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SHELL GAME-SHELLEY

after an Italian conception; Phoebus in his biga (chariot); an engraved nautilus shell displaying legends, prayers and emblems. In the British Museum also are a number of fine specimens of this art. Cyril Davenport, in his work 'Cameos" (London 1900), gives good illustrations of two white and gray cameos depicting respectively "Ganymede and an Eagle and "Hercules killing Cacus," both of 16th century Italian origin; a "Centaur” cut in Cypræa shell of the same date and origin, and a male portrait mounted as a pendant attributed as the others.

Technique. In the May 1913 issue of the American Museum Journal, New York, L. P. Gratacap, curator, gives a clear description of the technique of shell cameo carving. But few of a number of shells are of value for this purpose, those showing dullness, weakness or turbidity or having speckled under surface of the upper layer are rejected. Thinness of the back layer causes the artist to discard such. Having selected a shell, a tin wheel, assisted with water or emery powder, cuts the object into pieces and the best, from the point of view of color and texture, are selected for operation. The design to be carved is chosen according to its adaptation in size and treatment; the thickness of the layers and other qualifications of the specimen point to the degree of boldness of the execution permissible. In the execution of large chef-d'oeuvres the entire shell surface is sometimes covered with the design. Next the artist prepares the surface by eliminating all imperfections such as discoloration, roughness of surface, etc. The outer edge of the cameo is next produced, in oval, square or oblong form, with the aid of a small grindstone whose lower part revolves in a trough of water (grinding is less liable to split or splinter the tender layers of the shell than sawing). A handle is now cemented to the shell with a mixture of tar, resin and brickdust, wetted paper being used to cover the shell's back. After fixing the handle in the wooden "chancery" of a notched board the shell's surface is cleaned and a drawing of the subject penciled in. In the work of carving 10 graving tools (burins, etc.), of different sizes are used. With the carving finished the background is planished with boxwood burnishers, working in pumice and oil first, then in rotten stone moistened with a little sulphuric acid (oil of vitriol). The polishing deepens the color tones as well as creating a glaze that adds distinction to the relief work. The burnishing process has to be quickly followed by an active cleaning off of the acid with a dampened cotton wad so as to hinder its chemical action from eating into the substance of the shell, thereby creating pittings and unevenness to mar the whole performance. In the more highly talented work a minuteness of detail and almost microscopic expertness are sometimes displayed by the artist that almost equals that to be found in the camco carvings done in the hard gemstones.

CLEMENT W. COUMBE.

SHELL GAME. See THIMBLE RIG. SHELL-IBIS, or SHELL or SNAIL EATER, names for the open-bill (q.v.). It is not an ibis, but a stork, and feeds principally

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on snails and fresh-water mussels. See OPEN

BILL.

SHELL MONEY. See WAMPUM.

SHELL-SAND. Sand consisting in great part of fragments of shells comminuted by the beating of the waves (see SAND), and often containing a small proportion of organic matter. It is a very useful manure, particularly for clay soils, heavy loams and newly-reclaimed bogs. It is also advantageously applied to any soil deficient in lime. It neutralizes the organic acids which abound in peat, and forms with them compounds which serve as food for plants. Great deposits of shell-sand are found on the coasts of Devonshire and Cornwall, and are of much value in the agriculture of that district. Shell-sand is also found on many other parts of the European coasts, and is much used as a manure in the maritime districts of France, especially Bretagne and Normandy. It abounds upon the coast of Florida and the Gulf of Mexico and in some places has been compacted and cemented into the rocky substance called coquina, and often used as a building-stone.

SHELLABARGER, Samuel, American lawyer and politician: b. Clarke County, Ohio, 10 Dec. 1817; d. Washington, D. C., 6 Aug. 1896. He was graduated from Miami University, Oxford, Ohio, in 1842, and was admitted to the bar in 1847. In 1851 he was elected to the Ohio State legislature, and was a member of Congress in 1861-63, 1865-69, and 1871-73. In 1871 he introduced what was known as the "Ku Klux Law." In 1869-71 he was Minister to Portugal, and after his last term in Congress he was appointed a member of the Civil Service Commission, but devoted himself to the practice of law in Washington. - RECONSTRUCTION. See UNITED STATES

SHELLEY, shěl'ĩ, Harry Rowe, American organist and composer: b. New Haven, Conn., 8 June 1858. He studied music at Yale under Professor Stoeckel and afterwards Dudley Buck, Vogrich and Dvorák. After completing his musical education in Paris and London, he began his career as professional church organist and since 1899 has been engaged at the Fifth Avenue Baptist Church, New York. He has composed many songs, anthems and organ pieces, and his sustained compositions include two sacred cantatas; a lyric music drama, 'Romeo and Juliet'; a lyrical intermezzo, Santa Claus'; a Symphony in E major'; 'Leila,' an opera. He is a member of the National Institute of Arts and Letters.

SHELLEY, Mary Wollstonecraft Godwin, English writer: b. London, 30 Aug. 1797; d. there, 21 Feb. 1857. She was the daughter of William Godwin and Mary Wollstonecraft. In 1814 she eloped with the poet Shelley to Switzerland, and after the death of his wife, Harriet Westbrooke, was married to him. While traveling with him she composed her famous romance of Frankenstein' (1818), which excited an immense sensation. After her husband's death she devoted herself much to literary work, producing Valperga) (1823); The Last Man (1826); 'Lodore' (1835); 'Falkner' (1837); and other works of fiction; several biographies for the Cabinet Cyclopædia; Journal of a Six Weeks' Tour,' with Shelley (1814); 'Rambles in Germany and Italy' (1844); and

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an edition of Shelley's poetical works and miscellaneous writings. (See FRANKENSTEIN). Consult Marshall, Mrs. Julian, 'Life of Mary Wollstonecraft Shelley) (London 1889).

