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SHORTHOUSE, Joseph Henry, English manufacturer and author: b. Birmingham, 9 Sept. 1834; d. London, 4 March 1903. After a secondary education at Tottenham, he became a manufacturer of sulphuric acid at Birmingham, but soon found his calling in literature, and privately printed a half-mystical work of fiction, John Inglesant. This was published in 1881, was much talked of and gained a solid success. Other works of his, such as "The Little Schoolmaster Mark) (1883-84) and Sir Percival' (1886), did not encounter a similar acceptance, but are greatly prized by thoughtful readers. Besides his fiction he wrote an essay on 'The Platonism of Wordsworth' (1882). See JOHN INGLESANT.

SHORTIA, a genus of plants of the Diapensia family, containing two species, one (S. uniflora), in Japan, and the other a very local plant, in the Alleghany Mountains. The latter species (Shortia galacifolia), is an interesting plant, historically, being closely associated with Dr. Asa Gray. When in Paris in 1839, Dr. Gray saw an unnamed specimen, with only leaves and fruit, in the herbarium of the elder Michaux, who stated that he had collected it in 1788, in the high mountains of Carolina. Dr. Gray afterward searched for it in that region, but was unsuccessful. He, however, described this plant, "with the habit of pyrola and the foliage of galax," and named it in honor of Dr. C. W. Short. The Shortia was afterward found (1877), although not in the locality mentioned by Michaux, but was in flower and was sent to Dr. Gray to verify his classification. In 1886, almost 100 years after it was first seen, and after much laborious searching, the Shortia was rediscovered by Dr. Sargent, in practically the identical region visited by Michaux. Later still it was found in such quantities that it was transplanted, and this once unknown flower is now becoming a common plant in horticulture. It has a creeping rootstock, a large tuft of long-petioled, evergreen leaves, with brownish stains, thin and serrate and shaped very like the galax leaves used in floral decorations. There are several flower scapes, some six inches tall, bearing solitary nodding, five-parted, bell-shaped flowers an inch long and wide, with white-fringed petals, blooming in the early spring. SHORTSIGHTEDNESS.

DEFECTS OF.

See VISION,

SHORTT, Adam, Canadian political economist: b. of Scottish parentage, near London, Ontario, 24 Nov. 1859. He was educated at the universities of Queen's (Kingston, Ontario), Edinburgh and Glasgow, and on his return to Canada became an assistant in philosophy at Queen's University, and after the establishment

of the Macdonald chair of political science at Queen's was appointed to fill it. He became Dominion Civil Service Commissioner in 1908 and was created C.M.A. in 1911. He made a close study of Canadian economic problems as well as of English and French Colonial policies, and published in the Journal of the Canadian Bankers' Association a series of papers on the 'History of Canadian Currency' and 'Banking and Exchange. His other writings include 'Imperial Preferential Trade, from a Canadian Point of View (1904); Report on Railway Taxation for the Ontario Government' (1904); 'Documents Relating to the Constitutional History of Canada, 1759-61' (1907); 'Life of Lord Sydenham (with A. G. Doughty, in 'Makers of Canada series, (1908).

SHOSHONE (shō-shō'nē) FALLS, a waterfall of the Snake River (q.v.), in the south of Idaho, about 30 miles south of Shoshone. Above the falls proper, the cañon is about 750 feet wide and 1,200 feet deep. The waters are deep and flow with scarcely a ripple until the rapids are reached, when the water spreads out fan-like and drops over numerous precipices, some 50 feet in height, then, as it were, gathers its entire volume and plunges over a precipice 210 feet in height. Below this fall the cañon is about 1,000 feet in depth. Four miles higher up are the Little Shoshone Falls, a broken cataract of 182 feet.

