tremity of the peninsula within the limits of the present city of Portland. The Indian name of the place was Machegonne and was entitled in the patent to Cleeve and Tucker Stogomor, from Stogumber, the birthplace of Tucker. This was shortly changed to Casco Neck. In 1658 the name was changed to Falmouth. The Indians made an attack on the town in 1676, burning houses, killing some of the inhabitants and making many captives. It was completely destroyed by the French and Indians in 1690. The General Court authorized its resettlement in 1714, and in 1716 it was resettled by Col. Samuel Moody, who soon gathered about him about 50 families. On 10 March 1719 the first town meeting was held. The town suffered severely during the Revolutionary War from a bombardment by a British fleet in 1775. It was again rebuilt, and in 1836 received its first city charter. On 4 July 1866 a fire destroyed 1,500 buildings, involving a loss of $10,000,000. Longfellow, N. P. Willis, William Pitt Fessenden, Neal Dow and Thomas B. Reed were natives of Portland. Pop. (1920) according to the United States census 69,272.

Bibliography.- Neal, Portland' (1874); Willis, History of Portland' (1865); Elwell, 'Portland and Vicinity) (1876); 'George Cleeve and His Times' (1885); 'Portland in the Past' (1886); Christopher Levett (1893); Powell, Historic Towns of New England' (1898).

JAMES PHINNEY BAXTER.

PORTLAND, Ore., chief city of the State and county-seat of Multnomah County, situated just above the confluence of the Willamette and Columbia rivers, a position made doubly important through the continuous improvement of these great commercial waterways by the United States government and the port of Portland. The city is 771 miles north of San Francisco, 115 miles from the ocean and covers an area of 66.36 square miles. The population of the city is steadily increasing at a rate approximating 10 per cent annually. It is called "The Rose City» in appreciation of the fact that its people pay special attention to the beautification of their homes and especially to the planting of rose gardens and hedges. Portland is unique in its efforts to develop the country throughout the State and this policy has reacted very advantageously indeed on the trade of the city. Geographical contours give a water-level route from far in the interior. Railway lines operating on this grade pour their traffic into the city most economically as a consequence. The splendid fresh-water harbor is the best one on our Pacific Coast and there is better than a 30-foot channel to the sea at low tide with 35 feet assured in the near future.

Columbia River Entrance. The entrance to the Columbia River is deeper than any other Pacific Coast port, the most recent government figures showing a depth of water in excess of 42 feet for a width of over half-a-mile and a depth of 35 feet for an additional half-mile of width. The United States government has spent $16,000,000 to remove what was once considered a hazardous bar at the mouth of the Columbia. This obstruction has been entirely removed by the construction of two long jetties, one on either side of the river entrance. The waters of the Columbia constantly are scouring the channel and the depth of water is increas

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ing year by year. Portland is the chief lumber manufacturing city in the world. The by-product of lumber is the manufacturing of furniture, the city having some of the largest furniture manufacturing plants in the United States. Portland is also the chief wheat exporting port of the Pacific Coast and in normal times the second largest wheat shipping port in the United States, handling the bulk of the great crop produced in the Inland Empire (eastern Oregon, eastern Washington and Idaho), and in 1915 the wheat receipts of the city mounted to 18,718,755 bushels. Portland has 772.39 miles of improved streets; of this, 384 miles are hard surfaced, 116.30 miles macadam and gravel, and 269.66 miles graded. Completed sewers show a total of 574 miles. The assessed valuation of taxable property in Portland at the end of 1918 was $305,200,640. The tax rate is $1.20 per hundred dollars and the net bonded indebtedness of the city is $11,859,011.38.

