party, as he and his colleague openly courted the people Crassus, by profuse largesses, and Pompey by the restoration of the tribuneship and other popular institutions. In 67 he was invested with extraordinary powers by sea and land for three years, for the purpose of putting an end to the outrages of the pirates in the Mediterranean, in which he was successful. Meanwhile the war against Mithridates had been carried on with varying fortune, and the Romans were discontented with the slow progress of Lucullus. The tribune, Caius Manilus, proposed that Pompey should have absolute power over the army and fleet in the East, and proconsular authority over all Asia as far as Armenia, a proposal supported by Cicero in the famous oration Pro Lege Manilia.' It was opposed by the whole influence of the aristocracy, but carried triumphantly. In 65-62 he conquered Mithridates; Tigranes, king of Arnienia; and Antiochus, king of Syria. At the same time he subdued the Jewish nation, taking Jerusalem by storm after a three months' siege. He returned to Italy in 62, and disbanded his army, but did not enter Rome till the following year, when he had the honor of a third triumph. From this date, when he was 45, his star began to wane. The aristocracy still distrusted him, yet he was unwilling to throw in his lot entirely with the popular party, which had been steadily rising in power during his absence, and over which Cæsar. now possessed unlimited control. The Senate refused to sanction his measures in Asia, and to make an assignment of lands which he had promised to his veterans. Pompey, therefore, resolved to ally himself closely with Cæsar, who promised to obtain the ratification of his acts provided Pompey would assist him in the attainment of his ends. Through the mediation of Cæsar Pompey became reconciled to Crassus, who, in consequence of his enormous wealth, had a wide influence in Rome. Thus was brought about the coalition of these three powerful men, which is known in Roman history as the first triumvirate. In order to tighten the bonds of alliance Cæsar bestowed upon Pompey his daughter Julia in marriage. It was soon apparent that this alliance would not last long, as Pompey could brook no rival. The death of Julia in 54 severed one of the ties which bound the two men, soon to become open rivals. In consequence of the serious tumults which broke out in Rome on the death of Clodius in the beginning of 52, the Senate called in the assistance of Pompey, who was appointed sole consul for that year, and who succeeded in restoring order in the city. The most important state offices were now filled with Cæsar's enemies, and Pompey persuaded the Senate to pass a decree by which Cæsar was to give up the provinces of which he was governor, and the command of his army. This he refused to do unless Pompey would throw up his offices, which was a step the latter would not take. Cæsar was proclaimed an enemy to the state, and his rival was appointed general of the army of the republic. Cæsar crossed the Rubicon in 49, and in 60 days was master of Italy without striking a blow. Pompey fled to Greece, where he collected a numerous army, and was followed by Cæsar in January 48. At first the campaign was in Pompey's favor; Cæsar was repulsed before Dyrrhachium with considerable loss, and

was compelled to retreat toward Thessaly. In this country, on the plains of Pharsalia, occurred the decisive battle which made Cæsar master of the Roman world. His rival fled to Egypt, where he was murdered in the presence of the king and his army by the tribune Septimius, at the instigation of Achillas and Herodotus, who feared the anger of Cæsar. His head was struck off, and was shown to Cæsar, who, however, ordered the murderer to be put to death. Consult his life in Druman's "Geschichte Roms, iv, 324-556; Merivale, The Roman Triumvirates) (1887).

POMPEY THE YOUNGER (SEXTUS POMPEIUS), Roman warrior, 2d son of Pompey the Great: b. 75 B.C.; d. 35 B.C. He accompanied his father in his flight into Egypt and after his death went to Spain, where he organized a force of fugitives and malcontents and demanded from the Roman Senate restitution of his father's property. The Senate granted him a large sum of money and made him commander of the seas. He marched to Bætica, where he crushed all opposition and assumed the powers of a sovereign. Upon the formation of a second triumvirate in 43 B.C. he was proscribed and thereupon turned pirate, waging continued war upon Rome by cutting off her supplies. He made Corsica, Sardinia and Sicily, which islands he had captured, the seat of his power, and from them sent forth his marauders. When Rome reached the point of starvation the populace compelled Antonius and Octavianus to sue for peace and a treaty most advantageous to Sextus was signed, in which he was confirmed in his occupation of Sicily, Corsica, Sardinia and Achaia, and promised the consulship. The war was, however, speedily resumed, and Sextus twice defeated the fleets of Octavianus, but his indecision permitted the Romans to rebuild their fleets and in 36 B.C. he was signally defeated. He fled to Armenia, but being overtaken by his enemies and deserted by his troops, he surrendered, and was put to death at Miletus by the Roman legate, M. Titius, who wished to remove a man who might easily be the cause of a rupture between the triumvirs. He had assumed the name of Pius, because he endeavored to avenge the death of his father and his brother, and this surname appears on many of his coins.

POMPEY'S PILLAR, the name of a celebrated column, standing on an eminence about 1,800 feet to the south of the walls of Alexandria in Egypt. It consists of a capital, shaft, base and pedestal, which last rests on substructions of smaller blocks once belonging to older monuments. One of these blocks bears the name of a monarch of the 13th Egyptian dynasty, and another that of Psammetichus I. The total height of the column is 98 feet 9 inches; the shaft, a monolith of red granite, is 73 feet long, and 29 feet 8 inches in circumference. The name it is popularly known by was applied to it by ancient travelers for no assignable reason. An inscription on the base shows that it was erected by Publius, the prefect of Egypt, in honor of Diocletian, probably to commemorate his capture of Alexandria, and the suppression of the rebellion of Achilleus. On the summit there is a circular depression of considerable size, intended to admit the base of a statue.