a

SHOSHONEAN INDIANS (adapted from Shoshoni, an important Shoshonean tribe, whose name is probably an opprobrious Siouan epithet), linguistic stock of American aborigines which formerly occupied a large part of the great interior basin of the United States. On the north, Shoshonean tribes extended far into Oregon, where Shahaptian territory was met. On the northeast the eastern limits of the pristine habitat of the Shoshonean tribes are unknown; the narrative of Lewis and Clark asserts that the Shoshoni bands encountered on Jefferson River, whose summer home was on the headwaters of the Columbia, formerly lived, within their own recollection, in the plains east of the Rocky Mountains, whence they were driven to their mountain retreats by the Minitari (Atsina), who had obtained firearms, and much of whose territory was formerly occupied by Shoshonean tribes. Later a division of the Bannock held the finest portion of southwestern Montana, whence they were apparently being pushed westward the mountains by Blackfeet. On the east the Tukuarika, or Sheepeaters, held the Yellowstone Park country, while the Washaki occupied southwestern Wyoming. Nearly the entire mountainous part of Colorado was held by the several Ute bands, including the northern drainage of the San Juan in the southeast and extending into northeastern New Mexico. The Comanche division of the stock extended farther eastward than any other, but with the exception of the Penetehka band, this important and warlike tribe did not make its appearance in the southern plains until the beginning of the 18th century, although they later extended their raids throughout the greater part of Texas and far into Mexico. On the south, Shoshonean tribes were limited generally to Colorado River in Arizona and California; the Chemehuevi occupied both banks of that stream above and below Bill Williams

across

SHOT

Fork, and the Kaibabs, Shivwits and Kwaiantikwokets (Paiute divisions) occupied northwestern Arizona and southwestern Utah. The pueblo-dwelling Hopi or Moki occupied seven villages in northeastern Arizona in the middle of the 16th century, some of which were subsequently abandoned and new ones established, and about the close of the 17th century Tewa Indians of Tanoan stock from the Rio Grande established the pueblo of Hano among the Hopi (see TUSAYAN). In the southwest, Shoshonean tribes had pressed across California, occupying a wide belt of country to the Pacific. In their extension northward they had reached as far as Tulare Lake, from which territory they had apparently dispossessed Mariposan tribes. A little farther northward they had crossed the Sierras and occupied the heads of San Joaquin and Kings rivers; they also occupied nearly the whole of Nevada, and the entire southeastern part of Oregon was likewise inhabited by tribes of Shoshonean extraction.

Owing to the vast extent of country occupied by these tribes, which ranged from timbered mountains to desert plains, with great difference in climatic conditions, their habits and customs greatly varied. The northern and eastern members of the stock - the Bannock, Shoshoni, Ute and Comanche were hunting Indians, living in tepis and subsisting almost entirely on large game, including the buffalo; but of these tribes only the Comanche were essentially "Buffalo Indians." Most of the western tribes of the stock, notably the Piute, inhabited in the main an inhospitable desert region which afforded scant subsistence in the way of seeds, berries, roots, fish and small game. The necessity of digging roots for food carly earned for them the sobriquet "Diggers," a name still applied to the Piutes and their relatives in eastern California, western Nevada and western Utah, particularly those not under official control. Living in rude brush shelters or sometimes even in holes in the ground, and subsisting on the meagre natural products of the desert, these Indians have been regarded as, in some respects, among the lowest in the culture scale of the tribes of the United States, although some of the Piute divisions and the Chemehuevi practise agriculture to some extent. The Hopi or Moki, whose country in northeastern Arizona was the province of Tusayan (see TUSAYAN) of the early Spaniards, are much farther advanced than any of the Shoshonean tribes, due probably to a large infusion of eastern Pueblo and other foreign blood; they live in permanent adobe houses, have a highly developed social and religious system, successfully cultivate the sandy soil and have earned just renown as potters, weavers and basket-makers.

