In 1869 the legislature directed that no admission or tuition fees should be charged, and in 1870 that the University should be opened to women on terms of equality with men. This latter legislative provision was reinforced in 1879 by the express constitutional declaration that "no person shall be debarred admission to any of the collegiate departments of the University on account of sex.

President Gilman resigned in 1875 to accept the presidency of the new Johns Hopkins University in Baltimore. He was followed by John LeConte, who served until 1881, when William T. Reid was elected to the position. He served until 1885. Edward S. Holden was then elected, with the understanding that he was to fill the presidency only until the completion of the Lick Observatory, when he was to assume the position of its director. Accordingly he retired in 1888 and was succeeded by Horace Davis, who served for two years. Thereafter Martin Kellogg was acting president until, in 1893, he was formally appointed to the office. Upon his resignation in 1899 he was succeeded by President Benjamin Ide Wheeler.

Until 1887 the University depended for its revenue upon the income from its invested funds and upon biennial appropriations by the legis lature. Its invested capital consisted of money derived from the sale of .seventy-two sections of land for a seminary of learning and ten sections for public buildings, both granted by Congress in 1853; from the sale of one hundred and fifty thousand acres granted under the Morrill Act of 1862; from the sale of salt and marsh lands granted by the legislature; and from the sale of the College of California property in Oakland.

In 1887 the State legislature rendered the income of the University more secure and permanent by providing for the annual levy of an ad valorem tax of one cent on each one hundred dollars of taxable property in California. In 1897 the resources were further enlarged by a second act of the legislature, providing for the levy of an additional one cent on each one hundred dollars, and in 1909 a "three-cent tax" was established by the legislature. In 1911, as an incident of an amendment to the Constitution which reorganized the tax system of the state, the legislature substituted for the "three-cent tax" a bill appropriating for university support the sum of $760,770 for the year ending June 30, 1912, with provision for a regular increase of seven per cent per annum in this appropriation for three years thereafter, or until June 30, 1915.

In the early years of its history many attempts were made to segregate the departments of the University, especially to set the College of Agriculture off by itself, and many efforts were made to change the character of the governing body. In 1879 this agitation was put to rest by the constitutional convention, which inserted in the fundamental law of the State the declaration that "the University of California shall constitute

a public trust, and its organization and government shall be perpetually continued in the form and character prescribed in the organic act creating the same, passed March 23, 1868, and the several acts amendatory thereof, subject only to such legislative control as may be necessary to insure compliance with the terms of its endowments and the proper investment of its funds.''

In 1896 a proposition looking to a general building scheme was made by Mr. Bernard Maybeck, instructor in architectural drawing, and was introduced in the Board of Regents and fostered there by Regent J. B. Reinstein. The board voted to have prepared a programme for a permanent and comprehensive plan to be open to general competition for a system of buildings to be erected on the grounds of the University of California at Berkeley." Before this resolve had been put into effective operation it came to the notice of Mrs. Phoebe A. Hearst, who was then considering the erection of a building at the University in memory of her husband, the late Senator George Hearst. Accordingly, Mrs. Hearst at once wrote to the board expressing her desire to promote the proposed competition and to defray all the expenses thereof. This offer was gratefully accepted.

Two competitions were held, a preliminary one at Antwerp, and a final one at San Francisco. The preliminary competition opened January 15 and closed July 1, 1898. Of one hundred and five plans presented eleven were selected by the jury for the final contest. The second contest, in San Francisco, resulted in the award of first prize to Monsieur Emile Bénard of Paris; second prize, Messrs. Howells, Stokes and Hornbostel of New York; third prize, Messrs. D. Despradelle and Stephen Codman of Boston; fourth prize, Messrs. Howard and Cauldwell of New York; fifth prize, Messrs. Lord, Hewlett and Hull of New York.

To adapt and carry out the Bénard plan the Board of Regents appointed Mr. John Galen Howard supervising architect of the University. The first structure completed in execution of this plan was the Greek Theatre, the gift of Mr. William Randolph Hearst. The Greek Theatre is an openair auditorium of unique beauty, lying in the hollow of the hills and surrounded with trees. It is used for great university occasions, and for musical and dramatic representations. The second building to be completed in accordance with the Hearst Plan was California Hall, a solid granite structure, erected through appropriations made by the State legislature. The third building in this scheme is the Hearst Memorial Mining building, the cornerstone of which was laid on November 19, 1902, and the formal opening celebrated on August 25, 1907. A fourth building, the University Library, provision for which was made in the will of the late Charles Franklin Doe of San Francisco, was first occupied in June, 1911. The Boalt Memorial Hall of Law, the fifth bulding of

the series, was formally opened on April 28, 1911. This building is the gift of Mrs. Elizabeth Boalt, who gave $100,000 in memory of her husband, the late John H. Boalt of San Francisco, and of the lawyers of California, who gave an additional $50,000. Agriculture Hall, the sixth building of the series, was dedicated in November, 1912. The Sather Gate and bridge at the Telegraph avenue entrance to the campus, provided by the generosity of Mrs. Jane K. Sather, as a memorial to her husband, Pedar Sather, was completed in 1910. As a memorial to Mrs. Sather herself, the Jane K. Sather Campanile, a bell-tower of white granite and marble, 302 feet in height, has been erected. The cost, $200,000, together with $25,000 for the "Sather Bells," was provided for by Mrs. Sather. Α President's House and central heating station have likewise been erected. In November, 1914, the people of California approved by a very large majority an initiative act proposed by the alumni providing for a bond issue of $1,800,000 to erect a classroom building between the Library and the Sather Gate, a chemistry building, and a second unit of the agricultural group, and to complete the University Library-all in accordance with the Hearst Plan.

