thackeray as Rochester in Jane Eyre.' The character has been incorporated into a drama by J. M. Barrie in 1893; by Langdon Mitchell and by Robert Hitchens and Cosmo Gordon Lennox in 1901.

SHARP, Dallas Lore, American author and educator: b. Haleyville, N. J., 13 Dec. 1870. He was graduated at Brown University in 1895 and at the Boston University School of Theology in 1899. He was ordained in the Methodist Episcopal ministry in 1895 and held pastorates in Massachusetts in 1896-99. He has been associated with the faculty of the Boston University since 1899 and since 1909 has been professor of English there. He was associate editor of the Youth's Companion in 1902-03. Author of 'Wild Life Near Home' (1901); "The Lay of the Land' (1908); The Face of the Fields' (1911); 'Where Rolls the Oregon' (1914); The Hills of Hingham' (1916),

etc.

SHARP, Granville, English abolitionist: b. Durham, 10 Nov. 1735; d. London, 6 July 1813. He studied law, but abandoned it to accept a place in the ordnance office. He was the patron of the slave Somerset, whom he found in the streets of London in 1769, having been turned away by his master because of illness. Sharp placed him in a hospital, and on his recovery procured employment for him. Two

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years later Somerset was claimed by his master, arrested and imprisoned, whereupon Sharp summoned them both before the lord mayor, who discharged the slave. The master still refusing to release him, Sharp brought the case before the court of the King's Bench, which resulted in the famous decision against the legality of slavery in England in 1772. In 1777 he resigned from the ordnance office because of his disapproval of the American War, and devoted himself thereafter to philanthropy, particularly to the overthrow of slavery. He was chairman of the meeting which in 1787 formed the Association for the Abolition of Slavery and was one of the founders of the Negro colony at Sierra Leone. He was also an advocate of parliamentary reform, opposed dueling and favored the extension of privileges to Ireland. He wrote 61 pamphlets in reference to the causes to which he devoted his life, among which are Representation of the Dangerous Tendency of Tolerating Slavery in England (1772); Treatise on Duelling'; Account of the English Polity of Congregational Courts) (1786), etc. His biography was written by Prince Hoare (London 1820) and by Charles Stuart (1836).

SHARP, James, Scottish ecclesiastic: b. Castle of Banff, 4 May 1613; d. Magus Muir, Saint Andrews, 3 May 1679. He was educated at the University of Aberdeen and was appointed regent there, where his conduct won him the friendship of the clergy. He held a professorship in Saint Leonard's College, Saint Andrews, and was then appointed Minister at Crail, Fifeshire. In 1656 he was a representative from the Presbytery to Cromwell, and he managed this mission so well that he was sent in 1660 to Monk and to Charles II. He treacherously agreed to help Monk restore Episcopacy in Scotland, but the time for this coup not being ripe he played the double part of friend to his constituents and tool of Monk. When Parliament established Episcopacy in 1661 Sharp benefited from both parties, being appointed professor of theology in Saint Mary's College, Saint Andrews and king's chaplain for Scotland. He now completely went over to the king's party, was consecrated archbishop of Saint Andrews and primate of Scotland. In 1663 he secured the establishment of a high court commission, in which he took precedence of the chancellor, and the odious persecutions of the Resolutioners by this court, especially the cruelties it inflicted after the uprising in Pentland, made Sharp an object of intense hatred throughout the country, a hatred shared by the king and court, whose tool he was regarded. Falling by accident into the hands of a party of his enemies in 1679, he was dragged from the coach in which he was riding with his daughter and was beaten to death. Consult Dodds, James, Fifty Years' Struggle of the Scottish Covenant' (London 1860); Stephen, Thomas, 'Life and Times of Archbishop Sharp' (ib. 1839); The Lauderdale Papers' (Camden Society Publications, ib. 1885).