Owing to the fact that various Shoshonean tribes have been long in contact with the white races and that they had themselves advanced pretty well along the road to civilization before the system of Indian reservations came into vogue, many of the Shoshoneans have never been placed on reservations, and their modern descendants have so identified themselves with the life of the nation that it is difficult to make clear their tribal relationship. This is especially so of the Piute and the Pueblo dwellers in general. An estimate of Shoshoneans place them at over 21,000, distributed as follows:

Bannock 600, Chemchuevi_500, Comanche 1,500, Hopi 2,000, Towa 1,200, Piute 7,000, Shoshoni 3,300, Tobikhar 2,300, Ute 2,600. This estimate does not include very small tribal remnants, numbering about 100 or less. The modern scientific view of the Shoshoneans is to consider them a part of a still larger family which includes the Aztecs and related tribes of Mexico. For a description of the various tribal divisions of the Shoshoneans, see PUEBLO; BANNOCK; COMANCHE; UTE; CLIFF DWELLERS.

Bibliography.- Bancroft, H. H., Native Races'; Kroebler, A. L., Shoshonean Dialects of California) (Berkeley 1907); Latham, R. G., 'Languages of the Oregon Territory) (Edinburgh 1848); 'Opuscula' (London 1860); Lowie, R. H., The Northern Shoshone' (New York 1909); Powell, J. W., 'The Ancient Province of Tusayan (New York 1875); Report of special Indian Commissioners) (Washington 1874); Richard, J. C., Physical History of Mankind' (London 1847); Sapir, Edward, Southern Piute and Nahuatl (in Journal de la Société des Américanistes, Paris 1913); Schoolcraft, Indian Tribes.'

SHOT. See PROJECTILES.

SHOTGUN, a small-arm with smooth bore, used for firing a charge of small shot in hunting wild fowl and small animals. It may have one barrel or two, and is called accordingly single-barreled or double-barreled. Two other types are recognized: the muzzle-loader and the breech-loader. The former type is no longer manufactured, but many such firearms of the olden time are still in existence, and hold their own in accuracy and effectiveness with the most carefully made modern weapons of this class.

The forerunner of the shotgun was the oldtime blunderbuss, with its spreading widemouthed barrel devised to scatter its handful of miscellaneous missiles over as large an area as possible, with still enough striking force in them to accomplish its purpose. It had a range of about 100 feet. The shotgun of to-day has but little longer range (40 yards) but delivers its charge in a more condensed group and with the expenditure of considerably less powder.

The principal parts of a shotgun are the barrel, the frame and the stock. The necessity of having a barrel sufficiently strong to withstand the force of the powder explosion and at the same time provide a weapon not too great in weight to be comfortably carried about for a day's sport led to an ingenious plan by which the force released might be controlled by the greater lengthwise resistance of the fibres in a rolled bar. Wrought iron and steel strips were laid alternately and twisted together, and then wound in a close spiral around a rod-like mandrel. This spiral was then heated and welded into a solid tube, which was afterward bored out as to the inside and turned, "browned" with acid and polished on the outside, then presenting the peculiar grain which marked the "twist" or "Damascus" barrels so familiar a generation ago. The success of these light tubes in withstanding the sudden bursting pressure to which they were subjected developed another difficulty; the gun was too light to take up a sufficient part of the recoil to render its use agreeable. This fault was happily remedied by adding another barrel, which not only

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brought the weapon to an adequate mass, but afforded the huntsman the opportunity of a second shot.

Following the invention of breech-loading mechanism for rifles, this improvement was adapted to the shotgun by the device of "breaking" the barrels on a hinge-joint at the frame, so that the open butt of the barrel was presented for the insertion of the cartridge. The leaking of the gases of explosion, however, called for further improvement, and this was secured by the invention of an expanding shell for the cartridge. The force of the exploding powder automatically expands this shell so snugly into the breech chamber that all leakage of gas is prevented.

The next advance, the hammerless gun, was also the result of an improvement of the cartridge so that a centre pin could be used to explode the charge. The rim-fire cartridge thereupon disappeared and with it the projecting hammers.

