divisions across the Potomac at Harper's Ferry and an advance on Winchester, near which Lander's division from Romney and the south branch of the Potomac joined the column. Manassas and Centreville were evacuated by Johnston on 8 and 9 March, and Jackson, with his 5,000 men, under Johnston's order, abandoned Winchester on the night of the 11th, as he was on the eve of giving battle to General Banks, and fell back up the valley 42 miles to Mount Jackson, followed by Shields' (formerly Lander's) division of Banks' corps. On the 20th Shields moved back to Winchester, followed by Jackson. Informed on the march that part of Banks' corps was being sent from the valley to reinforce McClellan east of the Blue Ridge, Jackson, in order to detain it in the valley, pressed Shields closely, skirmished with him on the evening of the 22d, and next day brought him to battle at Kernstown (q.v.), less than four miles south of Winchester, and being defeated, again retreated up the valley. His action had the desired effect; Williams' division, which was on the march through Snicker's Gap of the Blue Ridge, was recalled and Banks again pursued Jackson up the valley as far as Harrisonburg, 66 miles from Winchester. Jackson fell back to Swift Run Gap, in the Blue Ridge, on the road from Harrisonburg to Gordonsville, where he watched an opportunity to strike Banks in flank and rear should he advance from Harrisonburg to Staunton. Under President Lincoln's order Banks fell back to Strasburg, and Frémont, commanding a corps, was ordered to move from Franklin and Monterey to co-operate with Banks in an advance on Staunton. Jackson, informed of Frémont's advance, made a rapid movement from Swift Run Gap to Staunton and, pushing through that place on 5 May, engaged Frémont's advance, under Generals Schenck and Milroy, on the 8th, and in a hard-fought battle checked it, Schenck falling back to Franklin. (See MCDOWELL, IRVIN). Jackson followed to Franklin, found Schenck too strongly posted to attack and on the 12th began his return march to the valley to attack Banks. On the 19th he started from Mount Solon, near Harrisonburg, on the 21st crossed the Massanutton Mountains from New Market to Luray, and, joined by Ewell's division, swept down the Luray Valley, with over 16,000 men and 48 guns, defeated Colonel Kenly's command of 900 men at Front Royal (q.v.), 23 May, and pursuing, captured the most of it. This movement turned Banks' fortified position at Strasburg, and on the morning of the 24th Banks retreated northward on the valley pike, was struck in flank by Jackson at Middletown and Newtown, but foiled his efforts to intercept him, and after a running fight from Middletown to Winchester, halted on the night of the 24th at Winchester to give battle. On the morning of the 25th Jackson attacked Banks, who had about 7,000 men, defeated him and drove him across the Potomac at Williamsport. (See WINCHESTER, BATTLE OF). Jackson halted his main body a few miles beyond Winchester, but the cavalry followed Banks to the river. On the 28th Jackson sent part of his force toward Harper's Ferry, which made a demonstration, as though intending to force the position and cross into Maryland. Meanwhile Frémont and McDowell, moving respectively from Franklin on the west