Streets and Parks.- Portland is continuously improving its streets and in this respect stands among the most modern cities of the country. Blocks are 200 X 200 feet, with no alleys, giving the city a fine appearance. The city is a huge park, in that great Douglas fir trees, oaks and cedars and other large growths grow on the hills and close down to the border of the city limits. The streets are lined with shade trees and practically every home has its lawn and rose hedges. Boulevards run along each side of the river, both above and below the business district. Council Crest drive is one of the city's show places, because of the vast panorama of mountain, hill, valley and city that unfolds to the view of the spectator. Terwilliger boulevard, following the contour of the hills on the west side of the river, is a connecting link of an extensive chain of scenic roads that lead from the city into beautiful verdure-garbed valleys dotted with orchards and farm homes.

It

Columbia River Highway. The Columbia River highway, along the east bank of the Columbia River, is said to be the most beautiful highway in the world. It traverses the gorge of the Columbia River for 50 miles east of Portland. Engineering skill and natural scenic beauty have made this roadway one of the most attractive tourist highways in America. extends from Pendleton in eastern Oregon to Astoria, at the mouth of the Columbia River, a distance of 370 miles. The Pacific highway extending from Vancouver, B. C., to Tia Juana, Mexico, constituting the main north and south thoroughfare along the Pacific Coast, traverses Oregon from Portland south to the California line, a distance of approximately 360 miles, and is a wonderful roadway. Portland's park area compares favorably with other cities of its size. Washington Park is situated on the edge of the western hills, a most sightly location, where some of the most magnificent views of the city and mountain peaks are to be obtained from an eminence in this park. Another one of the interesting parks of the city is Peninsula Park, where are to be found beautiful sunken gardens, said to be the largest rose park in the United States and accessible by street car from the centre of the city. Macleay Park is situated in the Willamette Heights district and was donated by an early pioneer with the request that its natural ruggedness be maintained in its present state.

There are 21 parks and playgrounds in and about the city, many of which are highly improved. In addition to public parks, Portland has four splendid golf courses, one of which is controlled by the municipality, also a number of fine privately controlled amusement parks.

Libraries.- Portland is the seat of the magnificent new Multnomah County Library. This, with five tastefully designed and substantial branch buildings and 12 sub-branches and 22 deposit stations, gives easy access to its privileges from every portion of the city; its circulating rural libraries throughout the entire county and affiliations with suburban communities make this institution unique among American libraries. A feature of the new building is a series of commodious halls, available without charge for meetings of a civic or development nature. More than 50 organizations regularly avail themselves of this opportunity. The circulation is about 1,385,964 volumes annually. Portland, according to the latest available government statistics, is the most highly cultured city in the United States; the percentage of illiteracy is but 1.2 per cent.

Schools and Education.- Portland has an excellent public school system. There are 71 school buildings in the city under the control of the school board. There are 1,202 teachers and supervisors employed, and 44,996 pupils enrolled, segregated as follows: Elementary schools, 35,636 pupils; high schools, 4,672 pupils; trade schools, 1,623 pupils; night schools, 3,065 pupils. There are four special schools and many private schools of high class and efficiency, as well as numerous trade and technical institutions. The University of Oregon maintains its medical department in this city. The largest dental college on the Pacific Coast, teaching dentistry and pharmacy, is located in Portland, besides private medical institutions and law schools. A public art institution fosters the fine arts. The Reed College is an institution offering courses of the highest order in the arts and sciences. It has a large endowment fund and is fast forging to the front as a school of national prestige. Music conservatories and voice culture schools rank among the highest in the country.

Newspapers. Five daily newspapers are published in Portland, the Oregonian, Oregon Journal, Evening Telegram, Portland News and the Record-Abstract (Court News), with an additional 80 semi-weekly, weekly and monthly publications.

Climate. Portland has an equable climate. The summers are cool and comfortable, the winters mild and rainy. For a period covering the last 30 years the United States Weather Bureau gives the average annual rainfall as 45 inches; the average yearly temperature was 52.4°. There are no destructive storms, wind or electric disturbances.

Churches.- Portland has 213 churches, with church buildings valued at approximately $3,150,000. The Y.M.C.A. and Y.W.C.A have large memberships and splendid buildings of their own. The B'rai B'rith have also a building of their own.