Another important improvement of the shotgun had progressed contemporaneously with those already noticed; the introduction of the choke bore. While choke-boring had been invented as early as 1781, it was not definitely adopted until 1866. It consisted in contracting the gun-barrel slightly near the muzzle for the last few inches of its length-in some cases for five to eight inches, in other makes for two or three inches. Some gun manufacturers taper the choke to a conical form; others introduce a shoulder with gently rounding curves a few inches from the mouth; and there are several modifications of these practices. In the straight-barreled or non-choking gun only 30 per cent of the shot in the charge reach a target 30 inches in diameter at a distance of 40 yards. With the choke-bore barrel (other things being equal) 70 per cent of the shot is delivered upon the 30-inch circle. The explanations of this result have been many, but the one generally accepted is that the choke momentarily holds back the wad, and with it the forcibly expanding gases which otherwise have a tendency to scatter the shot laterally just as they leave the muzzle. Gun barrels are made "full-choke" or "modified choke." In a 12-gauge gun the bore is 0.730 inch; with full-choke the mouth is narrowed to a diameter of 0.695 inch; with modified choke, to 0.716 inch.

The modern gun is of 10, 12 or 16 gauge, double-barreled, breech-loading and hammerless. It may have two triggers, one for each barrel, or but one trigger, a second pull on which fires the second barrel. The pull on the trigger is gauged from three to six pounds, less than three pounds being considered dangerous. The great majority of the American guns of the present day have barrels of forged steel. The bar from which a barrel is to be made is first rough-bored, then rough-turned on the outside and then straightened by hammering. It is then turned again and ground on a broad-faced stone. The lug is then brazed on. The inside of the barrel is then reamed out several times up to the choke, and this is shaped by special reamers according to the pattern desired. The two barrels selected to be associated in the double-barreled gun are tinned along their adjacent sides and blocks of metal are placed between them to keep them at the proper dis

tance apart, the centre lines of the muzzles converging three-sixteenths inch for 30-inch barrels. The ribs are then soldered into the rabbets prepared for them. The stock of the gun is of walnut, Circassian walnut being favored for fine guns. The frame is of steel and serves to connect the barrels to the stock as well as to house the lock mechanism. The gun may also be a repeater, firing several shots in quick succession from a magazine lying under the barrels. A well-made gun of 12-gauge will weigh from five and one-half to seven pounds, depending upon the work expected from it.

Military Shotgun.- The military shotgun used by the American army in the Great War for night expeditions in "No Man's Land" and in clearing up trenches has a barrel 20 inches in length and carries a bayonet. It is of the repeating type, firing six times before reloading. The charge is of nine buckshot, and its shooting qualities are exceptional. Upon a life-sized manikin, at 30 yards all nine of the shot hit the target; at 50 yards the hits ranged from four to eight; at 80 yards, two to four hits; at 100 yards, always one hit and often two.

Bibliography.- Askins, C., The American Shotgun (New York 1910); Bruette, W. A., 'Guncraft (Chicago 1912); Farrow, E. E., 'American Small Arms (New York 1904); Greener, W. W., The Gun and Its Development (London 1907); Kephart, H., 'Sporting Firearms (New York 1912); McKee, T. H., "The Gun Book for Boys and Men' (New York 1918); Money, A. W., Guns, Ammunition and Tackle (New York 1904).

SHOTWELL, James Thomson, American historian: b. Strathroy, Ontario, Canada, 6 Aug. 1874.. He was graduated at Toronto University in 1898 and took his Ph.D. at the University of Columbia in 1902. He has been connected with the faculty at Columbia since 1900 and since 1907 has been professor of history there. He was assistant general editor of the Encyclopedia Britannica' in London in 1904-05. He also edited Records of Civilization' (20 vols.). Author of 'Sources and Studies) (3 vols., 191516). He was a member of the American mission which accompanied President Wilson to the Peace Conference in Paris in 1919.

SHOULDER-GIRDLE. See SHOULDER

JOINT.