SHELLEY, Percy Bysshe, English poet: b. Field Place, near Horsham, Sussex, 4 Aug. 1792; d. by drowning in the Bay of Spezzia, on or after 8 July 1822. He was the eldest son of Timothy, afterward Sir Timothy, Shelley, a not over-intelligent country gentleman, and grandson of Sir Bysshe Shelley, who was something of an adventurer, handsome, clever and graceless. His mother, Elizabeth Pilford, seems to have handed on to him her beauty and her fondness for writing. After some tutoring he was sent to Sion House Academy, at Brentford, a middle class school, where his shyness and delicacy exposed him to brutal bullying. His biographers seem right in dating from this period his hatred of tyranny and resistance to all forms of oppression. He seems also to have developed his faculty for musing, for scientific speculation and for wide reading, especially at this time in the wild romances of Mrs. Radcliffe and others of her class. On 29 July 1804 he entered Eton where he remained for five years, developing along the lines just described. His tutors were not calculated to inspire his respect and thus could do little or nothing to check his extravagant and abnormal tendencies; nor could the outrageous fagging to which he was subjected fail to be deleterious to so sensitive an organization as his. He was nicknamed "Mad Shelley," lived as much apart as he could, dabbled in chemistry, haunted romantic spots, read widely-acquiring a taste for the classics, -and found some consolation in the society of Dr. James Lind (later represented as the hermit in The Revolt of Islam' and as Zonaras in Prince Athanase'), an elderly physician of scientific and eccentric tastes, who was apparently more sympathetic than discreet in his relations with a youth in need of guidance. As was natural, the precocious boy soon began writing and before he was 17 had composed a Radcliffian romance, 'Zastrozzi,' as well as some immature poetry-e.g., parts of the Wandering Jew' written in conjunction with his cousin and future biographer, Thomas Medwin, who had also been with him at Sion House. Perhaps more important for his future was his interest in serious writers both practical and theoretical, Franklin, Pliny, Condorcet, who strengthened his native bent toward inquiry and were in part responsible for his early abandonment of religious orthodoxy.

Shelley left Eton, with somewhat unexplained abruptness, in the summer of 1809; he matriculated at University College, Oxford, 10 April 1810. From the amount he published in the latter year it would seem that he spent much of the interim in writing, and it is known that he had a love affair with a cousin, Harriet Grove. At Oxford he formed a friendship with the able, rather cynical Thomas Jefferson Hogg, and was encouraged in his wholesale recalcitrancy. The university was little hospitable to advanced ideas, and when Shelley sent to bishops and heads of colleges, copies of his syllabus of arguments demonstrating The Necessity of Atheism," it was small wonder, though a great pity, that, on his failure to answer their questions, the authorities should have handed him a sentence of expulsion al

ready signed and sealed. (25 March 1811). Hogg protested and was also expelled.

The offending pamphlet was Shelley's sixth publication, and he still lacked several months of being 20. In 1810 he had publishedhow, is something of a mystery — Zastrozzi'; 'Oriental Poetry by Victor and Cazire' (written in conjunction with his sister Elizabeth, withdrawn on the ground that she had borrowed from "Monk" Lewis, long sought for in vain, but finally edited by Dr. Richard Garnett in 1898); 'Posthumous Fragments of Margaret Nicholson' (the mad woman who had tried to kill George III); and 'Saint Irvyne; or, the Rosicrucian,' another Radcliffian roIt is needless to say that these productions are devoid of intrinsic merit. His fifth publication was A Political View of the Existing State of Things,' issued anonymously at Oxford for the benefit of Peter Finerty, a prisoner for libel. This has entirely disappeared.

mance.

Shelley left Oxford with mingled regret and indignation and took lodgings in London. His affair with his cousin Harriet Grove had been broken off, and he was soon involved in the most unhappy entanglement of his much entangled life. Not being permitted to come home unless he would break with Hogg and refusing to do this, he found himself adrift in London, and fate brought him in contact with a friend of his sister Elizabeth's, Harriet Westbrook, the pretty daughter of a retired hotel-keeper. She was romantic and fancied herself persecuted by her family; Shelley was also romantic, and persecuted, and quixotic, and inflammable. When he went out of town in July 1811 she wrote him pitiful letters, which so worked upon his feelings that he returned to London, ran away with her and married her at Edinburgh at the end of August. How far the girl's relatives connived at the capture of the baronet's son cannot be ascertained. Naturally the Shelleys were indignant, and cut off the madcap's allowance; but Mr. Westbrook allowed them £200 a year, and finally Shelley's father contributed the same amount.

It is unnecessary to detail their movements at this juncture save to say that they spent some months at Keswick near Southey and then, Shelley being inspired by the theories of William Godwin (q.v.), they went over to Ireland to attempt to redress the wrongs of the longsuffering people. They were accompanied by Harriet's sister, Eliza Westbrook, whose presence grew distasteful to Shelley, and they remained only about two months, since the Irish did not respond enthusiastically to Shelley's pamphlets. He was merely a visionary a little ahead of his times, for Catholic emancipation came peacefully not so many years after his death. When he returned to England, he excited the attention of the government by revolutionary writings, but he was not molested. Believing, however, that an attempt had been made to assassinate him, he returned with his wife and sister-in-law to Ireland, and then he went with Harriet to London, where their first child was born (June 1813). About this time he printed privately his nebulous poem of freethought Queen Mab,' accompanied by notes and a "vindication" of vegetarianism to which he had become a convert. Eight years later a pirated edition brought 'Queen Mab' into notoriety, much to its author's disgust. A dia

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