SHARP, William, Scottish writer: b. Paisley, 12 Sept. 1856; d. Sicily, 13 Dec. 1905. He was educated at the University of Glasgow, after which he made a voyage to Australia. In 1879 he settled in London, where he knew Philip Bourke Marston and Dante Gabriel Rossetti, whose lives he later wrote. He was a

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critic of art and literature and an industrious editor. In the latter capacity he projected the 'Canterbury Poets' and the Sonnets of the Century. His early life in the west highlands of Scotland probably confirmed his taste for Celtic literature and among his works is a collection made with the assistance of his wife called 'Lyra Celtica. In verse he published "The Human Inheritance' (1882); 'Earth's Voices (1884); 'Romantic Ballads and Poems of Fantasy (1886); 'Sospiri di Roma' (1891); 'Flower o' the Vine) (1894); 'Sospiri d'Italia' (1904). His fiction includes Children of Tomorrow' (1890); 'Madge o' the Pool'; 'Wives in Exile' (1898); Silence Farm' (1899). He wrote, also, the biographies of Shelley, Heine and Browning and Literary Essays; Greek Studies (1903-04). Two volumes of his critical work appeared in 1912 and in 1909-11 appeared a complete edition of his works (7 vols.). Consult the 'Memoir by his wife, Elizabeth A. Sharp (2 vols., London 1912). See MACLEOD, FIONA.

SHARP-SHIN, a small hen-hawk (q.v.). SHARP-SHOOTERS, the name formerly given to the best shots of a company, who were armed with rifles and took aim in firing. They are superseded by the better arms and more complete organization of modern armies. According to the United States army regulations, a sharpshooter is a grade of rifleman next below that of expert rifleman. He wears a silver badge, consisting of a pin and cross, on the left breast of the coat. Consult Small Arms Firing Manual, United States Army.'

SHARP-TAILED GROUSE, the northern prairie-chicken (q.v.), a grouse (Pediacetes phasianellus), which has the general habits of the pinnated grouse, but differs among other features in lacking the neck-tufts, in the characteristic form of the tail, in which the central pair of quills are soft, parallel-edged and square-tipped, projecting an inch or two beyond the next pair. It is somewhat more fond of brushy places and flies more than does the pinnated grouse, which is steadily encroaching on its northwestern habitat.

SHARPE, Samuel, English Egyptologist, Bible translator and banker: b. London, 8 March 1799; d. there, 28 July 1881. He entered the banking business of his uncles in 1814, became a partner in 1824 and continued in business successfully until his retirement in 1861. He was deeply interested in archæological research and published many works on Egyptology, as well as making translations of the Bible which were characterized by a nice discrimination. Author of The Early History of Egypt' (1836); Egyptian Inscriptions' (1837); Vocabulary of Egyptian Hieroglyphics) (1837); The History of Egypt Under the Ptolomies' (1838); The New Testament Translated' (1840); The History of Egypt from the Earliest Times till A.D. 640) (1846); The Hebrew Scriptures Translated' (1865); A Short Hebrew Grammar Without Points (1877); Inquiry into the Age of the Moabite Stone' (1879), etc.

SHARPLES, shär'p'lz, Stephen Paschall, American chemist: b. West Chester, Pa., 21 April 1842. He was graduated at Harvard in 1866, and in 1875-93 was professor of chemistry at the Boston Dental College. He has

been a consulting chemist since 1872, and in 1885-1902 he was inspector and assayer of liquors for Massachusetts. He is the editor of the Genealogical Magazine. Author of 'Chemical Tables (1866).

SHARPLESS, Isaac, American educator: b. Chester County, Pa., 16 Dec. 1848; d. 16 Jan. 1920. He was graduated from the Lawrence Scientific School, Harvard, in 1873, was instructor in mathematics at Haverford College in 187579, occupied the chair of mathematics and astronomy there in 1879-85, was dean in 1885-87 after which he was president of the college. He wrote textbooks of astronomy and geometry and also published 'English Education (in International Education Series, 1892); 'A Quaker Experiment in Government (1898); Two Centuries of Pennsylvania History' (1900); 'The American College' (1915), etc. He received honorary degrees as follows: Sc.D. from University of Pennsylvania, L. H. D. from Hobart College, LL.D. from Swarthmore College and from Harvard University. He was a member of the council of the Historical Society of Pennsylvania.

