other of his chief men, among whom was Joinville, he asked them what they thought; and they agreed that the advice of the master-mariners should be followed, and the King should leave the vessel.

"Then said the King to the mariners, I demand of you on your loyalty, if this vessel were yours, and were freighted with your goods, would you desert it?' And they answered all together, surely not, for they would rather run the risk of drowning than pay four thousand livres and more for a ship. Why then do you advise me to leave it?' 'Because,' said they, this is not a like case, for neither gold nor silver can be reckoned against your life, and that of your wife and of your children, who are on board, and therefore we advise you not to put yourself or them in hazard.'

"Then said the King, 'Gentlemen, I have heard your opinion and the opinion of my mariners. Now I will tell you mine, which is that I do not desert the vessel, for there are in it some five hundred persons and more who would stay in the isle of Cyprus for fear of the danger to their lives, for there is not one of them who does not love his life as much as I love mine, and perchance they might never return to their own country; wherefore I prefer to commit my body, and that of my wife, and those of my children, to the hands of God, than to do such harm to so many people as are on board.'

"And the great harm that the King might have done the people who were in the ship may be seen in the instance of Olivier de Termes, who was in the King's vessel, who was one of the boldest men I ever saw, and the best proved in the Holy Land, who did not dare to stay with us for fear of drowning, but remained in Cyprus, and it was more than a year and a half before he could come back to the King; and yet he was a great man and a rich man, and could pay well for his passage. Now, consider what the little people could have done, who might not have had means to pay, when such a man had so great difficulty." (p. 197.)

The humanity of St. Louis was indeed well displayed on this occasion. It was one of his most striking qualities, and it was one which most affected the imaginations and won the affection of those who were brought into intimate relations

with him, as well as of the common people of his kingdom and of his army. It was a quality rare in those days, when cruelty and violence were not yet subdued by the milder forces of civilization, and when the lives of the "little people" were held cheap by their lords, the great men. The spirit of chivalry had done much to protect the poor and the defenceless, and to teach courtesy toward the humble, but it had not led to the acknowledgment of the real brotherhood of men. Its spirit was not that which inspired Louis. His feeling sprang from a higher source, and we recognize the doctrine of Christ in the words, "There is not one of these who does not love his life as much as I love mine." No Sir Lancelot, no Chevalier Bayard, no Sir Philip Sidney, ever showed a tenderer and truer regard for the poor and the weak than this king. Compare with him the later Louises and Philips, Charles IX., Philip II., the so-called Most Christian Majesties of more modern days.

Before the King's vessel set sail again, so violent a wind sprang up that it was not till five anchors were thrown out that the vessel could be held from drifting toward the rocks, where she would have gone to pieces. When the wind sank, and the danger was over, "the King seated himself on the rail of the ship, and made me sit at his feet," says Joinville, "and said to me, Seneschal, God has truly shown to us his great power, in that one of his small winds, not the chief of the four winds, might have drowned the King of France, his wife and his children, and all his company. Now we ought to render thanks and be grateful to him for delivering us from this peril.'" Then the King went on to say that we ought to regard such tribulations as warnings, and should examine ourselves, and look clearly into our faults, and cast away anything in us that may be displeasing to God. "If we do thus," said he, "we shall do as the wise."

After a voyage of ten weeks, the King's vessel reached the port of Hyères in Provence, then under the dominion of Charles of Anjou, the King's brother. Here Louis landed, and hence he proceeded by land to his own kingdom. Joinville relates an incident that took place at Hyères, which is remarkable as exhibiting his own good sense and right feeling,

and the frankness of the relations existing between him and the King, while it also places in most favorable light the temper of Louis. He says: "Whilst the King was staying at Hyères to procure horses to go to France, the Abbot of Cluny, who was afterwards Bishop of l'Olive, presented to him two palfreys, such as would be worth to-day at least five hundred livres, one for himself and the other for the Queen. When he had presented them, he said to the King, Sire, I will come to-morrow to speak to you concerning my affairs.' On the morrow the Abbot returned. The King heard him very attentively, and for a very long time. When the Abbot had gone I went to the King, and said to him, 'I wish to ask you, if you please, if you have heard the Abbot with more good-will because he gave you yesterday those two palfreys?' The King reflected for a long time, and said to me,' In truth, yes.' 'Sire,' said I, 'do you know why I put this question to you?'Why?' said he. Because, Sire,' said I, 'I would advise and counsel you, that, when you reach France, you should prohibit your sworn council from taking anything from those who shall have business before you; for you may be sure that, if they take, they will listen with more good-will, and more attentively, to those who shall give to them, just as you have done to the Abbot of Cluny.' Then the King called all his council, and reported to them on the instant what I had said to him, and they said that I had given him good advice." (p. 206.)