POMPEY'S THEATRE, a theatre of ancient Rome, erected by the great Pompey and completed in 52 B.C. It was the first stone theatre of ancient Rome; had a marble interior and is variously stated to have seated 10,000, 17,000 or 40,000 people. After surviving many conflagrations it finally collapsed in the 6th century. Some of the ruins are still discernible about the Palazzo Pio. Consult Platner, S. B., 'The Topography and Monuments of Ancient Rome' (2d ed., 1911).

POMPONATIUS, Petrus, pom-pō-nā'shius pē-trus (Latinized name of PIETRO POMPONAZZI), Italian philosopher: b. Mantua, 1462; d. Bologna, 1525. He was one of the leading Greek revivalists of the Renaissance and taught peripatetic philosophy in Padua and Bologna, endeavoring to purify the current Aristotelianism from the ecclesiastical admixture of scholasticism. In his essay 'De Immortalitate Animæ he taught that the application of Aristotle's method would necessarily result in a proof of the soul's mortality and confirmed the Greek criterion of "virtue for its own sake" as an ethical standard, in "Præmium essentiale virtutis est ipsamet virtus quæ hominem felicem facit." His treatise 'De Incantationibus' was directed against the superstitions of his time.

His works were published in Venice (1525) and in Basel (1567).

POMPONIUS, Lucius, Latin writer who flourished about 90 B.C. He was a native of Bonia. He was the first author to give form and finish to the Atellane Fabulæ, the popular plays which before his time were largely improvisations. He introduced a written text in the technical form of the Greek playwrights. The parts of his work which have come down to us show a skilful use of the rustic dialects and not a little obscenity. The fragments are contained in O. Ribbeck's Scenicæ romanorum poesis fragmenta' (Leipzig 1897-98). Consult Duff, J. W., A Literary History of Rome' (London 1909).

POMROY, Rebecca Rosignol, American nurse: b. Boston, Mass., 1817; d. 1884. She was the daughter of Samuel Holliday and in 1836 married Daniel F. Pomroy. Her experience as nurse was gained within her own family circle, and at the beginning of the Civil War_she offered her services to the government. During the war she was stationed successively at Georgetown Hospital, West Hospital, Baltimore and Columbian University Hospital, Washington, D. C. On two occasions Mrs. Pomroy attended the family of Abraham Lincoln. About the end of the war she had an attack of typhoid fever which left her an invalid for many years. Upon regaining her strength she was engaged as matron in a girls' reform home at Newton Centre, Mass., and subsequently in the Newton Orphan Home, since named the Rebecca Pomroy Home.

PONAPÉ, pō'nä-pa, one of the Caroline Islands (q.v.) in Micronesia, in form nearly circular, with a diameter of 16 miles and an area of 140 square miles and ringed by a coral reef three miles distant. The interior is mountainous, the coast fertile. Mangroves flourish and durian and vegetable-ivory nut are exported. Remarkable ruins consisting of great blocks of basalt have been found. The island belongs to

the group of Eastern Carolines, of which the town of Ponapé is the seat of government. Pop. (est.) 2,000. Consult Pereira, 'La isla de Ponapé (1896).

PONCA (pon'ką) CITY, Okla., city in Kay County, on the Arkansas River, the Atchison, Topeka and Santa Fé and the Hutchinson and Southern railroads, 63 miles north of Guthrie. It contains flour mills, oil refineries, grain elevators, glass works and a tent-making factory and has extensive wheat-growing interests. There is a public library and a considerable trade is carried on with the Indians. Pop. (1920) 7,051.

PONCA INDIANS, one of the five tribes of the so-called Dhegilia group of the Siouan family, forming with the Omaha, Osage and Kiansa, the upper Dhegilia or Omaha division. The Ponca and Omaha Indians have the same language, differing only in some dialectic forms and approximating the Quapaw rather than the Kansa and Osage languages. They are a partly civilized and peaceable race. They became separated into two bands; one, numbering about 600, remained in the former Indian Territory, while the other, numbering about 225, retained their reservation in Nebraska. In 1906 the bands numbered respectively 570 and 263, total 833.

The

PONCE, pōn'să, Porto Rico, city, capital of the department of Ponce, three miles from the coast. It is the second largest city of Porto Rico and the first in commercial importance. Coffee is the most important export. Other exports are sugar, rum, molasses and tobacco. The main part of the town is connected with the port, Playa, by a good road and electric railway. The harbor is large and accommodates vessels drawing 25 feet; the custom-house is located at Playa. Ponce is connected with Yanco, 20 miles distant, by railroad and with San Juan and Arecibo by highways. greater part of the inhabitants are engaged in commercial and mercantile pursuits; but there are a few mechanical industries, shoemaking, etc., and the mechanics of Ponce excel in the quality of their workmanship. The city is considered the most progressive on the island; it is well built and modern in appearance, with wide streets, several plazas or open squares, the largest of which is the Plaza Principal and a number of handsome residences. It has also the best market-house and best market on the island. The water supply is excellent; there are electric lights and electric railways; the chief buildings include the church of Our Lady of Guadalupe (Roman Catholic), a Protestant church, the municipal hall and two theatres. There are also several asylums and hospitals. The city has a public library and a good public school system has been established since the American occupation. In 1918 the city had two earthquake visitations; in the second (15 October) Red Cross workers estimated that 600 families were rendered homeless.

PONCE DE LEÓN, pōn'thā dā lā-ōn', Fray Luis de, Spanish theologian and poet: b. Belmonte, La Mancha, 1527; d. Madrigal, Spain, 23 Aug. 1591. He entered the Augustian order at 16, was educated at the University of Salamanca, where he later became professor of theology and of Thomistic philosophy. As a linguist and a theologian he became famous,