SHARPLESS, James, American artist: b. England, 1751; d. New York, 26 Feb. 1811. He began his artistic career in the United States in 1794 with a series of pastel portraits for which some of the most eminent men of the day gave him sittings, and there are still extant by him portraits of Washington, Jefferson, Hamilton, Monroe, De Witt Clinton, Burr, etc. These are treasured in the National Museum at Philadelphia, where they were placed, 40 in all, in 1876. He was also interested in mechanics and in the first volume of the Medical and Philosophical Register' (1811) is a paper by him on steam-carriages. He is buried in the churchyard of Saint Peter's, Barclay street, New York.

SHARPS, Christian, American inventor: b. New Jersey, 1811; d. Vernon, Conn., 13 March 1874. He developed a taste for mechanics at an early age and practically devoted his life to invention. He was the originator of many ingenious implements, but none of these gave him such fame and remuneration as the breech-loading rifle which bears his name. 1854 he removed to Hartford, Conn., to superintend the manufacture of this rifle, and he subsequently invented other firearms of great value and patented many ingenious implements of various kinds.

In

SHARPSBURG, Md., a village in Washington County, beautifully situated in a narrow valley, 12 miles south of Hagerstown, about the same distance north of Harper's Ferry__and three miles east of Shepherdstown, on the Potomac. It has no manufactures, but is surrounded by a fine farming country, the chief products of which are corn, wheat, hay, apples, peaches and other fruits. It is chiefly noted as the scene of the battle of Antietam (q.v.) or Sharpsburg, fought on the outskirts of the village, 17 Sept. 1862, in which more men were killed and wounded than on any other day of the Civil War. Pop. 1,100.

SHARPSBURG, Pa., borough in Allegheny County, on the Allegheny River and on the Pittsburgh and Cincinnati, Chicago and Saint Louis and the Pennsylvania railroads, six miles northeast of Pittsburgh. It is in a coal-mining

region. The chief industrial establishments are foundries, blast furnaces, rolling mills, machine shops, bottle works, planing mills, hair, felt and lubricating oil works, wire and brick works. Other manufactures are oil cans, varnish and japan, chemicals, coal-mining tools and oil-well machinery. It has large coal yards and exports annually a large amount of coal and of steel and iron products. It has a high school, public and parish elementary schools and a public library. Pop. 8,921.

SHARPSBURG (Md.), Battle of. See ANTIETAM, Battle of.

SHARPSHOOTER, popular name in southern United States for any of several hemipterous insects which puncture the immature cotton bolls, causing them to wilt or rot. Of these the Homalodisca coagulata is the most common. The Mexican boll-weevil is likewise known by the name in some parts of Texas.

SHARSWOOD, shärz'wud, George, American jurist: b. Philadelphia, Pa., 7 July 1810; d. there, 28 May 1883. He was graduated at the University of Pennsylvania in 1828 and was admitted to the bar in 1831. He served in the State legislature in 1837-38 and in 1842-43, and in 1845 was appointed judge of the District Court of Philadelphia, becoming president of that court in 1848. In 1848 he was appointed to the bench of the Supreme Court of Pennsylvania, of which he was chief justice from 1878 until he retired in 1882. He ranked as one of the most eminent jurists in the State. He was professor of law at the University of Pennsylvania in 1850-67. He brought out editions of many English law textbooks, of which the most famous was 'Sharswood's Blackstone's Commentaries (1859). He was author of 'Professional Ethics' (1854); Popular Lectures on Common Law' (1856); Lectures on Commercial Law) (1859), etc.