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and Fredericksburg on the east, were converging on Strasburg, in Jackson's rear, to cut him off, upon which he abandoned his demonstration on Harper's Ferry and, starting from Winchester early in the morning of the 31st, by a rapid march slipped through the net prepared for him and arrived at Strasburg 1 June, Frémont's skirmishers being within a mile of the road over which he passed. Next day Frémont gave a stern chase on the valley pike, and Shields' division, now of McDowell's corps, marching by Luray Valley, endeavored to reach Jackson's rear or strike him in flank. Frémont pressed his rear closely in many sharp encounters, driving him steadily through Woodstock, Edenburg and Mount Jackson; but Jackson, avoiding a general engagement, when arriving at Harrisonburg, sent his sick and wounded to Staunton, and 6 June, turning to the left, marched toward Port Republic. Later in the day his rear guard had an encounter with Frémont's advance near Harrisonburg (q.v.), in which Gen. Turner Ashby, a gallant Confederate cavalry commander, was killed, and the result of which was that Frémont's advance was repulsed. Frémont advanced in force from Harrisonburg on the morning of the 8th, and at Cross Keys (q.v.) was met by Jackson, who, after a severe fight, repulsed him. Leaving Ewell's division to resist Frémont, should he renew the fight next morning, Jackson marched the rest of his army to Port Republic to meet Shields, who was moving up Luray Valley, and whose advance, under Colonel Carroll, had dashed into Port Republic on the morning of the 8th, was driven out and joined later in the day by a brigade under Col. E. B. Tyler. Jackson attacked the two brigades of Tyler on the morning of the 9th, and at first was repulsed, but finally, on being reinforced, after a hard fight, drove Tyler from the field and back into Conrad's Store, on the other two brigades of Shields' division. (See PORT REPUBLIC, BATTLE OF). Ewell had been recalled from Frémont's front, the bridge over the South Branch destroyed, thus checking Frémont's pursuit, and that night Jackson marched to Brown's Gap in the Blue Ridge. Frémont and Shields were ordered to cease pursuit and fall back, the former to Middletown to join Sigel and Banks, who had advanced from Harper's Ferry and Williamsport, the latter to join his corps at Fredericksburg. The Valley campaign of 1862 established Jackson's fame as a soldier. From the date of his arrival at Staunton, 5 May, to the battle of Port Republic was 35 days, during which he had marched about 300 miles, fighting four battles and engaging in many other encounters, and with 16,000 men had kept 60,000 Union troops employed, and paralyzed McClellan's campaign against Richmond. On 17 June Jackson stole quietly away from Brown's Gap to join Lee on the Chickahominy. Munford's cavalry brigade and a few infantry were left in the valley to demonstrate in the direction of Strasburg, and Munford was soon relieved by Robertson's brigade, which took post at Harrisonburg and New Market. When General Pope, 27 June, took command of the Army of Virginia, formed by the corps of Frémont, Banks and McDowell, he withdrew Frémont and Banks from the valley to the east of the Blue Ridge, leaving garrisons of a small brigade each at Winchester, Martinsburg and Harper's Ferry

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to cover the Baltimore and Ohio Railroad. Throughout July and August 1862 the valley enjoyed comparative quiet. In August Lee advanced upon Pope and drove him back to the defenses of Washington, then crossed the Potomac into Maryland by a route east of the Blue Ridge. Upon arriving at Frederick and finding, contrary to his expectations, that Martinsburg, Winchester and Harper's Ferry were still held by Union troops, interposing on his proposed line of supply through the Shenandoah Valley and interfering with his intended movement into Pennsylvania, Lee on 10 September sent Jackson across the Potomac at Williamsport to clear the valley of Union troops and capture those at Harper's Ferry. Winchester had already been abandoned; General White was driven from Martinsburg to Harper's Ferry on the 11th, and on the morning of the 15th Harper's Ferry surrendered and the entire valley was once more in Confederate possession. When Lee withdrew across the Potomac, after the battle of Antietam, he halted a month on the Opequon and near Winchester; but when McClellan began crossing the Potomac at Berlin, on 25 October, and moved along the east foot of the Blue Ridge, Lee set his troops in motion up the valley, contesting with McClellan possession of the passes leading into the valley, and marching Longstreet's corps through Chester Gap to Culpeper Court House, left Jackson's corps in the valley, near Winchester, with one division at Chester Gap. McClellan was relieved from command of the Army of the Potomac 7 November, and Burnside, who succeeded him, marched from Fredericksburg, and when his advance appeared before that place on the 17th, Jackson withdrew from the valley by way of Swift Run Gap, and joined Lee at Fredericksburg, leaving in the valley a strong brigade of cavalry, supported by a small force of infantry. Union forces now crossed the Potomac and the Confederates were pushed up the valley to New Market, and again the Union troops occupied the lower valley, holding Winchester, Martinsburg and Romney, with outposts at Strasburg, and scouting up the valley of the South branch as far as Monterey. Under cover of this occupation the Baltimore and Ohio Railroad was repaired.

