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ing early starvation.» Other prominent genera in the family are the plantigrade Dinictis; Nimravus and Pogonodon, with species as large as panthers; and Hoplophoneus, with Identition like modern cats. Consult Flower and Lydekker, 'Mammals, Living and Extinct (1891); Cope, 'Vertebrates of the Tertiary Formation of the West' (in Report United States Geological Survey, Vol. III, Washington 1884); Woodward, 'Vertebrate Palæontology' (1898).

SABRE-TACHE, sä-br-täsh, a leathern case or pocket worn by cavalry officers at the left side, suspended by three straps from their swordbelt. It came into use when the jackets of cavalry soldiers were too short or too tight to admit of pockets being made in them, but is now rather ornamental than useful.

SAC (sâk) CITY, Iowa, county-seat of Sac County, on the north fork of the Raccoon River, and on the Chicago, Milwaukee and Saint Paul and the Chicago and Northwestern railroads, about 42 miles west by south of Fort Dodge. It is in an agricultural region where considerable attention is given to raising livestock. The chief manufacturing industries are connected with farm products. The trade is mainly in farm and dairy products, flour and agricultural implements. The educational institutions are the Sac City Institute (Baptist), a high school, public elementary schools and a public library. Pop. (1920) 2,630.

SAC AND FOX INDIANS, also known as MUSKWAKI, an Algonquian people called by the French Foxes (Renards), possibly because of their having a Fox clan. To themselves they were Muskwaki or red-earth people. When first noticed by the whites they inhabited central Wisconsin. The Ojibwas had driven them from the Lake Superior region and about 1760, being worsted in conflict with the French, they incorporated with the Sac tribe, with whom they have remained so intimately connected as to have been long regarded as one tribe. They are of the woodland type, formerly lived in bark houses and cultivated corn and vegetables. They developed a complex social organization and are noted for their conservativeness in adopting the customs of the whites. number at present is about 750. Consult Owen, M. A., Folk-lore of the Musquakie Indians of North America' (London 1904), and 'Handbook of American Indians' (Washington 1907). SAC FUNGI. See FUNGI.

Their

SAC-A-LAIT, săk'a-lã, a fish. See CRAPPIE, SACAJAWEA, sa-ka'ją-we'a, SACAGCEWEA, SAHKAHGARWEA, or SAHCARGARWEAH (Minnetarre name Tsaka-ka-wias, "BIRD WOMAN"; Shoshone name Bo-i-naiv, "GRASS MAIDEN”), American Indian guide of the Shoshone tribe, the only woman to accompany the Lewis and Clark Expedition of 1804-06: b. about 1784; d. Shoshone Agency, Wyo., 9 April 1884. She was betrothed in infancy according to tribal custom, but was captured by the Minnetarres when a child and later gambled away by her captor to a Frenchman named Charboneau, whose wife she became and with whom she was living in the Dakotas when Lewis and Clark reached there. Charboneau and Sacajawea were engaged as guides and spent the winter at Fort Mandan,

where Sacajawea's son, Baptiste, was born 11 Feb. 1805. Sacajawea displayed remarkable ability as a guide, threading the way accurately to her own country which she had not seen since she was a child, and gaining the admiration of the expedition for her courage and resourcefulness. On one occasion at the risk of her life she rescued from an overturned canoe the records of the expedition and other light articles of great value to the explorers. She led the party to the camps of her own people 17 Aug. 1805, where she was immediately recognized, her affecting meeting with her brother Cameahwait, chief of the tribe, being described in the journals kept by Lewis and. Clark. She was claimed by her betrothed husband, who, however, relinquished his claims upon finding her the wife of another and mother of a son whom she had carried on her back all the way. Here the devotion of the Indian woman procured for the white men food and horses from the Indians, while her shrewd sense and good counsels prevailed over her brother's determination to destroy the whites for the sake of their goods. Finding all her people dead except her brother and the child of a dead sister she immediately adopted the sister's child as her own, and according to the custom of her people never admitted the sister's son to be other than her own.. This child, of pure Indian blood, was known as Basil; both children lived and had descendants. Sacajawea accompanied the party to the ocean, which was reached 7 Nov. 1805, and returned with Captain Clark by way of the Yellowstone, which region also she knew well. Upon their return to the Minnetarre country Charboneau refused all inducements to accompany the explorers to civilization, and Sacajawea remained with him. Further mention is made of her and her son Baptiste in Clark's letters, but she then disappears until she was found, an old woman, in the Shoshone Agency. She told a clear and intelligible story, and although illiterate spoke excellent French, which, however, she spoke with less ease in the earlier days of the expedition. She died of old age when about 100 years old. Monuments have been erected to her at Portland, Ore.; Bismarck, N. D., and by the State of Wyoming. Consult Sacajawea' in Journal of American History (September 1907); Journals of Lewis and Clark Expedition (ed. by Thwaites, R. G., 8 vols, 1904; Schultz, J. W., 'Bird Woman' (1918).