SHASTA, Mount, a peak of the Sierra Nevada range in Siskiyou County in California. It is of volcanic origin, about 14,350 feet above sea-level, and on its summit are three glaciers, one of which, Whitney, is three miles long. On the slope and near the base are large trees, some 300 feet high. The mountain is conical in form and has been a dormant volcano for a long period. Consult Muir, 'The Mountains of California' (New York 1911).

SHASTA (shäs'ta) INDIANS, probably from tsasdi, "three," referring to a triple-peak mountain. A group of small tribes forming the Sastean linguistic stock of American Indians, formerly occupying the territory drained by Klamath River and its tributaries from the western base of the Cascade range to the point where the Klamath flows through a ridge of hills east of Happy Camp, in northern California and extending over the Siskiyou Mountains in Oregon as far as the confluence of Stewart and Rogue Rivers. They consisted of two divisions, marked by slightly divergent dialects, one comprising the Iruwaitsu, Kammatwa and Kikatsik; the other the Chimelakwc and Katiru. They have practically lost their native customs through contact with civilization, but they were a sedentary people, living in rectangular, semi-subterranean plank houses, and subsisting chiefly on salmon and other fish, acorns, roots and seeds. They made basket

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caps (which the women wore), as well as small food baskets and a rude form of dug-out canoe. They rapidly succumbed to the encroachments of civilization, and while the tribes composing the stock were never populous, their total number at present is about 1,500, most of whom are on the Siletz Reservation in Oregon. Mount Shasta derives its name from these Indians. Consult Dixon, R. B., The Shasta' (in American Museum of Natural History Bulletin, Vol. XVII, New York 1907).

SHATTUCK, shăt'ŭk, Frederick Cheever, American physician, brother of G. B. Shattuck (q.v.) b. Boston, Mass., 1 Nov. 1847. He was graduated at Harvard University in 1868 and took his M.D. there in 1873. He engaged in practice in Boston in 1875, was connected with the faculty at Harvard from 1879, and from 1888 he was Jackson professor of clinical medicine there. He became professor emeritus_in 1912, at the same time retiring from practice. He has been an overseer of Harvard since 1913 and is a retired lieutenant in the United States Army Medical Reserve Corps. Author of many papers in medical journals.

SHATTUCK, George Brune, American physician: b. Boston, Mass., 18 Aug. 1844; d. there, 12 March 1923. He was graduated at Harvard in 1863 and took his M.D. there in 1869. He was engaged in practice in Boston in 18691911, when he retired. He edited the Boston Medical and Surgical Journal in 1881-1911. At the time of his retirement he was senior physician to the Boston City Hospital. He was an overseer of Harvard in 1890-1901 and in 1903–12.

SHATTUCK SCHOOL, The, a noted college preparatory shool at Faribault, Minn., organized in 1865 and controlled by the Protestant Episcopal Church. The corporate name of the Shattuck School and the Seabury Divinity School, which is also at Faribault, is the "Bishop Seabury Mission." The school has 19 instructors and 250 students. The school course is divided into five forms of one year each, and the establishment is managed on the house system. Military drill is obligatory, and there is a cadet corps with four companies, and an The artillery platoon with two detachments. principal buildings connected with the school are the chapel, Shumway, Morgan, Smyser, Whipple and S. S. Johnson halls. The school was named in honor of one of its earliest benefactors, Dr. George Shattuck, the founder of Saint Paul's School, Concord, N. H., and its head master from 1867 has been the Rev. James Dobbin. Since its organization the school has graduated over 2,000 students. Consult Adams, Some Famous American Schools' (1903).

SHAUGHNESSY, Thomas George, 1ST BARON OF MONTREAL, Canadian Railway president: b. Milwaukee, Wis., 6 Oct. 1853; d. Montreal, Canada, 10 Dec. 1923. In 1868-82 he was connected with the Milwaukee and Saint Paul and the Chicago, Milwaukee and Saint Paul railroads, in which time he gained a mastery of railroad management. He became purchasing agent of the Canadian Pacific Railway in 1882, later was assistant general manager and president of the Canadian Pacific Railway and all its associated companies. He accomplished an important share in the development of Canada and his services were recognized by a knight

hood in 1901, while in 1916 he was created Baron Shaughnessy of Montreal.