1863.-Active operations in the valley began this year by a Confederate raid from near Staunton to destroy the Baltimore and Ohio Railroad west of New Creek, which resulted in several encounters, and was partially successful, many bridges being burned and the road broken in places as far westward as Clarksburg, W. Va. While these movements were in progress Lee defeated Hooker at Chancellorsville, after which he immediately began preparations for his second invasion of Maryland which culminated in the battle of Gettysburg, and chose the route through the Shenandoah Valley, which offered a safe line of operations, and was held by Union troops not sufficient in number to present a serious obstacle. General Milroy, with about 9,000 men, occupied Winchester, with a brigade in observation at Berryville; General Kelley, with 10,000 men, was at Harper's Ferry; and a detachment of 1,200 men and a battery under Colonel B. F. Smith, at Martinsburg. There were outposts at Romney and also toward Strasburg and Front Royal watching the Confederate cavalry and

infantry under General Jenkins in the upper valley. Lee began his movement 7 June by ordering General Imboden, then near Monterey, to move on Romney, by way of the South branch of the Potomac, and directing Jenkins, with his brigade of cavalry, to march down the valley and concentrate at Strasburg or Front Royal, to co-operate with the advance of the army. Ewell's corps, leaving Brandy Station on 10 June, passed through Chester Gap and, marching by way of Front Royal arrived at Cedarville on the evening of the 12th, where Ewell detached Jenkins' cavalry brigade and Rhodes' division of infantry to capture MacReynolds' brigade at Berryville; but MacReynolds, discovering their approach, withdrew to Winchester, which he reached by a roundabout way, on the 13th. Rhodes and Jenkins, avoiding Winchester, pushed on to Martinsburg and, on the 14th, drove Smith and his battery from the place, capturing five guns of the battery that were retiring on the Williamsport road. Smith and his infantry escaped by crossing the Potomac at Shepherdstown Ford and moving to Maryland Heights. Meanwhile Ewell, with the two divisions of Early and Edward Johnson, marched direct on Winchester, surrounded and captured most of Milroy's command on the 15th; after a hard fight, part of those who escaped reached Harper's Ferry and part crossed the Potomac at Hancock. (See WINCHESTER, MILITARY OPERATIONS AT AND NEAR). On the 15th Early crossed the Potomac at Williamsport and Shepherdstown Ford, and occupied Hagerstown and Sharpsburg. On the 17th the garrison at Harper's Ferry was withdrawn to Maryland Heights. Imboden had driven the Union troops from Romney and collected a large herd of cattle, and once more the Valley of the Shenandoah was cleared of Union troops. Lee reported that as the result of these operations Ewell had captured 4,000 prisoners, with their arms, 28 guns, 11 colors, 300 loaded wagons, with their teams and a considerable quantity of stores of all descriptions. Gettysburg, Lee recrossed the Potomac at Williamsport on the night of 13 July and marched to Winchester and Bunker Hill. When Meade crossed the Potomac south of Harper's Ferry, Longstreet's corps moved up the valley, crossed the Blue Ridge at Chester Gap and marched to Culpeper Court House, where it arrived on the 24th. A. P. Hill's corps followed by the same route, and Ewell's after pursuing Kelley's Union troops west of Martinsburg, found Chester Gap and Manassas Gap held by Meade, who was marching along the cast side of the Blue Ridge, and crossing higher up, at Thornton's Gap, joined the army at Culpeper. (See MANASSAS GAP, ENGAGEMENT AT). Again the lower valley was reoccupied by Union troops, and remained in their possession at the opening of the campaign of 1864. Late in the year General Early was put in command of two infantry brigades and some cavalry to hold the upper valley, annoy the Union forces at Winchester, to collect and bring away everything useful to the Union troops or his own, and especially to buy or seize cattle, horses, sheep and hogs, in which the lower valley and that of the South branch abounded. His instructions to do this were carried out to the letter, and the winter of 1863-64 witnessed a most remarkable for

After

aging campaign, in which the lower valley and that of the South branch were stripped of thousands of animals. These foraging parties brought on many collisions between the opposing troops.