SACBUT, or SACKBUT, the word by which translators have rendered the sabbeka of the Hebrew Scriptures. The exact form of the sabbeka has been much disputed, but that it was a stringed instrument is certain, for the name passed over into Greek and Latin in the forms sambuke, sambuca, and the instrument so called is described by Athenæus as a harplike instrument of four or more strings, and of a triangular form. It is not unlikely that this instrument was introduced among the Jews from the East, since one of the musical instruments most frequently occurring in the Assyrian sculptures answers very closely to this description, and may perhaps be identified with the sabbeka, the name of which is, besides, Chaldaic. Nothing resembling this Assyrian instrument is to be found on the Egyptian monuments or in the sculptures of Greece and Rome. Since the sab

beka was a stringed instrument the rendering sacbut is altogether wrong, since that was, at the time when our translation of the Scriptures was made, the name of a wind-instrument now called the trombone. See TROMBONE.

SACCATON GRASS. See GRASSES OF THE UNITED STATES.

SACCHARIN, săk'ka-rin, benzoic sulphinide, C.H.CONH, has attained commercial

importance and is manufactured on a large scale in many countries on account of its intense sweet taste, chemically pure saccharin being 500 times sweeter than cane sugar. The compound was discovered in 1879 by I. Remsen and C. Fahlberg during an investigation of the oxidation products of toluene sulphone amide. According to a process outlined in D.R.P. 35, 211, saccharin is manufactured from toluene by treating this with sulphuric acid at temperatures not exceeding 100° C. The product is converted into the calcium salt, then into the sodium salt. With phosphorus trichloride in a stream of chlorine the dry sodium salt yields a mixture of ortho- and para-toluene sulphone chlorides. The solid para compound is worthless as far as the manufacture of saccharin is concerned, but the oily ortho compound will, upon saturation with ammonia, yield tolueneortho-sulphone amide, and the latter is readily oxidized into saccharin with a solution of neutral potassium permanganate. A more general method for the manufacture of saccharin consists of the treatment of toluene with excess of chlorsulphonic acid at very low temperatures. The reaction mixture is first poured on ice and then cooled for several hours at 20° C. The oily ortho compound is now separated from the solid para compound by filtration; the oil is treated with dry ammonium carbonate, or dry ammonia gas, and finally oxidized into saccharin with a neutral solution of potassium permanganate.

Saccharin is a white crystalline substance which melts with partial decomposition at 220° C. It is readily soluble in acetone, alcohol and ether, sparingly in benzene, toluene and amyl alcohol. Although its solubility in water is not very great- one part in 230 parts of water at 25° C.- the water solution possesses an intense sweet taste. Saccharin behaves like an acid, forming soluble crystalline salts with a number of metallic hydroxides and carbonates. Some of these salts possess the intense sweet taste of the original compound. The sodium /CON salt, C.H NNa. 2H,O, is the commercial \SO2/ "crystallose," 400 times sweeter than cane sugar, and being very soluble in water is extensively used as a sweetening medium in preference to the less soluble saccharin.

