arise, those of President; if he shall be unable to make the affirmation at the same session as the President, he shall do so at another session. [As amended May 6, 1904.]

Art. 84. The President and the Vice-President shall not absent themselves from the national territory, without the permission of the House of Repre sentatives. [As amended May 6, 1904.]

Art. 85. The President shall have the following powers and duties: I. To promulgate and execute the laws enacted by the Congress, providing, within the executive sphere, for their faithful observance.

II. To appoint and remove at will the secretaries of executive departments, to remove the diplomatic agents and superior officers of the treasury, and to appoint and remove at will the other federal officials whose appointment or removal is not otherwise provided for in the Constitution or the laws.

III. To appoint, with the approval of the Congress, and, in its recess, of the Permanent Committee, ministers, diplomatic agents, and consuls general IV. To appoint, with the approval of Congress, colonels and other superior officers of the national army and navy, and superior officials of the treasury. V. To appoint all other officers of the national army and navy, as by law provided.

VI. To dispose of the permanent land and sea forces for the domestic safety and foreign defense of the Union.

VII. To dispose of the national guard for the same purposes, as provided by Article 72, Clause XX.

VIII. To declare war in the name of the United States of Mexico, after the passage of the corresponding resolution by the Congress of the Union. IX. To grant letters of marque, upon the terms and conditions fixed by the Congress.

X. To conduct diplomatic negotiations and to make treaties with foreign powers, submitting them for ratification to the Congress.

XI. To receive ministers and other envoys from foreign powers.

XII. To call, upon resolution of the Permanent Committee, an extra session of the Congress.

XIII. To afford the judiciary the assistance necessary for the expeditious exercise of its functions.

XIV. To open all kinds of ports, establish maritime and frontier custom houses and designate their location.

XV. To grant, according to law, pardons to criminals sentenced for offenses within the jurisdiction of the Federal tribunals.

XVI. To grant exclusive privileges for a limited time, and according to the respective laws, to discoverers, inventors or improvers in any branch of industry. [As amended June 2, 1882.]

Art. 86. For the transaction of administrative matters of the Federal Government there shall be the number of Secretaries of Executive Departments which the Congress may by law establish, which law shall likewise assign among the various departments the several matters with which each shall be charged. Art. 87. No person shall be appointed secretary of an executive department who is not a Mexican citizen by birth, in the enjoyment of his rights, and twenty-five years old.

Art. 88. All regulations, decrees, and orders of the President shall be signed by the secretary of the executive department to which the matter pertains. They shall not be binding without this requisite.

Art. 89. The Secretaries of Executive Departments shall, so soon as the sessions of the first period are opened, report to the Congress as to the state of their respective departments.

SECTION III

Of the Judicial Power

Art. 90. The judicial power of the Federation is vested in a supreme court and in the district and circuit courts.

Art. 91. The supreme court shall consist of fifteen justices, and shall sit in bane or in sections, as provided by law. [As amended May 22, 1900.]

Art. 92. The justices of the supreme court shall serve for six years, and their election shall be indirect in the first degree, in the manner established by the electoral law.

Art. 93. No person shall be eligible to the position of justice of the supreme court who, in the judgment of the electors, is not learned in the science of law, thirty-five years of age, and a Mexican citizen by birth, in the exercise of his rights.

Art. 94. The justices of the supreme court shall, on entering upon the exercise of their functions, take an oath before Congress, and, in its recesses, before the permanent committee, in the following form: "Do you swear to perform loyally and patriotically the office of justice of the supreme court of justice, to which you have been chosen by the people, in conformity with the Constitution, having ever in mind the welfare and prosperity of the Union?'' Art. 95. The resignation of a justice of the supreme court shall only be accepted for grave cause, approved by the Congress, to whom the resignation shall be tendered. In the recesses of the Congress the power to act on this matter belongs to the Permanent Committee.

Art. 96. The law shall establish and organize the circuit and district courts, and the office of the Public Attorney of the Federation. The officers of the Public Attorney and the Attorney General of the Republic who shall preside over the same shall be appointed by the Executive. [As amended May 22, 1900.]

Art. 97. The Federal tribunals shall take cognizance of:

I. All controversies arising out of the application and enforcement of the federal laws, excepting when the application only affects private rights when the regular local courts of the States, The Federal District and Territory of Lower California shall assume jurisdiction, respectively. [As amended May 29, 1884.]

II.

III.

All cases pertaining to admiralty law.

All cases to which the Federation may be a party.

IV. All cases which may arise between two or more States.

V. All cases arising between a State and one or more citizens of another State.

VI. All civil or criminal cases that may arise out of treaties with foreign powers.

VII. All cases concerning diplomatic agents and consuls.

Art. 98. The supreme court shall have original jurisdiction of controversies which may arise between one State and another, and of those to which the Federal Government may be a party.