to

1864. In the general movement planned by Grant for the armies under his command in May 1864, General Sigel, who had command in the Shenandoah Valley, was to advance from Harper's Ferry and Winchester up the valley, seize the rich stores of grain, and form a junction with General Crook, who, with cavalry, infantry and artillery was march from the mouth of Gauley River, West Virginia, to destroy the Virginia and Tennessee Railroad and reinforce Sigel at Staunton, for a movement on Lynchburg. Sigel had about 24,000 men in his command, most of them guarding the railroad from the Monocacy and Harper's Ferry to Parkersburg and Wheeling. He concentrated part of them at Winchester, ordered his cavalry to Cedar Creek and Strasburg and, starting from Winchester 9 May, with 5,500 infantry and artillery, 1,000 cavalry and 28 guns, moved up the Valley. His cavalry had several mishaps and was badly punished and, after a severe defeat of his command by General Breckinridge at New Market, 15 May, he retreated to Cedar Creek. General Hunter relieved him on the 21st and, being reinforced to 8,500 men, advanced upon Gen. W. E. Jones at Piedmont, defeated him there 5 June, and next day occupied Staunton. (See PIEDMONT, BATTLE OF). At Staunton, Hunter was joined by Crook and Averell; he began the work of destruction, thoroughly and quickly completed it, and on the 7th marched on Lynchburg, which he failed to take. He was driven westward by Early, who, with his corps of 8,000 men, had been sent by Lee, 12 June, from Gaines' Mill to expel Hunter from the valley and, if possible, destroy him, and then to threaten Washington. It may here be stated that Hunter, Crook and Averell marched to the Kanawha, and thus left the valley open to Early. On 23 June Early began his return march from the pursuit of Hunter, and reached Staunton on the 27th. He had been joined by Breckinridge's division of infantry, and McCausland's brigade of cavalry. On the 29th he sent the greater part of his cavalry to destroy the bridges of the Baltimore and Ohio Railroad, and with his main body pushed down the valley turnpike, reaching Winchester 2 July. After driving all the Union troops from the lower valley and destroying as much as possible of the railroad and canal, he crossed the Potomac at Shepherdstown, demonstrated on Maryland Heights (q.v.), and marching through Frederick, defeated Gen. Lew Wallace at Monocacy (q.v.) 9 July, and then marched on Washington. Failing to take Washington by surprise, as he had hoped to do, he retraced his steps, recrossed the Potomac at White's Ford on the 14th, and resting two days near Leesburg, moved on the morning of the 16th for the Shenandoah Valley by way of Snicker's Gap in the Blue Ridge; crossed the Shenandoah River at Snicker's Ferry, and on the 17th took up a position near Berryville. Meanwhile Hunter and Crook, who had retreated from Lynchburg to the Kanawha, had come by steamboat and railroad and joined the forces at Harper's Ferry, and on the 18th and 19th

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engaged Early at Snicker's Ferry and Berry's Ferry without success. During the 19th Early learnt that Averell's division of cavalry, which also had come from the west, was marching from Martinsburg toward Winchester, threatening his rear, whereupon, during the night, he began a retreat to Strasburg. Averell defeated Ramseur's division at Stephenson's Depot on the 20th, which caused Early to move back with one division from Newtown to Winchester; but being threatened by the Union advance from Berryville, he again fell back to Newtown, and on the 21st concentrated his infantry near Middletown. Next day he fell back beyond Cedar Creek and covered all the roads from Winchester. Crook and Averell united their forces at Kernstown, and on the morning of the 24th Early again moved on Winchester, attacked Crook and drove him back, pursuing beyond Winchester. (See KERNSTOWN, SECOND BATTLE OF). Early continued the pursuit next day to Bunker Hill, Crook and Averell recrossing the Potomac. On the 26th Early marched to Martinsburg (q.v.), and devoted the 27th and 28th to the destruction of the railroad; and on the 29th McCausland crossed the Potomac on his noted raid to Chambersburg, Pa. (q.v.). Early remained at Mar tinsburg and Bunker Hill until 3 August, send ing expeditions into Maryland by Williamsport and Shepherdstown fords to Hagerstown and Sharpsburg, collecting horses, cattle and other supplies, then, recrossing the Potomac on the 6th, concentrated at Bunker Hill on the 7th.