Saccharin is used as a substitute for cane sugar in the treatment of diabetes, dyspepsia, obesity and in gastro-intestinal infections. According to some authorities the compound is rapidly absorbed and eliminated practically unchanged through the kidneys without producing digestive troubles or toxic effects. On account of its antiseptic properties saccharin has not found universal favor as an artificial sweetener in foods, confectionery and beverages. Saccharinated cake and pastry have been

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condemned as indigestible foods, and government regulations require that in liquors, syrups and the like the presence and amount of saccharin be plainly declared upon the label. V. S. BABASINIAN,

Professor of Chemistry, Lehigh University. SACCHAROMETER, or SACCHARIMETER, any instrument used to determine the strength of a sugar solution. One common form is a hydrometer with the stem so graduated as to read per cents of sugar content in solution examined. Another is a form of polariscope devised by Mitscherlich with the scale on which the angle of deviation of the plane of polarized light is read so graduated as to show the percentage of sugar in the solution used. Another instrument of this type is the invention of Soleil.

SACCOPHARYNX, a genus of Murænida, with a single species (S. flagellum), a deep-sea conger eel, of which only three specimens have been observed; muscular system very feebly developed; bones thin and soft, wanting in organic matter; head and gape enormous; stomach distensible in an extraordinary degree; vent at end of trunk. The specimens known have been found floating on the surface of the north Atlantic with their stomachs much distended, having swallowed some other fish many times their own weight. They attain a length of several feet. SEA See DEEP EXPLORATION.

SACHEVERELL, să-shěv'e-rěl, Henry, English Anglican divine: b. Wiltshire, about 1674; d. London, 5 June 1724. He was educated at Oxford and in 1705 was appointed preacher of Saint Saviour's, Southwark. While in this station he, in 1709, preached two famous sermons, the object of which was to rouse apprehensions for the safety of the Church and to excite hostility against the Dissenters. Being impeached in the House of Commons he was brought to trial in February 1710, and on 23 March, when the trial was concluded, was suspended from preaching for three years. This prosecution, however, excited such a spirit in the High Church party that it helped to overthrow the ministry of Godolphin, and established the fortune of Sacheverell, who, during his suspension, made a kind of triumphal progress through the kingdom. The same month that his suspension terminated (1713) he was appointed to the valuable rectory of Saint Andrew's, Holborn, by Queen Anne. Of the offending sermons 40,000 copies at least were sold, and of the record of the trial 30,000. Little was heard of Sacheverell after this party ebullition subsided, except through his numerous squabbles with his parishioners. His abilities, even according to writers on his own side, were very slight. Consult Stanhope, 'History of Queen Anne's Reign' (1872).

SACHS, säks, Bernard, American neurologist: b. Baltimore, Md., 2 Jan. 1858. He was graduated at Harvard and the University of Strassburg, Germany, in 1882, and engaged as a medical practitioner in New York. He has made a specialty of the study of nervous diseases, regarding which he is a recognized authority. Besides numerous medical monographs he has published 'Mental and Nervous Diseases of Children' (1895).

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SACHS, Edwin O., English architect: b. London, 5 April 1870. He was educated at University College School, London, and at the University of Berlin, and engaged as an architect in London in 1892. He has established a wide practice in connection with theatres and public buildings and in 1898 applied electrical power to the working of the stage for the first time in England. He founded the British Fire Prevention Committe in 1897 and organized the first International Fire Prevention Congress in London in 1903; organized Special Fire Survey Force in connection with the European War. He has published Modern Opera Houses and Theatres (3 vols., 1896–98); 'Facts on Fire Prevention' (1902); Stage Construction) (1898); Fires and Public Entertainments) (1897).