The gift by Mrs. Sophronia T. Hooper, in 1913, of property worth between one and two million dollars to endow the George Williams Hooper Foundation for Medical Research, and the giving by other friends of six hundred and fifteen thousand dollars to build a Teaching Hospital in San Francisco for the Medical Department, were events of importance in the development of the University.

The Scripps Institution for Biological Research, at La Jolla, established by Miss Ellen B. Scripps; the Lick Observatory on Mount Hamilton, given by James Lick; and the California Museum of Vertebrate Zoology, mantained by gift of Miss Annie M. Alexander, are three research departments which owe their origin to private generosity.

The rich collections of the Museum of Anthropology, valued at several million dollars, were assembled for the University through Mrs. Hearst's generosity.

Beginning in 1891, the University has constantly aimed to extend the benefits of its instruction in agriculture farther and farther beyond its own confines. In the year named the custom of holding Farmers' Institutes throughout the State was begun. So important had this work become that, in 1897, a new department was created, a Department of University Extension in Agriculture. Through these institutes, through bulletins, and through professional visits to farm, garden, orchard, and vineyard, the University constantly stands ready to render aid, advice, and instruction to relieve agricultural emergencies and solve agricultural problems in the State. The acquisition of the farm of seven hundred and seventy-nine acres at Davis, Yolo County, has greatly enlarged the

scope of the University's work in agriculture. In 1915 a site was acquired for a Graduate School of Tropical Agriculture at Riverside.

The project of accrediting high schools to the University was put into operation in 1884. The main purpose of this movement was, from the first, to aid in unifying the whole system of secondary and higher education throughout the State. Success has in large measure been achieved in this direction, and the work of more thorough co-ordination has penetrated into the elementary schools. From the small number of three accredited high schools in 1884 the list has grown until in 1915 the number is two hundred and twenty-five, including one hundred and eighty-nine public and thirty-six private schools.

Connected with this accrediting system is the University's work as a training school for prospective teachers. By a law of the State, boards of education and examination have authority to issue teachers' certificates of high school grade to graduates of the University who are recommended by the faculty. Within the past few years the standard of preparation of high school teachers has been raised, so that at present a full year of graduate instruction, partly of classroom work and partly of practice teaching, is exacted before a certificate is issued.

University extension lectures were begun in 1891 and continued through succeeding years with increasing encouragement until 1902, when a Department of University Extension was expressly organized. This department has established centers of extension work in various parts of the State. A corps of instructors has been appointed, whose duties are entirely or mainly devoted to the extension field.

Summer schools in several departments were annually held for a number of years up to 1899, when the work was systematically organized and a summer school of general scope was for the first time held. It has met a great public demand and has been largely attended, not only by teachers of California, but by special students from all parts of the country. A marked feature of the summer sessions at Berkeley, and an important element of the University's policy in that regard, is the presence as lecturers of leading men from Eastern and European universities.

ORGANIZATION

The University of California is an integral part of the public educational system of the State. As such it completes the work begun in the public schools. Through aid from the State and the United States, and by private gifts, it furnishes facilities for instruction in literature and in science, and in the professions of art, law, medicine, dentistry, and pharmacy. In the colleges of Letters and Science, Commerce, Agriculture, Mechanics, Mining, Civil Engineering, and Chemistry these privil

eges are offered without charge for tuition to all residents of California who are qualified for admission. Non-residents of California are charged a tuition fee of ten dollars each half-year. In the professional colleges, except that of law, tuition fees are charged. The instruction in all the colleges is open to all qualified persons, without distinction of sex. The Constitution of the State provides for the perpetuation of the University, with all its departments.

ADMINISTRATION

The government of the University of California is intrusted to a corporation styled THE REGENTS OF THE UNIVERSITY OF CALIFORNIA, consisting of the Governor, the Lieutenant-Governor, the Speaker of the Assembly, the State Superintendent of Public Instruction, the President of the State Board of Agriculture, the President of the Mechanics' Institute of San Francisco, and the President of the University, as members ex officio, and sixteen other regents appointed by the Governor and approved by the Senate. To this corporation the State has committed the administration of the University, including management of the finances, care of property, appointment of teachers, and determination of the internal organization in all particulars not fixed by law.

The instruction and government of the students are intrusted to the FACULTIES OF THE SEVERAL COLLEGES and to the ACADEMIC SENATE.

The Faculty of each college consists of the President of the University and those professors and instructors, and only those, whose departments are represented in it by required or elective studies.

The Academic Senate consists of the members of the Faculties and the instructors of the University, the President and professors alone having the right to vote in its transactions. It holds regular meetings twice a year, and is created for the purpose of conducting the general administration of the University, memorializing the Regents, regulating in the first instance the general and special courses of instruction, and receiving and determining all appeals from acts of discipline enforced by the Faculty of any college; and it exercises such other powers as the regents may confer upon it.

The Academic Senate has created certain standing committees, representing their respective divisions of the University, as follows:

1. The Council of Letters and Science.

2. The Council of Agriculture.

3. The Council of Engineering and Applied Chemistry.

4. The Committee on Higher Degrees.