Grant had been annoyed and disturbed by these Confederate irruptions and operations in the valley, and had come to the decision that it should be made untenable for either army and had framed instructions for Hunter to drive the Confederates from it and make it a waste, where no army could live. Hunter yielded the command to Sheridan, who took it 7 August and proceeded to carry out Grant's instructions. On the morning of the 10th Sheridan marched his army from Halltown, near Harper's Ferry, toward Early's line of communication, upon which Early abandoned Winchester on the 11th and fell back to Cedar Creek, followed by Sheridan next day. At Cedar Creek Early received reinforcements a division of infantry, two brigades of cavalry, and a battalion of artillery from Lee's army, all under command of Gen. R. H. Andersonand resumed the offensive so aggressively with his cavalry, bringing on several sharp encounters, that Sheridan withdrew his infantry on the night of the 16th, his cavalry following next day, driving all the livestock in that part of the valley before it, and burning the grain from Cedar Creek to Berryville, near which Sheridan had taken position. Early pursued Sheridan on the morning of the 17th, struck and routed part of his command near Winchester, drove it through the town, and on the 21st moved with his whole army to attack Sheridan at Berryville. That night Sheridan, after some sharp encounters with Early's advance, fell back to Halltown. For three days Early demonstrated on Sheridan's position, then, leaving one division in front of Sheridan, marched on the 25th, with four divisions and his cavalry, to Lee Town and toward Sheperdstown, his cavalry pushing on to Williamsport. Beyond Lee Town, Early met and engaged Torbert's cavalry

and drove it back to Shepherdstown. (See SHEPHERDSTOWN, ENGAGEMENTS AT). Early remained that night at Shepherdstown, where he was joined next day by his cavalry, which had demonstrated on Williamsport, and the command returned to Winchester. On 28 August Sheridan advanced his infantry to Charlestown. Merritt's cavalry division, going by way of Lee Town, drove the Confederate cavalry from that place to Smithfield and across the Opequon, Next day Early drove Merritt back through Smithfield, but was checked and driven back himself across the Opequon by a division_of Sheridan's infantry. (See SMITHFIELD, ENGAGEMENT AT AND NEAR). There were now several minor encounters and counter demonstrations, and on the morning of 19 September Sheridan crossed the Opequon and in a hard-fought battle defeated Early, who retreated to Newtown and Fisher's Hill, near Strasburg. (See OPEQUON, BATTLE OF THE). Sheridan followed on the 20th, and on the 21st again defeated Early at Fisher's Hill (q.v.), pursuing his retreating troops during the night and next day to Mount Jackson. Beyond New Market, Early abandoned the valley pike and took a road leading to Port Republic. Sheridan, not having his cavalry with him, halted until it came up on the 25th, when it advanced to Staunton and Waynesborough, destroying the railroad between the two places, but, being threatened in flank and rear by Early, fell back, burning mills, storehouses, barns, grain and forage, driving before them all livestock and devastating the whole width of the valley from Staunton northward. On the return march Sheridan's cavalry was harassed by that of the Confederates, who turned upon and routed at Tom's Brook, 9 October, when Sheridan resumed his march down the valley, halting on the 10th on the north side of Cedar Creek. Early had followed, and on the morning of 19 October fell upon Sheridan's army and drove it back in some disorder, but it was rallied near Middletown and, resuming the offensive, defeated Early, who retreated to New Market. (See CEDAR CREEK, BATTLE OF). This practically ended the valley campaign of 1864. There were numerous raids and cavalry encounters, but no general movements or heavy engagements. Early remained in the vicinity of New Market until 16 December, when he fell back to near Staunton, and Sheridan went into winter quarters at Kernstown. Between the two there was no subsistence for man or beast; the valley had been desolated. One of Early's staff records in his diary that from the time of Early's appearance in the valley late in June till the middle of November he had marched 1,670 miles and had 75 battles and skirmishes.

were

1865. During the winter the greater part of Early's command was sent to Lee at Petersburg, leaving Early a very small force of infantry and cavalry. On 27 February Sheridan, with two well-equipped divisions of cavalry of 5,000 men each, started from Winchester on the last campaign up the Shenandoah Valley, and with but little opposition reached Staunton, Early falling back to Waynesborough. The work of destruction at Staunton was completed, and Early was followed to Waynesborough, where 2 March his command of 1,800 men was defeated and dispersed, most of them being

captured, with all their colors, 11 guns and train. (See WAYNESBORO, Battle of). Sheridan then moved unmolested to the Virginia Central Railroad, which he destroyed for miles, and marched to White House, on the Pamunkey River, where he arrived 19 March, and then moved to join Grant's army before Petersburg.