SACHS, Hans, hänts zäks, German meistersinger: b. Nuremberg, 5 Nov. 1494; d. there, 20 Jan. 1576. He was by trade a shoemaker, and followed his business and made verses with equal assiduity. From 1510 to 1515 he traveled over different parts of Germany, practising his craft, according to the custom of German workmen, in all the towns he visited. In the latter year he returned to his native town, where he was admitted as master in his guild. He early attached himself to the Reformation movement, to the spread of which among the bourgeoisie he contributed not a little by a poem written in 1523, 'Die wittenbergisch Nachtigall, Die man jetzt höret überall, in which he hailed with approval the cause of Luther. In 1544 he was with the army of Charles V in France. The productions of Hans Sachs are extremely numerous. In 1536 he estimated the number of his poems at 5,000 or more. Three volumes of his poems were published during his lifetime, and two more after his death. In the 17th century, after the introduction of a more artificial style into German poetry, Hans Sachs fell into neglect, from which he was not withdrawn till Goethe, who had become acquainted with him in his studies for 'Faust,' drew attention to his merit in a poem ('Erklärung eines alten Holzschnitts vorstellend Hans Sachsens Poetische Sendung) which apeared in the Deutscher Merkur (April 1776). The best edition of his works is that of Keller and Goetze, and the best selection that of Gödeke and Tittmann in 'Deutsche Dichter des sechzehnten Jahrhunderts' (2d ed., 1883-85). He possessed a fruitful genius and, notwithstanding the rudeness of his language, his poems are distinguished for naïveté, feeling, invention, wit and striking description. Consult Schweitzer's 'Etude' (1889); Goetze's 'Hans Sachs' (1894); Genée's 'Hans Sachs und seine Zeit (1894), and Drescher, 'Studien zu Hans Sachs (1891).

· SACHS, Julius, German botanist: b. Breslau, 2 Oct. 1832; d. Würzburg, 29 May 1897. He studied in Prague, where he became assistant in botany, and in 1867 became professor of botany at Freiburg. The following year he removed to Würzburg, where in his own laboratory he made extremely important experiments in the physiology of plants. He published 'Handbuch der Experimental-physiologie der Pflanzen' (1865); Lehrbuch der Botanik' (1868-74); Vorlesungen über Pflanzenphysiologie) (188287); 'Geschichte der Botanik vom 16. Jahrh.

bis 1860) (1875); Gesammelte Abhandlungen über Pflanzenphysiologie) (1892–93).

SACHS, Julius, American educator: b. Baltimore, Md., 6 July 1849. He was graduated at Columbia University in 1867 and later studied at the universities of Würzburg, Berlin, Göttingen and Rostock. In 1872-1902 he was engaged as principal of preparatory schools, and in 1902-17 he was professor of secondary education at Teachers' College, Columbia University, where he has since been professor emeritus. In 1890-91 he was president of the American Philological Association, and he filled that office for the Head Masters' Association of the United States in 1899. Author of 'Syllabus of a General Course on the Theory and Practice of Teaching in the Secondary Schools' (1909); The American Secondary School' (1912), etc.

SACHSE, säkse', Julius Friedrich, American author: b. Philadelphia, Pa., 22 Nov. 1842. He has been librarian and curator of the Masonic Temple since 1906. He engaged in journalism and has written extensively, his publications including The German Pietists of Provincial Pennsylvania, 1694-1708'; 'Horologium Achaz-Christophorus Schissler, Artifex'; Justus Falckner, Mystic and Scholar (1903); Pennsylvania: the German Influence in its Settlement and Development'; 'The German Sectarians of Pennsylvania, 1708-1803); 'The Wayside Inns on the Lancaster Roadside'; 'Old Masonic Lodges of Pennsylvania, Modern and Ancient 1730-1800'; 'The Masonic Correspondence of George Washington,

etc.

SACHSENHAUSEN, zäk'sĕn-how-zěn. See FRANKFORT-ON-THE-MAIN.

SACHSENSPIEGEL, zäk'sĕn-spē”gěl, a private collection of legal precepts and legal customs which had the force of law in the Middle Ages in Germany, especially in the north of Germany. One of the six prefaces to the collection mentions one Eyke von Repgow as its author, and this account is generally accepted as true. Its date is supposed to be earlier than 1235. The study of it has been revived in Germany. The best edition is by Homeyer (Berlin 1835-44).

SACKBUT. See SACBUT.
SACKEN. See BUGONIA.