SHOULDER-JOINT, the articulation of the upper arm or humerus with the glenoid cavity of the scapula or shoulder-blade. This joint is an example of the enarthrodial or balland-socket joints; the ball-like or rounded head of the humerus working in the shallow cup of the glenoid cavity. The head of the humerus is very large when compared with the glenoid or receiving cavity. The capsule which surrounds and encloses the joint is of very loose nature, but is intimately connected with the muscles which are attached to the head of the humerus. The joint itself is guarded against dislocation or displacement by the strong ligaments surrounding it, as well as by the tendons of its investing and other muscles; while superiorly the acromion and coracoid processes of the scapula form an arch, together with the coracoacromial ligament, which further serves to protect the joint. The shoulder arch or girdle, also called pectoral arch or girdle, is in vertebrates

-in mammals, none above monotremes (see MONOTRAMATA)— usually attached to the sternum ventrally, and to it the fore limbs are articulated. It has only an indirect connection with the vertebral column. Rudimentary or greatly modified in the majority of mammals, this girdle is especially marked in certain groups of birds (see ORNITHOLOGY). In man the clavicle is completely developed, and with the scapula this forms the bone-structure of the shouldergirdle, which, relatively, is endowed with superior strength.

The articulating surfaces of the shoulderjoint are covered with cartilage. The capsular ligament forms the chief ligamentous structure. It serves chiefly to support the inner and upper portion of the glenoid ligament, which is fixed around the margin of the cavity of that name. Its function is chiefly that of deepening the cavity by adding to its circumference, and it also protects the bony edge of the cavity. The motions of the shoulder-joint are limited and controlled by the interlocking of the bones, as well as by the tension of the capsule. The biceps muscle, in the relations of its tendons to this joint, subserves several important uses. Primarily, and from its connection with both elbow and shoulder-joints, it brings the movements of both into harmonious relation; while it strengthens the upper portion of the articular cavity and steadies the head of the humerus, through its relation to the bicipital groove of that bone.

This joint is liable to various diseases and injuries. Local injury may result in inflammation, while diseased conditions of constitutional origin may give rise to strumous or scrofulous disorders of the joint, to syphilitic lesions and gouty or rheumatic attacks. Of the accidents to which the joint is liable, dislocations are by far the most frequent, while fractures are not uncommon. Fracture of the acromion process of the scapula, of the coracoid process, of the neck of the shoulder-blade and of the upper part of the humerus are of most common occurrence among these accidents.

SHOVEL-NOSE. See STURGEON.

SHOVELLER, or SPOONBILL, a freshwater duck (Spatula clypeata), distinguished by the bill being longer than the head and narrowed at its base, while the tip is hooked and broadened and its fringe-like processes are long and slender. The average length of this bird is about 18 or 20 inches. The male has the head and upper neck bright green, and the lower neck white. The scapular feathers are white. The back is brown, the primary wingfeathers blackish-brown. The tip of the wing is pale blue, as also are the wing-coverts. The tail and upper tail-coverts are black. breast and belly are light brown or chestnut. It feeds on worms, insects, snails, small fishes and vegetable matters and inhabits lake-margins and marshy spots and breeds numerously all over the northern half of North America as well as in northern Europe and Asia, making its nest on the ground.

The

SHRADY, George Frederick, American surgeon and editor: b. New York, 14 Jan.. 1837; d. 30 Nov. 1907. He studied at the College of the City of New York and took his M.D. at the College of Physicians and Surgeons, New York, in 1858. He was United States acting

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assistant surgeon in the Civil War. He was consulting surgeon to the Saint Francis, the Columbus, the General Memorial and the Health Department hospitals in New York, and was consulting surgeon in attendance upon General Grant in his last illness. He edited the American Medical Times in 1860-64, and in 1866 founded the Medical Record, which he edited until his death.