There is no area upon which the armies contended that witnessed more brilliant strategy, fertility of resource, more rapid and exhausting marches, and more gallant fighting than that enclosed by the Alleghany Mountains and the Blue Ridge; there was no other section of the country whose inhabitants suffered more than did those of the Shenandoah Valley. Consult Official Records,' Vols. II, V, XI, XII, XIX, XXI, XXV, XXVII, XXIX, XXXVII, XLII, XLIII, XLVI, LI; Allan, Jackson's Valley Campaign'; Ashby, T. A., The Valley Campaigns) (New York 1914); Buffum, F. H., Sheridan's Veterans' (Boston 1883-86); Early, 'The Last Year of the War for Independence'; Kellogg, S. C., The Shenandoah Valley and Virginia, 1861-65) (New York 1903); Hotchkiss and Allan, The BattleFields of Virginia' (New York 1867); Pond, G. E., The Shenandoah Valley in 1864) (New York 1883); Sheridan, 'Personal Memoirs,' Vol. II; The Century Company's 'Battles and Leaders of the Civil War,' Vols. I, II, III, IV. E. A. CARMAN.

SHENG-KING, shen-king', or LIAO TUNG, lyo-toong', Manchuria, the southernmost province, stretching into the Yellow Sea between the gulf of Liao Tung and Korea Bay, has an area of 55,000 square miles, a pleasant climate, and is generally fertile. Pop. 5,500,000. The southern portion of the province is known as the Liao Tung Peninsula; at the extremity is Port Arthur (q.v.) taken by Japan in the war of 1894-95, but retroceded to China on the payment of 30,000,000 taels ($21,300,000). In 1898, however, the Chinese leased it and adjacent territory including Talienwan or Dalny, to Russia. Consequent on the Boxer troubles of 1901 Russia occupied the whole of Manchuria, and rapidly proceeded to colonize it. This procedure was interrupted by the RussoJapanese war of 1904. See MANCHURIA.

SHENSHIN, Afanasy Afanasevich. See FET, AFANASY AFANASEVICH.

SHENSTONE, William, English poet and landscape-gardener: b. Halesowen, then Shropshire, now Worcestershire, November 1714; d. there, 11 Feb. 1763. He was educated at Oxford, and intended entering a profession, but after inheriting his father's estate, Leasowes, lived in retirement upon it, devoting his life to its embellishment and to writing poetry, much of which was very popular, though little of it is now remembered. Among his poems are 'The Schoolmistress' (1742); Pastoral Ballad' (1743); and the stanzas Written in an Inn.' His complete works were published in three volumes by Robert Dodsley (1764-69), and an edition of his poems with a memoir by Gilfillan appeared Consult at Edinburgh in 1854. Beers, H. A., History of English Romanticism in the Eighteenth Century' (New York 1899). SHEOL, she'ol, a Hebrew word signifying the place of the dead. Wherever it occurs in

the Hebrew text it is rendered in the authorized English version by "grave" or by "hell," or by "pit." In the revised version "Sheol" is generally left untranslated in the text, while "grave" is put in the margin. (See HADES; HELL). Consult Jastrow, M. (in American Journal of Semitic Languages, Vol. XIV, Chicago 1898); Jensen Die Kosmologie der Babylonier' (Strassburg 1890); Schroder, 'Die Keilinschriften und der alte Testament' (Berlin 1902).

SHEPARD, Charles Upham, American mineralogist: b. Little Compton, R. I., 29 June 1804; d. Charleston, S. C., 1 May 1886. He was graduated from Amherst in 1824 and made a special study of botany and mineralogy in the following year. He was lecturer on natural history at Yale in 1830-47, occupied the chair of chemistry at the Medical College of South Carolina in 1854-61 and resumed it a few years after the Civil War. He was professor of chemistry and natural history at Amherst in 1845-52, and from 1852-77 was lecturer on natural history, after which he was made professor emeritus. His investigations resulted in the discovery of a new species of microlite in in 1835, of warwickite in 1838, and of danburite in 1839, and he was also the discoverer of valuable deposits of phosphate of lime near Charleston which have proved of great value to agriculture, and their use in the manufacture of superphosphate fertilizers has made an important addition to the chemical industries of South Carolina. His collection of minerals was at one time the best in the country, but was unfortunately partially destroyed by fire three years after its purchase by Amherst in 1877. In addition to his numerous scientific papers his publications include 'Report on the Geological Survey of Connecticut' (1837); 'Treatise on Mineralogy) (1855), etc.