SACKETTS (săk'ěts) HARBOR, N. Y., village, in Jefferson County, on Black River Bay, the inlet through which Black River discharges its waters into Lake Ontario, and on the Rome, Watertown and Ogdensburg branch of the New York Central and Hudson River Railroad. The village is about 10 miles from Watertown, eight miles from Lake Ontario and 170 miles west-northwest of Albany. It has a good harbor, large enough to accommodate vessels of the largest size, and it has steamer_connections with several of the lake ports. Sacketts Harbor is one of the oldest places on the northern frontier; in 1809 the Oneida, the first United States war vessel, was built here. In the War of 1812 the village was the scene of several engagements and was an important United States naval station. The frigates Madison and Superior, war vessels, were made here in 40 and 80 days, respectively,

from the time the timber was cut. A third warship was nearly completed when peace was restored; the hulk remained in the yard for a number of years. The United States military station, Madison Barracks, is located here. Sacketts Harbor is in an agricultural region, and although it has good water power, there is but little manufacturing. Pop., exclusive of garrison, 868.

SACKETTS HARBOR, Attacks on, in the War of 1812. On the outbreak of the war the United States had only one ship on Lake Ontario, the Oneida, carrying 16 24-pounders and commanded by Lieut. Melancthon T. Woolsey. On 19 July 1812, when Woolsey was at Sackett's Harbor, a British fleet of six ships under Commodore Earle appeared with the object of capturing the Oneida. Woolsey attempted to escape but, failing in this, anchored the vessel where his guns could rake the entrance to the harbor and mounted on shore the guns from the off side of the ship. At the end of the peninsula he also erected some guns and after an hour's fight compelled the British fleet to withdraw without inflicting any damage. Consult Cooper, J. F., Naval History' (Vol. II, pp. 25, 147, 149); Maclay, E. S., History of the Navy' (Vol. I, pp. 472-473); Roosevelt, Naval War of 1812) (pp. 145, 151).

When Dearborn sent the expedition to York (q.v.) early in 1813, he left Sackett's Harbor in a defenseless condition, the garrison numbering only 400 regulars and 250 volunteers under Gen. Jacob Brown (q.v.). Accordingly on the night of 26-27 May 1813, while Dearborn was preparing to capture Fort George (q.v.), Sir George Prevost embarked about 800 men on the fleet under Sir James Yeo and on 29 May attacked the garrison at Sackett's Harbor. At the first onslaught the volunteer militia fled but when the British reached the blockhouse they were halted by the desperate resistance of the regulars. Meanwhile Brown rallied the fugitive militia and, attacking the British in the rear, compelled them to retreat. The British loss was 259 killed, wounded and missing. During the battle the naval lieutenant in charge of the shipyard, believing the battle lost, set fire to the barracks, burning the storehouses and doing considerable damage to ships on the stocks. Yeo then returned to Kingston where he remained inactive several weeks. Consult Adams, The United States) (Vol. VII, pp. 163–171); Armstrong, John, 'Notices of the War of 1812 (Vol. I, pp. 145-147); Maclay, 'History of the Navy) (Vol. I, pp. 481-482); Lossing, "War of 1812) (pp. 607-613); Roosevelt, Naval War of 1812 (pp. 233-234); Wilkinson, James, Memoirs) (Vol. I, pp. 582584, 634-638); Wiley and Rines, The United States (Vol. V, pp. 408-409).

On 19 May 1814 Yeo blockaded the harbor to prevent the exit of American frigates then under construction. Most of the supplies for the ships were at Oswego Falls a few miles away and on 28 May Woolsey attempted to carry these supplies in 19 small boats to Stony Creek and thence overland to the harbor. Yeo captured one of these boats before it reached Stony Creek and sent 180 men in seven small gunboats to capture Woolsey and his men. But the Americans ambushed the British and captured the whole force with their

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boats. On 6 June Yeo raised the blockade. Consult Armstrong, Notices of the War of 1812) (Vol. II, pp. 73-74); Lossing, "War of 1812) (pp. 789–800); Maclay, 'History of the Navy (Vol. I, pp. 488-489); Roosevelt, Naval War of 1812' (pp. 360-361); Wiley and Rines, 'The United States' (Vol. V, pp. 422-423).