SHRADY, Henry Merwin, American sculptor: b. N. Y., 24 Oct. 1871; d. 12 April 1922. Graduated at Columbia (1894), studied law, went into business and, finally taking up sculpture as an amateur, developed himself, without the direction of any teacher, into a professional sculptor, being successful in a competition for the execution of an equestrian statue in Brooklyn ($50,000) 1901; of the Grant Memorial' for Washington ($250,000) 1902; while he was subsequently commissioned by the Holland Society of New York to make an equestrian statue of "William the Silent. His later works include equestrian statues of General Williams' (Detroit); General Lee) (Chancellorsville, Va.), and a statue of Jay Cooke' for Duluth, Minn. SHRAPNEL. See PROJECTILES.

SHREVE, shrev, Henry Miller, American inventor: b. Burlington County, N. J., 21 Oct. 1785; d. Saint Louis, 6 March 1854. Early in life he engaged in navigation on the Western rivers, and in 1815 ascended the Mississippi to Louisville, Ky., in the Enterprise, the first river steamboat. In 1820 he built the Washington of 400 tons burden; remodeled it in 1824, so as to operate each of the side wheels with a separate engine; invented the snag boat Heliopolis for removing snags from rivers, and in 1829 patented a steam battering ram for harbor defense. In 1826 he was made superintendent of improvements in Western rivers and continued in that office till 1841.

SHREVEPORT, La., the second largest city of the State and the seat of government of Caddo Parish, located in the northwestern section of the State, 18 miles from the Texas line and 170 miles east of Dallas, at the head of navigation on the Red River and on eight railroad systems, including the Texas and Pacific, the Saint Louis Southwestern, the Kansas City Southern, the Houston and Shreveport, etc. The city is the centre of a large territory rich in oil, gas and agricultural produce. It contains the Louisiana State Fair grounds, Saint John's College, Centenary College, Saint Vincent's Convent, Saint Mary's Convent, Youree Hotel, Charity Hospital, Genevieve Orphanage, post office, city hall, courthouse, schools and churches. There are three national banks, two State banks and two trust companies, with combined capital and surplus of about $3,000,000. Parks owned by the city include Princess, Schumpert, Lakeside and Currie Playground. The city has a very large trade in hardware, lumber, groceries and dry goods. Its industrial establishments include cotton factories and compressors, foundries, glass and bottle-works, lumber mills, machine shops, silo factory, stave and barrel plant, oil refining, etc. The total trade has an annual value of about $75,000,000. Pop. (1920) 43,874.

SHREW, one of the minute mammals of the family Soricidæ and order Insectivora, particularly the Common (Sorey vulgaris) and the

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Lesser Shrew (S. pygmæus). The former are about the size of a mouse, which it somewhat resembles in the shape of the body, feet and tail, but has the muzzle produced far beyond the lip. The shrews have hairy mouse-like bodies and ordinary feet formed for running, and not for burrowing, as in the allied moles; the eyes and ears are comparatively well developed. They live on the ground, though a few are arboreal and others aquatic. The jaws are prolonged and a mobile snout generally exists. There are six upper and four lower incisors, the middle pair of the upper jaw being long and curved. The first lower incisors project horizontally and form with the upper ones a forceps-like structure for the grasping of small insects, which form the larger part of their fare. This family is much the largest one of the Insectivora and the numerous species are found in most parts of the world and present many interesting adaptations.

Within the limits of the United States four genera and about 60 species occur. In the typical genus Sorex the ears are large and of normal conformation and the feet are not fringed with stiff hairs. The common shrew is a frail little creature less than three inches long with a scantily-haired tail measuring one inch and may readily be distinguished by its prolonged muzzle and by the teeth being colored brown at their tips. It feeds upon insects and their larvæ and inhabits dry places, making a nest of leaves and grasses. The young, numbering from five to seven, are born in the spring. These little animals are very voracious in their habits and frequently kill and devour one another. Neosorex has large feet fringed with stiff hairs and includes the large water shrew, six inches long, as well as several other species. It lives in burrows leading to the water, which it enters in search of snails, etc., upon which it largely feeds. This species is found chiefly in the Rocky Mountain region and central plateau.