SHEPARD, Edward Morse, American lawyer: b. New York, 1850; d. 28 July 1911. He was graduated from the College of the City of New York in 1869, studied law and was admitted to the bar. He established a practice in Brooklyn, and was an active member of the Democratic party there, being one of the organizers of the Young Men's Democratic Club of Brooklyn. He held no public office except as member of the civil service commission of the city in 1883-85, and chairman of that commission in 1888-90. In 1884-85 he was a State forestry commissioner, and was the author of the commission's report for that year. In 1901 he was the regular Democratic nominee for mayor of Greater New York, but was defeated by Seth Low. For several years he was counsel for the New York Rapid Transit Commission, and resigned that position in March 1904 to become general counsel for the Pennsylvania Railroad.. He wrote 'Martin Van Buren (in American Statesmen Series; rev. ed., 1900); Dishonor in American Public Life' (1882); (The Work of a Social Teacher' (1884).

SHEPARD, Helen Miller (GOULD), American philanthropist: b. New York, 20 June 1868. She is a daughter of the late Jay Gould (q.v.), and has achieved an extended fame through her benefactions for charitable and educational uses. At the opening of the war with Spain she not only contributed $100,000 to the United

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States government, but was active in the Wcman's National War Relief Association, to which she was a generous contributor. Among other notable gifts of hers are the library of New York University; $50,000 to the naval branch of the Young Men's Christian Association of Brooklyn; and $100,000 to New York University, for a Hall of Fame for Great Americans, in 1900. She married Finley Johnson Shepard 22 Jan. 1913; is a member of the board of the Russell Sage Foundation and of the national board Y. W. C. A.

SHEPARD, Thomas, English Puritan divine: b. Towcester Northamptonshire, 5 Nov. 1604; d. Boston, Mass., 25 Aug. 1649. He was graduated at Emmanuel College, Cambridge, in 1623, and after taking his A.M. there in 1627 he became a preacher at Earles-Colne. His practices, however, displeased Bishop Laud and he was forbidden to preach within the diocese of London. He was later chaplain to Sir Richard Darly in Yorkshire, and afterward was called to the ministry at Heddon Northumberland. Through his non-conformity he was again silenced, this time by Archbishop Neile. He went to Boston in 1635, and was ordained pastor at Newton, now Cambridge. He was active in founding Harvard College and secured its location at Cambridge. He was also instrumental in establishing an Indian Mission. His religious writings attained a considerable reputation. Author of The Sincere Convert (1641); "The Sound Believer' (1645); Theses Sabbaticæ (1649), etc.

SHEPARD, William, American soldier: b. Boston, Mass., 1 Dec. 1737; d. Westfield, Mass., 11 Nov. 1817. He enlisted in the provincial army at the outbreak of the French and Indian War and served until 1763, participating in the battles of Fort William Henry and Crown Point and attaining rank as captain. He entered the Continental service at the beginning of the American Revolution, became colonel in 1777 and served until the close of the war. He was engaged in 22 battles and won a high reputation for his courage and ability. In 1788-90 he was a member of the executive council and as brigadier-general in command of the militia he defended the arsenal in Springfield at the time of Shays' Rebellion in 1786. He was afterward promoted major-general of militia and in 1797-1803 served as member of Congress.

SHEPHARD, Elliot Fitch, American lawyer and journalist: b. Jamestown, N. Y., 25 July 1833; d. New York, 24 March 1893. He was graduated at the University of the City of New York in 1855 and was admitted to the Bar in 1858, afterward engaging in practice in New York. At the outbreak of the Civil War he was appointed aide-de-camp to Governor Morgan, with rank of colonel, and was assigned to recruiting service. He raised the 51st New York Volunteers, known as Shephard's Rifles, and was instrumental in enlisting a total of about 50,000 men. He founded the New York Bar Association in 1876 and remained in practice in New York until 1884. He bought the Mail and Express, New York, in 1888, thereafter editing it. He bitterly opposed Sunday traffic and travel and as owner of the Fifth Avenue stage line refused to permit its operation on Sunday.