SACKVILLE, săk'vil, Charles, 6TH EARL OF DORSET, English courtier and poet: b. 24 Jan. 1638; d. Bath, 29 Jan. 1706. He became a wit and roisterer in the company of Charles II, served under the Duke of York in the sca fight with the Dutch in 1663 and is said to have written or retouched on the night before the engagement of 3 June his famous song, "To all you ladies now on land." He succeeded to the earldom in 1677, but did not stand well in the favor of James II, and later became an ardent supporter of William of Orange, under whom he was lord chamberlain of the household from 1689 to 1697, and three times one of the regents during the king's absence. He was a patron of poets like Prior and Wycherley, and Dryden dedicated to him the Essay on Satire.'

In

SACKVILLE, Lionel Sackville SackvilleWest, BARON, English diplomatist: b. Cambridgeshire, 19 July 1827; d. Knole Park, Sevenoaks, England, 3 Sept. 1908. He entered the diplomatic service in 1847, was secretary of legation, respectively, at Turin, Madrid, Berlin and Paris, and was Envoy Extraordinary and Minister Plenipotentiary to the Argentine Confederation (1872-78) and to Spain (1878-81). 1881 he was appointed Minister to the United States, and in 1888 with Joseph Chamberlain and Sir Charles Tupper negotiated the fisheries treaty of that year. In October 1888 he received a letter from one C. F. Murchison, who, representing himself as an Englishman naturalized in the United States, asked for which party he should vote in the ensuing Presidential election. The Minister in reply advised his correspondent to vote the Democratic ticket as favorable to English interests. The Murchison letter was generally regarded as a trap set for the embarrassment of the Minister. His recall was at once asked for, and in default of a prompt compliance with the request the Department of State sent him his passports 30 October. The incident, occurring as it did during a Presidential canvass, was the subject of much discussion.

SACKVILLE, Thomas, EARL OF DORSET and BARON BUCKHURST, English statesman_and poet: b. Withyħam parish, Sussex, 1536; d. London, 19 April 1608. He was a student in the University of Oxford, but removed to Cambridge, and afterward became a student of the Inner Temple. At both universities he was distinguished for his performances in Latin and English poetry, and in the Temple wrote the last two acts of the tragedy of Gorboduc, or Ferrex and Porrex' (1565). Of a poem intended to comprehend a view of the illustrious but unfortunate characters in English history, entitled the 'Mirror for Magistrates,' he finished only a poetical preface (the Induction') and one legend of the life of the Duke of Buckingham. The work was completed by George Ferrers and Richard Baldwin (1559-63). He sat in the Parliament assembling 20 Jan. 1558, and in the first two Parliaments of Eliza

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beth (1559-63) after which he traveled. 1586 he was made a member of the court appointed by Elizabeth to try Mary Queen of Scots. In 1598 he was joined with Burleigh in negotiations for peace with Spain, and renewed a treaty with the United Provinces. On the death of Burleigh he became Lord High Treasurer. In January 1601 he was appointed lord high steward and presided at the trial of the Earl of Essex. On the accession of James I his post as treasurer was confirmed to him and in 1604 he was created Earl of Dorset. He ranks among the most prudent and able of the ministers of Elizabeth, was a good speaker and a still better writer. The tragedy of 'Gorboduc,' the subject of which is a sanguinary story from early British history, is the first example in English of regular tragedy in blank verse. Sackville's share is inferior in literary value to his 'Induction,' called by Sidney Lee the greatest English poem between the 'Canterbury Tales' and the 'Faerie Queene.'

SACKVILLE, Canada, town in Westmoreland County, 95 miles northeast of Saint John, on the Intercolonial Railway. The Wesleyan Mount Allison College is located here. Pop. (1921) 6,625.

SACO, José Antonio, hō-sa' än-to'nē-ō sä'kō, Cuban historian and publicist: b. Bayamo, Cuba, 7 May 1797; d. Madrid, Spain, 26 Sept. 1879. He was educated in Havana and in 1821 was appointed professor of philosophy in the Seminary of San Carlos. In 1832-34 he lived in Havana and edited the Revisita Bimestre Cubana, but his liberal and anti-slavery principles caused his banishment, though he was afterward allowed to return. He traveled in Europe and in 1840 settled in Paris where he resided for many years. He was elected a delegate to Madrid in 1866 to advocate political reforms for Cuba and in 1878 was elected to the Spanish Cortes. He wrote 'Paralelo entre Cuba y algunas colonias inglesas' (1838); 'Supresió del tráfico de esclavos en Cuba' (1845); Ideas sobre la incorporación de Cuba á los E. U. (1848); 'Historia de la asclavitud desde los tiempos más remotos) (1876 et seq.), etc.