State Exhibit. The State of Orgeon maintains an exhibit of Oregon products, agricultural, mineral and manufactured, on the ground floor of the Oregon building, in which building

also is located the Chamber of Commerce with an information bureau for home-seekers. The Portland Chamber of Commerce maintains several bureaus where the home-seeker, investor or tourist may secure information pertaining to any particular subject in which he may be interested. The Oregon development bureau of the Chamber of Commerce is of special interest to the home-seeker. Information as to lands and agriculture and advice is furnished free of charge.

Clubs and Commercial Organizations.Club life is well developed here. In addition to various social organizations there are strong commercial bodies. The Portland Chamber of Commerce is one of the largest in the world. The East Side Business Men's Club, Press Club, the Portland Ad Club, Civic League, Progressive Business Men, Realty Board, Rose Festival Association, Rose Society, Royal Rosarians, the Kiwanis and Rotary Club deal with public questions and do valuable publicity work. All have large memberships, made up of the most substantial business interests in the city. There are many social, educational, literary and musical clubs. The city is widely known for its symphony orchestra. Notable among the clubs owning their own homes_are the Arlington Club, University Club, Elks Club, Multnomah Club, Oregon Yacht Club, the Hunt Club, Irvington Tennis Club, Rose City Park Club, the Laurelhurst Club, Portland Heights Club, Concordia Club, Waverly Golf Club, Tualatin Country Club, Portland Rowing Club. The holdings of these clubs would aggregate more than $3,000,000.

Lumber. There is tributary to Portland 564,000,000,000 feet of merchantable timber, consisting of yellow and red Douglas fir, yellow, white and sugar pine, spruce, cedar, hemlock, larch and other commercial woods. During the great European War, Portland, which is the largest lumber manufacturing city in the world, was governmental headquarters for spruce production for aeroplanes.

The

Manufactures, Commerce, etc.-The city is rapidly forging to the front as a manufacturing centre and is one of the chief manufacturing cities in the Pacific Northwest and is the centre of the jobbing trade. There are 950 manufacturing establishments here, representing an investment of $75,000,000. There are 40,000 factory employees, officials and office men, whose wages amount to $65,000,000 per annum. value of the product in 1918, not considering shipbuilding, was $200,000,000. The principal lines of manufacturing are lumber and its by-products, flour, furniture, woolens, harness and saddlery, machinery, fruit-canning and meat-packing and railroad cars and equipment. Portland's shipbuilding contracts for the period of the war approximated $230,000,000. Oregon and the Portland district were the largest producers of commercial ships, steel and wood, in the United States during the war. Portland has been the business centre of the Oregon country since the earliest days, when the State name included the whole Pacific Northwest. This city has been the banking centre for this corner of the United States and her banks are the largest and most substantial in the territory. They have a wide reputation for strength and conservative methods. Portland

has 23 banks, eight of which are national institutions. In 1918 the bank clearings amounted to $1,323,082,798.21 and the deposits for the year ending 31 Dec. 1918 aggregated $140,299,968.19. Postal receipts for 1918 were $1,630,000; postal savings for 1918 were $1,800,000.

