All drawings must be made with the pen only, using the blackest Indian ink. Every line and letter (signatures included) must be absolutely black. This direction applies to all lines, however fine, to shading, and to lines representing cut surfaces in sectional views. All lines must be clean, sharp, and solid, and they must not be too fine or crowded. Surface shading, when used, should be left very open. Sectional shading should be by oblique parallel lines, which may be about one twentieth of an inch apart. The usual reduction will bring them to about one sixteenth of an inch distance.

Drawings should be made with the fewest lines possible consistent with clearness. Shading (except on sectional views) should be used only on convex and concave surfaces, where it should be used sparingly, and may even there be dispensed with if the drawing is otherwise well executed. The plane upon which a sectional view is taken should be indicated on the general view by a broken or dotted line. Heavy lines on the shade sides of objects should be used, except where they tend to thicken the work and obscure letters of reference. The light is always supposed to come from the upper left-hand corner, at an angle of forty-five degrees.

Imitations of wood or surface-graining must never be attempted.

The scale to which a drawing is made ought to be large enough to show the mechanism without crowding, and two or more sheets should be used if one does not give sufficient room to accomplish this end, but the number of sheets must never be increased unless it is absolutely necessary. On the other hand, when an invention is simple and easily understood it should be shown on a small scale, and unnecessary space should not be occupied, even on a single sheet.

Letters of reference must be well and carefully formed. No letter of reference should measure less than one eighth of an inch in height, that it may bear reduction to one twenty-fourth of an inch, and they may be much larger when there is sufficient room.

Reference letters must be so placed in the close and complex parts of drawings as not to interfere with a thorough comprehension of the same, and to this end should rarely cross or mingle with the lines. When necessarily grouped .around a certain part, they should be placed at a little distance, where there is available space, and connected by short broken lines with the parts to which they refer. They must never appear upon shaded surfaces.

If the same part of an invention appears in more than one figure, it should always be represented by the same letter.

When it is necessary to turn a drawing upon its side in reading a certain figure, its number and reference letters should be made to correspond, and should be so placed that the sheet will be turned to the right.

The signature of the inventor is to be placed at the lower right-hand corner of the sheet, and the signatures of the witnesses at the lower left-hand corner, all within the marginal line. The title should be written with pencil on the back of the sheet. The permanent names and title will be supplied subsequently by the office.

Drawings should be rolled for transmission to the office. No agent's nor attorney's stamp, nor any written address, will be permitted upon the face of a drawing within or without the marginal line.

These rules do not apply to drawings for designs and trade-marks.

The foregoing rules relating to drawings will be rigidly enforced; and all drawing not artistically executed in conformity therewith will be returned to the respective applicants, or, at the applicant's option and cost, the office will make the necessary corrections.

A specimen drawing, illustrating arrangement, style, and quality of work, will be furnished upon request.

All reissue applications must be accompanied by new thick paper drawings, as in original applications.

Applicants are advised to employ competent artists to make their drawings.

MODELS.

A model will be required in every case where the nature of the invention admits of such illustration, except in applications upon designs.

The model must be neatly and substantially made of durable material, metal being deemed preferable; and should not in any case be more than one foot in length, width, or height. If made of pine or other soft wood, it should be painted, stained, or varnished. Glue must not be used, but the parts should be so connected as to resist the action of heat or moisture. A working model is always desirable.

The personal attendance of the applicant at the Patentoffice is unnecessary. The business can be done by corres

pondence or by attorney.

The applicant has a right to amend after the first rejection; and he may amend as often as the examiner presents any new references.

All amendments of the model, drawings, or specification, in the case of original applications which are capable of illustration by drawing or model, must conform to at least one of them as they were at the time of the filing of the

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plication; further changes than this can only be made by filing a new application.

All amendments of specifications or claims must be made on separate sheets of paper from the original, and must be filed in the manner above directed. In every case of amendment the exact word or words to be stricken out or inserted should be clearly specified, and the precise point indicated where the erasure or insertion is to be made.

Whenever, on examination, any claim for a patent is rejected for any reason whatever, the applicant will be notified thereof, and the reasons for such rejection will be given.

Every patent will bear date as of a day not later than six months from the time at which the application was passed and allowed and notice thereof was mailed to the applicant or his agent, and if the final fee be not received at the office within that period, the patent will be withheld. The party may, however, obtain a patent upon a new application.

When an application for a patent has been rejected and the applicant fails to renew the same or to file a new one within two years after the date when notice of the last official action was mailed to him or to his agent, his application will be held to have been abandoned.

APPEALS.