Blarina is a characteristically American genus with mole-like fur and the external ear well developed but turned forward in such a manner as to cover the opening and conceal itself among the hair. The short-tailed or mole shrew (B. brevicauda) is the best-known species of shrew in the eastern United States. It is about four and one-half inches long with a hairy tail measuring one inch. In general habits it resembles Sorex. During the winter it remains quite active and is frequently found on the surface of or burrowing in the snow. At this season it feeds largely on beechnuts as well as hibernating chrysalids and larvæ. It is a bloodthirsty creature and when confined attacks and devours its own kind as well as mice larger than itself. Like other shrews it has upon the knees and elbows glands, the secretion of which give it a peculiar and disagreeable odor.

Among interesting exotic species the following may be mentioned: the European and Asiatic water shrew (Crossapus fodiens) attains a total length of from four and one-half to five inches. The fur is of delicate texture and adapted to resist the action of water. A prominent fringe of stiff white hairs is found on the tail as well as the toes of this form, this fringe forming a distinctive feature of the species. The teeth are also fewer than in the American water shrew.

The food resembles that of the common shrew, but aquatic larvæ and the young of fishes appear to form a large part of its nutriment. They are of very active habits, diving and swimming with great facility. The musk-shrew (Crocidura cærulea) of India is remarkable for the strong musky odor which emanates from glands situated on the sides of the body. It enters houses at night to feed upon cockroaches. Resembling the Soricida are the elephant-shrews (Macroscelide). They have the zygoma and auditory bulla developed and the muzzle forms a slender, proboscis-like organ with the nostrils at its tip. The eyes are of moderate size and the ears well developed and covered with hairs. The fore feet are short and possess five toes, while the hind legs and feet are very long and are provided with compressed claw-like nails. The tail is elongated and slender. The elephant shrews or jumping shrews are confined to Africa. The favorite attitude of these creatures is a sitting posture, much resembling that of the jerboas and kangaroos, and from the greater length of the hind as compared with the fore limbs they also, like these animals, progress by leaping. They inhabit dry rocky situations, feed on insects and other small Invertebrata and are nocturnal. Consult Dobson, Proceedings Zoological Society of London (1890); Dobson, 'Monograph of the Insectivora' (London 1882-90); Merriam, 'Mammals of the Adirondack Region) (New York 1884); and Merriam and Miller, North American Fauna No. 10) (Washington 1895).

SHREW-MOLE, a large mole (Scalops aquaticus) inhabiting wet meadows and the borders of marshes and streams throughout most of North America. See MOLE.

SHREWSBURY, shrooz'bu-ri, England, the county-seat of Shropshire, on the left bank of the Severn, 42 miles northwest of Birmingham and 163 miles northwest of London. The

town is unusually picturesque. The bridges are interesting features, four of them spanning the river, which here takes a winding course around the hills. The streets are narrow and steep and bordered by old frame houses. An archway of the period of James II and two towers of the reign of Edward I are parts of the old castle built by Roger de Montgomery. Saint Mary's, an interesting church of the 10th century; Saint Giles'- dates from the reign of Henry I;- Holy Cross, early Norman, and Saint Alkmonds are the most noteworthy churches. The other public buildings are public halls, museum, free library, market-house -including corn exchange barracks and Royal Grammar School. The industries include glass-staining, agricultural implements, foundries, tobacco, tanning and brewing. Pop. about 30,000.

SHRIKE, or BUTCHER-BIRD, a bird of the passerine family Laniida, and especially of the typical group Lanine; several other subfamilies are not represented in North America. The true shrikes have the bill broad at the base, and hooked and toothed at the tip, resembling the bill of a bird of prey. A dense tuft of bristles surrounds the nostrils and others project from the base of the bill. The feet are small, and, except for the laterally scutellate structure, are of typically passerine type. The shrikes feed chiefly upon insects, reptiles, small