Art. 99. The supreme court shall also have power to settle questions of jurisdiction between Federal tribunals, between these tribunals, and those of the States, or between those of one State and those of another.

Art. 100. In all the other cases mentioned in Article 97, the supreme court shall be either a court of appeals, or a court of last resort, as may be defined by the law regulating the jurisdiction of the circuit and district courts. Art. 101. The Federal tribunals shall take cognizance of:

I. All controversies arising out of laws or acts of the authorities which shall infringe any personal guarantees.

II. All controversies arising out of laws or acts of the federal authorities which limit or encroach upon the sovereignty of the States.

III. All controversies arising out of laws or acts of the State authorities which invade the sphere of the Federal authorities.

Art. 102. All controversies mentioned in Article 103 shall be prosecuted by the injured party in accordance with the judicial forms and procedure which the law shall establish.

The judgment shall always be so drawn as to affect exclusively private individuals, and shall confine itself to affording them redress in the special case to which the complaint refers; but it shall make no general statement

as to the law or the act that may have formed the basis for the complaint. When the controversy arises through the violation of personal guarantees in a civil suit, recourse may be had to the Federal Courts, only after the said civil suit has duly terminated with a decision which will permit no further legal recourse operating to vacate the said decision. [As amended November 12, 1908.]

TITLE IV

Of the Responsibility of Officials

Art. 103. Senators, representatives, justices of the supreme court, and secretaries of executive departments shall be liable for the common offenses committed by them during their term of office, and for their crimes, misdemeanors, or omissions in the exercise of their functions. The governors of the States shall also be responsible for the violation of the Federal Constitution and laws. The President of the Republic shall be likewise responsible; but during his term he can be charged only with treason express violation of the Constitution, attacks on electoral liberty, and grave common offenses. [4: amended May 6, 1904.]

No constitutional privilege shall be extended to any high Federal functionary when tried for official offenses, misdemeanors, or omissions committed by him in the discharge of any public function or commission, during the time in which, according to law, the privilege is enjoyed. This provision shall be applicable to cases of common offenses committed under the same circumstances. In order that the proceedings may be instituted when the functionary returns to the exercise of his own functions, the rules set forth in Article 104 of the Constitution shall be observed.

Art. 104. If the offense belongs to the common order the House of Representatives, acting as a grand jury, shall determine by a majority vote whether there is or is not any ground for proceeding against the accused.

If the finding be favorable to the accused, no further action shall be taken.

If the finding be adverse, the accused shall ipso facto be removed from office and be placed at the disposition of the ordinary courts of justice. [As amended November 13, 1874.]

Art. 105. In cases of impeachment the House of Representatives shall act as a grand jury and the Senate as a tribunal.

The grand jury shall decide by a majority vote if the accused is or is not to be impeached. If the decision is favorable to the accused official, the latter shall continue in the exercise of his functions. If it is adverse, the accused official shall be immediately removed from office and put at the disposal of the Senate. The Senate, acting as a tribunal, shall, upon the proper hearing of the defendant, and also of the plaintiff, if there be any, by a majority vote impose the penalty provided by law. [As amended November 13, 1874.] Art. 106. No pardon shall be granted the offender in cases of impeach

ment.

Art. 107. The responsibility for official breaches and offenses may only be enforced during such time as the functionary shall remain in office and for one year thereafter.

Art. 108. In civil cases no privilege or immunity in favor of any public functionary shall be recognized.

TITLE V

Of the States of the Federation

Art. 109. The States shall adopt for their internal government the popular, representative, republican form of government. The term of office in the case of Governors shall not exceed six years. The prohibitions on the President, Vice-President and President ad interim, referred to in Article 78, shall be applicable to State Governors and functionaries acting in their stead. [4s amended November 27, 1911.]

Art. 110. The States shall have the power to fix among themselves, by friendly agreements, their respective boundaries; but these agreements shall not be carried into effect without the approval of the Congress.

Art. III. No State shall:

I. Enter into alliances, treaties or coalitions with another State or with foreign powers. Coalitions between frontier States for offensive or defensive war against savage Indians are excepted.

II. Grant letters of marque or reprisal.

III. Coin money, issue paper money, stamps or stamped paper. [As amended May 1, 1896.]

IV. Levy taxes on persons or property passing through its territory. [As amended May 1, 1896.]

V. Prohibit or tax, directly or indirectly, the entry into its territory, or the withdrawal therefrom, of any merchandise, foreign or domestic. [As amended May 1, 1896.]

VI. Burden the circulation or consumption of domestic or foreign merchandise with taxes or duties to be collected by local custom houses or subject to inspection the said merchandise or require it to be accompanied by documents. [As amended May 1, 1896.]