SHAW, shâ, Albert, American editor and political economist: b. Shandon, Butler County, Ohio, 23 July 1857. He was graduated from Iowa College, Grinnell, Iowa, in 1879, took a post-graduate course in constitutional history and economic science there, and in 1881 began a course in history and political science at Johns Hopkins, taking the degree of Ph.D. in 1884. In 1883-88 and again in 1889-90 he was on the editorial staff of the Minneapolis Tribune, in 1888-89 he studied in Europe and in 1891 established the American Review of Reviews, which he has since edited. In 1884 he published 'Icaria, a Chapter in the History of Communism, which was translated into German. His other works include Co-operation in the Northwest' (1888); Local Government in Illinois (1883); Municipal Government in Great Britain' (1895), and Municipal Government in Europe) (1895). The last two mentioned gave him a recognized standing as an authority on questions of municipal government, and he has since written many magazine articles on economic, especially municipal, subjects. Other works are The Business Career in its Public Relations' (1905); Political Problems of American Development' (1907); 'The Outlook of the Average Man' (1907); 'Cartoon History of Roosevelt's Career' (1910).

SHAW, Anna Howard, American woman suffrage leader, minister and physician: b. Newcastle-on-Tyne, England, 14 Feb. 1847; d. Moylan, Pa., 2 July 1919. She came to the United States at the age of four, studied at Albion College, Michigan in 1872-75, was graduated at the Boston University of Theology in 1878 and took her M.D. at Boston University in 1885. She was granted a local preacher's license by the district conference of the Methodist Episcopal Church, and paid the expenses of her education by preaching and lecturing. She was pastor of the Methodist Episcopal Church at Hingham, Mass., in 1878, and at East Dennis in 1878-85. She was, however, refused ordination by the New England Conference because of her sex, and the decision was confirmed by the General Conference at Cincinnati in 1880. She was ordained in the Protestant Methodist Church 12 Oct. 1880, the first woman ordained by that denomination. In 1885 she resigned her pulpit to lecture for the Massachusetts Woman Suffrage Association. She was national superintendent of franchise for the Women's Christian Temperance Union in 1886-92; and in her connection with the National American Woman Suffrage Association she was national lecturer in 1886-1904; vice-president-at-large in 18921904; president in 1904-15; and thereafter was honorary president. To her courage, initiative, resourcefulness and sound reasoning may be credited much of the success of the woman suffrage movement, the constitutional amendment for which was passed by Congress shortly before her death. She was in her lifetime the recipient of world-wide honors, had spoken in every State in the Union, before most of the State legislatures, before the committees of both houses of Congress; as well as being the first woman to speak in Gustav Vasa Cathedral, the State Church of Sweden, and the first

ordained woman to preach at the universities of Copenhagen, Berlin, Christiania, London and Amsterdam. She was chairman of the Woman's Committee of the Council of National Defense from 1917, and received the distinguished service cross for her services in the European War.

SHAW, Byam, English artist: b. Madras, India, 13 Nov. 1872. In 1878 he went with his family to England, and received his art education at the Saint John's Wood School of Art and the Royal Academy Art Schools (1890–92). In 1892 he began work as an illustrator, and gradually attained success in this line, first painting 'Rose Marie,' being exhibited in 1893. His work was received with favor by art critics and became immediately popular as well. It is marked by individuality, fertility of imagination and brilliant coloring. His other pictures include (Silent Moon' (1894); Whither? (1896); 'Love's Baubles' (1897); (Truth (1898); 'Love the Conqueror'; A Woman's Protest; The Lady of Shalott.' Among the works he has illustrated are 'Browning's Poems (1898); (Tales from Boccaccio' (1899); Chiswick Shakespeare' (1900); 'Old King Cole's Book of Nursery Rhymes' (1901); "Coronation Book' (1902); 'Pilgrim's Progress' (1904); The Cloister and the Hearth (1909); Poe's Tales) (1909).