Livestock Markets. The rapid and substantial growth of the Portland Union stockyards since their opening in 1909 has conclusively demonstrated that Portland is the one great livestock centre on the Pacific Coast. In fact, it is the only competitive market west of Denver, and is growing in importance each year. Portland's livestock industry in 1918, including packing-house products, involved $75,000,000. Railroads.- Portland's growth as a railroad centre within the past few years has been almost phenomenal. The fall of 1906, when the Spokane, Portland and Seattle (the North Bank Road, affiliated with the Hill system) was built down the north bank of the picturesque Columbia River at a cost of $53,000000, marked the opening of a new era in railroad development for Portland, since which time millions of dollars have been expended annually within the State in railway improvement and extension. The completion of this line opened up a vast new territory to Portland. Then came the extension of the OregonWashington Railroad and Navigation Company (Harrison system) and the building of the Oregon Trunk (Hill system). The city is also reached from the south by the Southern Pacific. Building of feeder lines, doubletracking and electrifying of present systems, is going on continuously in the territory contiguous to Portland and numerous electric interurban lines stretch out in all directions from the city throughout the Willamette Valley. Most notable among these latter are the Oregon Electric (Hill system) with a total mileage of 154 miles; the United Railways operate in connection with the Oregon Electric, which operates from Portland to Linnton and Wilkesboro, in Washington County, a distance of 28 miles, and the Portland, Eugene and Eastern branch of the Southern Pacific, which has a network of electric lines throughout the Willamette Valley. Two main depots give excellent passenger accommodations and freight terminals and warehouse facilities here are constantly being enlarged to meet requirements of ever-increasing traffic. The great transcontinental railway systems operating into Portland at present include the Northern Pacific, Great Northern, Burlington, Union Pacific, Southern Pacific and Canadian Pacific.

Water Transportation.- Portland's commerce reaches every prominent port. Steamship lines ply to the Orient, to Pacific Coast ports and to the Atlantic Coast via the Panama Canal. The Panama Canal affords much closer connection with Atlantic ports and is having important bearing on Portland's progress. Tramp steamers and sailing vessels carry lumber and wheat from Portland to world markets and the great foreign shipping-houses have branches here. The harbor is in the heart of the city and vessels dock close to wholesale and warehouses.

City and Interurban Transportation.Excellent strect car service is afforded by the

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Portland Railway, Light and Power Company. The street car mileage of this company totals 215.49 miles within the single-fare zone. Only cars of the most modern type are used, embodying the latest improvements for safety and comfort of the passengers. Frequent interurban electric trains connect Portland and the surrounding district for a radius of from 25 to 125 miles.

Water, Electricity and Gas.- Portland's pioneers were far-sighted and made reservations of Bull Run River, a splendid mountain stream, for the perpetual domestic water supply of the city. A municipal gravity system has been built that brings the water from its source, the Bull Run River, which is fed by melting mountain snows, through conduits for a distance of 24 miles. There is ample supply for all purposes and the water is remarkably soft and pure. Over 67,000,000 gallons of water are carried through two huge pipe lines to the city every 24 hours. The city in 1918 possessed 738 miles of water mains. The chief supply and distribution of electricity for light and power purposes is made by the Portland Railway, Light and Power Company, which operates five water-power plants and four steam plants with a total capacity of 109,340 horse power. The power furnished by this company is all generated within 40 miles of Portland, the hydraulic plants being located on the Willamette River, Clackamas River and Bull Run River. This arrangement, in connection with the five steam plants, ensured reliable service to all parts of the company's system. Some parts of the city are also supplied by the Northwestern Electric Company, with a hydraulic generating plant at White Salmon, Wash., and two steam plants in the city with a present capacity of 34,500 horse power. These two systems combined have a generating capacity in excess of the present demand of approximately 65,000 horse power, ensuring an ample power supply for Portland to meet future demands. There are 50,000 consumers of electricity within the territory served by these light and power companies. Gas for lighting, heating and power purposes is adequately supplied to all parts of the city by the Portland Gas and Coke Company.

History. When William Overton in November 1843 landed his Indian canoe on the river's western bank and examined the townsite of Portland, now spreading for miles along both shores, his imagination probably did not suggest to him its present magnitude. A solid mass of forest and underbrush, skirted on the one side by the Willamette River and on the other by massive hills, was all that met his view. With William Overton was A. L. Lovejoy, having come from the Hudson Bay Company's resort at Vancouver, Wash., and decided this was the best location for a town site. Overton disposed of his property to F. W. Pettygrove and the latter and Mr. Lovejoy had the site surveyed and the boundaries established during the summer of 1844. They recognized the advantages of the location and reasoned that some day it must not only become a metropolis of a vast region but also one of the chief seaports of the Pacific Coast. The first house, made of logs, was built in the winter of 1844. F. W. Pettygrove was a native

Mr.