VII. Enact or maintain in force laws or fiscal regulations discriminating, by taxation or otherwise, between merchandise, foreign or domestic, on account of its origin, whether this discrimination be established with regard to similar local products or to similar products of foreign origin. [As amended May 1, 1896.]

VIII. Issue bonds of the public debt payable in foreign coin or outside the Federal territory; contract loans, directly or indirectly, with any foreign government, or assume any obligation in favor of any foreign corporation or individual, requiring the issuance of certificates or bonds payable to bearer or negotiable by endorsement. [As amended December 18, 1901.]

Art. 112. No State shall, without the consent of the Congress:

I. Establish tonnage dues or other port charges, or impose taxes or other duties upon imports or exports.

II. Keep at any time permanent troops or vessels of war.

III. Make war on its own behalf on any foreign power, except in cases of invasion or of such imminent peril as to admit of no delay. In such event the State shall give notice immediately to the President of the Republic.

Art. 113. Every State shall be bound to deliver without delay to the demanding authorities the fugitives from justice from other States or from foreign nations.

Art. 114. The State Governors are bound to publish and enforce the Federal laws.

Art. 115. Full faith and credit shall be given in each State of the Federation to the public acts, records and judicial proceedings of all the other States. The Congress shall by general laws prescribe the manner of proving the said acts, records and proceedings and the effect thereof.

Art. 116. The Powers of Union are bound to protect the States against all invasion or external violence. In case of insurrection or internal disturbance they shall give them the same protection, provided the Legislature of the State, or the Executive thereof if the Legislature is not in session, shall so request.

TITLE VI
Of General Provisions

Art. 117. All powers not expressly vested by this Constitution in the Federal authorities are understood to be reserved to the States.

Art. 118. No person shall hold at the same time two Federal offices or one Federal and one State elective office; if elected to two, he shall choose between them.

Art. 119. No payment shall be made which is not included in the budget or authorized by a law subsequent to the same.

Art. 120. The President of the Republic, the Justices of the Supreme Court, Representatives and other public officials of the Federation who are chosen by popular election shall receive a compensation for their services, which shall be paid by the Federal Treasury and determined by law. This compensation may not be waived, and any law increasing or decreasing it shall have no effect during the period for which the functionary holds office. Art. 121. Every public official, without exception, shall, before entering on the discharge of his duties, take an oath to maintain this constitution and the laws arising hereunder.

Art. 122. In time of peace no military authorities shall exercise other functions than those bearing direct relation to military discipline. No permanent military posts shall be established other than in castles, forts and arsenals depending directly upon the Federal Government, or in camps, barracks, or depots, established outside of inhabited places for the stationing of troops.

Art. 123. The Federal authorities shall have exclusive power to exercise, in matters of religious worship and outward ecclesiastic forms, such intervention as by law authorized.

Article 1. The church and the state are independent of each other. Congress shall not enact laws establishing or forbidding any religion.

Art. 2. Marriage is a civil contract. Marriage and all other acts relating to the civil status of persons shall appertain to the exclusive jurisdiction of the civil authorities in the manner and form provided by law, and they shall have the force and validity given to them by said laws.

Art. 3. No religious institutions shall acquire real estate or capital secured by mortgage on the same, except only in the case set forth in article 27 of the Constitution.

Art. 4. A simple promise to tell the truth and to comply with obligations entered into, shall take the place of the religious oath with all its effects and penalties. [Articles 1-4 are amendments of September 25, 1873.]

Art. 124. The Federal Government shall have exclusive power to levy duties on merchandise imported, exported or passing in transit through the national territory, as well as to regulate at all times, and if necessary to forbid for the sake of public safety or for police reasons, the circulation in the interior of the Republic of all kinds of goods, regardless of their origin; but the Federal Government shall have no power to establish or decree in the Federal District and Territories the taxes and laws to which Clauses VI and VII of article i refer. [As amended May 1, 1896.]

Art. 125. All forts, barracks, warehouses, and other real property, destined by the Federal Government for public service or common use, shall be under the jurisdiction of the Federal authorities, in accordance with the law which the Congress shall issue on the subject; any of these establishments which may subsequently be acquired within the territory of any State shall likewise be subject to Federal jurisdiction, provided consent thereto shall have been obtained from the respective State legislature. [As amended October 31, 1901.]

Art. 126. This Constitution and the laws of the United States of Mexico which shall be made in pursuance hereof and all treaties made or which shall be made under the authority of the President of the Republic, with the approval of the Congress, shall be the supreme law of the land. And the judges in every State shall be bound by this Constitution and by these laws and treaties, anything in the Constitution or laws of any State to the contrary notwithstanding.

TITLE VII

Of the Amendments to the Constitution

Art. 127. The present Constitution may be added to or amended. No amendment or addition shall become part of the Constitution until agreed to by the Congress of the Union by a two-thirds vote of the members present and approved by a majority of the State legislatures. The Congress shall count