SHAW, George Bernard, Irish dramatist and critic: b. Dublin, 26 July 1856. He went to London in 1876, engaged in socialistic agitation, and in 1884 became one of the founders of the Fabian Society. To the volume of 'Fabian Essays in Socialism' (1889) he contributed 'The Basis of Socialism and The Transition to Social Democracy.' During 1886-94 he wrote musical and art criticisms for the World, Truth and the Star. In 1895-96 he contributed dramatic criticism to the Saturday Review, and arrested attention by the vigor and severity of his judgments. In 1892 his first play, Widower's Houses,' was produced at the Independent Theatre, and was published as Volume I of the Independent Theatre series of plays. Between 1880 and 1883 he published several novels, such as The Irrational Knot'; 'Love Among the Artists'; 'Cashel Byron's Profession' and 'An Unsocial Socialist. Two volumes of interpretative studies, The Perfect Wagnerite' and 'The Quintessence of Ibsen, deal with the works of Wagner and Ibsen, the former especially concerning itself with Wagner's chief work, The Ring of the Nibelungs. In 1898 he published two volumes of Plays Pleasant and Unpleasant,' containing the Widower's Houses'; 'The Philanderer' and Mrs. Warren's Profession'; 'You Never Can Tell'; 'Arms and the Man'; 'Candida' and The Man of Destiny.' In 1900 appeared 'Three Plays for Puritans'; followed by "The Admirable Bashville' (1901); Man and Superman' (1903); John Bull's Other Island' (1904); How He Lied to Her Husband' (1904); Major Barbara' (1905); The Doctor's Dilemma' (1906); Getting Married? (1908); The Showing-up of Blanco Posent' (1909); Press Cuttings) (1909); The Dark Lady of the Sonnets) (1910); Misalliance' (1910); Fanny's First Play) (1911); Androcles and the Lion'; 'Pygmalion'; and Overruled' (1912); 'Great Catherine' (1913);

'The Music-Cure' (1914); O'Flaherty, V. C.'; 'The Inca of Persalem (1915); Augustus does His Bit' (1910); 'Heartbreak House' (1917). Other works include The Sanity of Art) (1895); The Common Sense of Municipal Trading) (1904); 'Socialism and Superior Brains (1910); Common Sense about the War' (1914); besides numerous contributions to syndicate journalism. He is fearless, vigorous and witty, a master of irony, unhampered by the traditions either of the theatre or of literature, his style having that ephemeral brilliance without permanent quality which pleases the passing popular fancy. As a dramatist he is resourceful in effective situations; but his plays appeal to a limited public. (See CANDIDA; MAN AND SUPERMAN). Consult his preface, 'Mainly About Myself,' to Volume I of 'Plays Pleasant and Unpleasant for statement of his point of view; Burton, R., 'Bernard Shaw; The Man and the Mask' (1916).

SHAW, Henry Wheeler, "JoSH BILLINGS," American humorist: b. Lanesborough, Mass., 21 April 1818; d. Monterey, Cal., 14 Oct. 1885. He entered Hamilton College in 1832, but remained only one year. He then went to the West to pursue a number of occupations offered by the primitive frontier life, but returned to the East in 1858, and became an auctioneer at Poughkeepsie. He contributed humerous articles to a local paper under the signature of "Josh Billings," but his writings failed to attract much attention until he employed a style of phonetic spelling resembling his homely method of pronunciation. His first book, 'Sayings of "Josh Billings" 1866, had an enormous success. For many years he contributed to the New York Weekly. His most successful literary venture was a travesty on the Old Farmer's Almanac,' published for many years by the Thomas family, ""Josh Billings Farmers' Allminax."; Over 200,000 copies were sold within two years of its appearance in 1870. In 1863 he began to give public lectures, which consisted of detached bits of homely philosophy, usually pointing a moral. The delivery having an inimitable strain of drollery made him a great popular success. He published Every Boddy's Friend' (1876); Josh Billings' Complete Works' (1876); Josh Billings' Trump Kards' (1877); Josh Billings' Spice-Box' (1881). Consult the 'Life' by F. S. Smith (New York 1883).