Every applicant for a patent or the reissue of a patent, any of the claims of which have twice been rejected, may appeal from the decision of the primary examiner in such case to the Board of Examiners-in-chief, having once paid a fee of ten dollars. For this purpose a petition in writing must be filed, signed by the party, or his authorized agent or attorney, praying an appeal, and setting forth the reasons. upon which the appeal is taken.

All cases which have been acted on by the Board of Examiners-in-Chief may be brought before the Commissioner in person, upon a written request to that effect and upon the payment of the fee of twenty dollars required by law.

From an adverse decision upon the claims of an application an appeal may be taken to the Supreme Court of the District of Columbia, sitting in banc.

RE-ISSUES.

A re-issue is granted to the original patentee, his legal representatives or the assignees of the entire interest, when, by reason of a defective or insufficient specification, or by reason of the patentee claiming as his invention or discovery more than he had a right to claim as new, the original

patent is inoperative or invalid, provided the error has arisen from inadvertence, accident or mistake, and without any fraudulent or deceptive intention.

DISCLAIMERS.

Whenever, by inadvertence, accident, or mistake, the claim of invention in any patent is too broad, embracing more than that of which the patentee was the original or first inventor, some material or substantial part of the thing patented being truly and justly his own, the patentee, his heirs or assigns, whether of a whole or of a sectional interest, may, upon payment of the duty required by law, make disclaimer of such parts of the thing patented as the disclaimant shall not choose to claim or to hold by virtue of the patent or assignment, stating therein the extent of his interest in such patent, which disclaimer shall be in writing, attested by one or more witnesses.

DESIGNS.

A patent for a design may be granted to any person, whether citizen or alien, who, by his own industry, genius, efforts, and expense, has invented or produced any new and original design for a manufacture, bust, statue, alto-relievo, or bas-relief; any new and original design for the printing of woolen, silk, cotton, or other fabrics; any new and original impression, ornament, pattern, print, or picture, to be printed, painted, cast, or otherwise placed on or worked into any articles of manufacture; or any new, useful, and original shape or configuration of any article of manufacture, the same not having been known or used by others before his invention or production thereof, or patented or described in any printed publication, upon payment of the duty required by law, and other due proceedings had, the same as in cases of inventions or discoveries.

Patents for designs are granted for the term of three and one half years, or for seven years, or for fourteen years, as the applicant may, in his application, elect.

The proceedings in applications for patents for designs are substantially the same as for other patents. The specification must distinctly point out the characteristic features of the design, and carefully distinguish between what is old and what is held to be new. The claims also should be as distinct and specific as in the case of patents for inventions or discoveries.

When the design can be sufficiently represented by drawings or photographs a model will not be required.

Whenever a photograph or an engraving is employed to illustrate the design, it must be mounted upon a thick Bristol-board or drawing-paper, ten by fifteen inches in

size; and the applicant will be required to furnish ten extra copies of such photograph or engraving (not mounted), of a size not exceeding seven and a half inches by eleven. Negatives will no longer be required.

Whenever the design is represented by a drawing, each of the ten copies must be made to conform as nearly as possible to the rules laid down for drawings of mechanical inventions.

TRADE-MARKS.

Any person or firm domiciled in the United States, and any corporation created by the authority of the United States, or of any State or Territory thereof, and any person, firm, or corporation resident of or located in any foreign country which, by treaty or convention, affords similar privileges to citizens of the United States, and who are entitled to the exclusive use of any lawful trade-mark, or who intend to adopt and use any trade-mark for exclusive use within the United States, may obtain protection for such lawful trade-mark by complying with the following requirements, to wit:

First. By causing to be recorded in the Patent-office the names of the parties, and their residences and place of business, who desire the protection of the trade-mark.

Second. The class of merchandise and the particular description of goods comprised in such class, by which the trade-mark has been or is intended to be appropriated.

Third. A description of the trade-mark itself, with facsimiles thereof, and the mode in which it has been or is intended to be applied and used.

Fourth. The length of time, if any, during which the trade-mark has been used.

Fifth. The payment of a fee of twenty-five dollars, in the same manner and for the same purpose as the fee required for patents.

Sixth. The compliance with such regulations as may be prescribed by the Commissioner of Patents.

Seventh. The filing of a declaration, under the oath of the person, or of some member of the firm or officer of the corporation, to the effect that the party claiming protection for the trade-mark has a right to the use of the same, and that no other person, firm, or corporation has a right to such use, either in the identical form or having such near resemblance thereto as might be calculated to deceive, and that the description and fac-similes presented for record are true copies of the trade-mark sought to be protected. The oath must also state the domicile and citizenship of the person desiring registration.

The petition asking for registration should be accompanied with a distinct statement or specification, setting forth