At Beaucaire, where the King was in his own land and his own dominion, the faithful seneschal parted from him, and, after an absence of more than six years, returned to his beautiful castle, which he had left with so many regrets, and which he had so often doubted he might never see again. But his absence from the King was not long, and he rejoined him again at Soissons. "He was so glad to see me, that those who were present were astonished at it.”

Here the first part of the Memoirs of Joinville come to a natural close. At some future time we may trace the history of Louis in the narrative of the worthy seneschal, and in the other contemporary accounts of his reign, his second crusade, and his death.

ART. V.-Report of the Secretary of the Navy. Presented to Congress, December, 1863.

THE Navy of the United States is an object of special interest to us at this moment, on two accounts; on account of the chastisement it has inflicted upon the Rebels, and the extent to which it has contributed to the suppression of the rebellion; and on account of the service it may be called upon to render, if a vigilant and unscrupulous enemy shall conceive that the time has arrived when it may indulge in what Earl Russell calls, with his own peculiar relish, a "little safe malice." The events of the civil war through which we are now passing will in the end tend to make us a naval more than a military power. The military spirit displayed by the country, and the immense armies created so rapidly and so easily, have put the invasion of the United States by a European enemy entirely out of the question. This is one of the things of the past, of which it cannot be said, that "the thing that hath been is that which shall be, and that which is done is that which shall be done." And when the country returns to a state of permanent repose, and its energies and genius are once more directed to the development of its resources, the distribution of its population and productions, and to the inventions of the arts of peace, we may venture to hope, that, in the providence of God, a long period will elapse before her fields shall be channelled with trenching war, or her flowerets bruised with the armed hoofs of hostile paces. When that happy time arrives, our military services will be limited to reviews, and parades, and processions, in which the soldier will remember with advantages the feats he has done this day, and all, both enemies and friends of the present time, shall in mutual, well-beseeming ranks march all one way.

The reverse of this, however, will be the case with the Navy. Several very important changes have already taken place in our foreign relations, which never can be left out of calculation when we are providing for the naval defence of the country. We do not so much predicate an increase of the Navy upon the restoration of our commerce, or upon that extension

of it which is likely to concur with the growth of the country; but we have been taught, if a nation can be taught anything, that hereafter we must take care of our own interests, and that the reliance we have hitherto placed upon what we have been pleased to call friendly nations, for the maintenance of the police of the seas, would be hereafter the merest imbecility.

There will not be written in the future history of all this war a page more dark with human frailty than that which will record the alienation of the English mind from this country, and the deliberate adoption by the mass of the English aristocracy of the cause of a pretended government, which took the stone of human slavery, that all other builders had rejected, and made it the chief stone of the corner. But the calamity has come, and it only remains for us now to consider how we shall meet it. It is not worth while to recapitulate here all the circumstances which marked our total want of preparation for the contest in which we are now engaged. It was, apparently, the design of Providence that every opportunity should have been enjoyed by the South for collecting the materials of war, and for raising the minds of the people to a high pitch of faith and enthusiasm; on the other hand, that everything should concur at the North to produce surprise and weakness. And in no respect was this more conspicuous than in the condition of the Navy at the beginning of this eventful decade. The whole number of vessels in commission was forty-two, of which twenty-six only employed steam as an auxiliary motive power; of the remaining sixteen, all were sailing vessels, and three were store-ships. And again, although we had a socalled home-squadron, four only of the vessels composing it, and they carrying only twenty-five guns and two hundred and eighty men, were in Northern ports. Looking back at this time, and seeing what the work of the Navy was to be, and the instruments with which it was to be performed, it is not too much to say, that, when the Navy Department of this administration entered upon its functions, the first thing it had to do was to create a Navy from the foundation; and this is true not only of the ships, but in part of the officers and men, and of the armament. In the first four months of the rebel