SHAW, John, American naval officer: b. Mount Mellick, Queen's County, Ireland, 1773; d. Philadelphia, Pa., 17 Sept. 1823. After serving on American merchant ships he commanded the schooner Enterprise of the United States navy, and in December 1799 started on an eight months' cruise, during which he engaged in five actions with the French, recapturing 11 American prizes and taking five French privateers. In one hour's combat he forced the Flambeau, a French vessel of 100 men and 14 guns, to surrender after half of her men were killed or crippled, while the Enterprise had sustained a loss of but 10. Shaw was raised to the rank of captain; in 1811 he directed the defenses of New Orleans, La., and in 1813 commanded the naval force which recaptured Mobile, Ala.; in 1814 while in charge of a squadron he was blockaded by the enemy in the Thames River between New London and Norwich, Conn., sub

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sequently seeing other service both at home and abroad.

SHAW, John Balcom, American Presbyterian clergyman, educator and author; b. Bellport, N. Y., 12 May 1860. He was graduated at Lafayette College in 1885, at the Union Theological Seminary in 1888 and was ordained in that year. He held pastorates in New York, Chicago and Los Angeles in 18881915, and has since been president of the Elmira College for Women. Author of Four Great Questions (1898); The Difficult Life' (1903); Vision and Service' (1907); The Angel in the Sun' (1914), etc.

SHAW, John William, American Catholic archbishop: b. Mobile, Ala., 12 Dec. 1863. He was educated at the academy of the Brothers of the Sacred Heart, Mobile, at Saint Finian's Seminary, Navan, Ireland, the University_of the Propaganda and the North American College, Rome. He was ordained to the Roman Catholic priesthood on 26 May 1888. In 188889 Father Shaw was assistant at the cathedral of Mobile; in 1889-91 assistant and missionary at Saint Peter's Church, Montgomery, Ala., and in 1891-1910 was rector of the cathedral at Mobile and chancellor of the diocese. On 7 Feb. 1910 he was appointed coadjutor bishop of San Antonio, Tex., succeeding to the see, 11 March 1911. On 25 Jan. 1918 he was appointed archbishop of New Orleans.

SHAW, Lemuel, American jurist: b. Barnstable, Mass., 9 Jan. 1781; d. Boston, Mass., 30 March 1861. He was graduated at Harvard University in 1800 and became prominent in the practice of law in Boston. He sat in the Massachusetts house of representatives and senate, 1811-16 and in 1819, and in the State senate 1821-22 and 1828-29, and was a member of the State Constitutional Convention of 1820. As chief justice of the Massachusetts Supreme Court, 1830-60, he won a high reputation as a jurist. His publications include addresses and orations. He was a Fellow of the American Academy of Arts and Sciences; a member of the Massachusetts and New England Historical Societies and of various local clubs, and a trustee of the Boston Library and Humane societies. He translated from the French the 'Civil and Military Transactions of Bonaparte. His judicial decisions comprise nearly 50 volumes.

SHAW, Leslie Mortier, American lawyer and politician: b. Morristown, Vt., 2 Nov. 1848. He was graduated from Cornell College, Mount Vernon, Iowa, in 1874, and from the Iowa College of Law in 1876; was admitted to the bar and established a law practice in Denison, Iowa. He was also prominent in local financial circles, and became president of the bank of Denison, and of the bank of Manilla, Iowa. He occasionally took part in the campaign work of the Republican party, but did not become prominent until the campaign of 1896, when his strong advocacy of the gold standard, his skilful handling of statistics and keen arguments in public speaking won him a wide reputation, and he was called upon to speak in many different sections of the country. His effective work on the Republican side in the free silver campaign of 1896, speaking an average of five hours a day some weeks and as high as seven hours for several consecutive days, led to his