SACO, sâ'kō, Me., city in York County, on the Saco River and on the Boston and Maine Railroad, about 15 miles west-southwest of Portland and four miles from the ocean. Four bridges span the river connecting the city with Biddeford and other localities. A fall in the river of about 40 feet furnishes extensive water power. The tide-water extends to the falls. The chief manufacturing establishments are cotton mills, boot and shoe factories, lumber mills, manufactories of belting. brushes and cotton-mill machinery. The city has an extensive coast trade in cotton goods and other manufactures, and it ships considerable farm products. Old Orchard, a popular seaside resort, is in the vicinity. The principal public institutions are Thornton Academy; Yerk Institute, founded in 1866; a public high school and elementary schools, two libraries, one home for the aged, several fine churches and a number of good business blocks. Pop. 6,817.

SACO, a river which rises in the White Mountains in New Hampshire and flows southeast through New Hampshire and Maine and enters the Atlantic Ocean. It is about 105

miles long and drains an area of 1,750 square miles. It is a swiftly flowing stream having a number of rapids and falls, which furnish abundant water power for manufacturing. Great Falls is 72 feet high.

SACRAMENT. See SACRAMENTS.

SACRAMENTALS, certain objects, actions or emblems, instituted or consecrated by Church authority, for the production of spiritual effects through which temporal benefits are experienced by believers. Of such are the sacramental wine, bread or wafer; the rites of dedication, consecration, benediction; the emblem of the Agnus Dei or sacrificial lamb of God, in the celebration of the Mass or the Holy Eucharist. (See SACRAMENTS). Consult Lamburg, A. A., Sacramentals of the Catholic Church' (New York 1892); Probst, F., 'Sakramente und Sakramentalien' (Tübingen 1872).

SACRAMENTARIANS, a religious term which at present is applied almost solely to members of the Protestant Episcopal Church in America and the Anglican Church in England and elsewhere, who sustain a "high" view of the efficacy of the sacraments. In past ecclesiastical history it had a wholly different meaning, and was applied to those Reformers who refused to agree to Luther's doctrine of the real presence of the body and blood of Christ in the bread and wine. The Sacramentarian party were the authors of the Tetrapolitan Confession, so called from the four cities of Strassburg, Constance, Lindau and Memmingen, which supported the Sacramentarian doctrines. This confession excluded all idea of a physical presence of Christ's body. The Swiss reformer Zwingli took a similar position on the question of Christ's presence in the Eucharist, and an article prepared by him declaring against the real presence was embodied in the confession of the Helvetic Church. The German Sacramentarians joined the general body of Protestants in resisting Charles V, and became merged with the Lutherans.

SACRAMENTO, Cal., city, county-seat of Sacramento County and capital of the State, on the Sacramento River and on the Southern Pacific and Western Pacific railroads, 90 miles northeast of San Francisco. The city is situated in lat. 38° 33′ N., and long. 121° 20′ W.; and is built on a broad, low plain, 30 feet above sea-level. The streets are wide and straight and cross each other at right angles. Shade trees are abundant. The shops and stores are built of brick and the dwellings mostly of wood. The city is noted for its beauty of environment, is the centre of an extensive agricultural and horticultural section; and has a mild, almost semi-tropical climate. The State capitol building, completed in 1874, at a cost of $2,500,000, stands in a plaza covering 30 acres. There is a United States government building here, the Crocker Art Gallery, building of the Foresters, Odd Fellows, Masons and Fort Sutter (rebuilt), California State Bank, Roman Catholic cathedral, Sacramento Institute, College of the Christian Brothers, California State Libraray (140,000 volumes), Public Library (28000 volumes), Howe's Academy, Saint Joseph's Academy, Heald's Business College, City Dispensary, Railroad Hospital and numerous churches, schools and charitable institutions.