2. James, having been kept after school, was unhappy. 3. Having been writing all day, John was tired. a. In the following sentences select the participles (8) and tell how they are used.

MODEL: The little birds, having flown from their nest, are eating seeds. The participle “having flown" modifies the noun "birds."

1. Having taken a drink of water, the horse went much faster.

2. The ball, having been thrown over the fence, was

lost.

3. The box, having been set too near the edge of
the table, fell off.

4. The boy, helped by his mother, led the class.
5. The boys running in the yard are in my class.
6. We saw a dog lying under the tree.

7. Having been awakened by the fire alarm, we went
to see the fire.

8. The babes lost in the woods cried bitterly.

b. From lesson 61, select five participles and tell how they are used.

148. MODIFIERS OF A PARTICIPLE

The participle may have the same modifiers as a verb; as, The heavy log, drawn easily by the oxen, broke the gate. The participle "drawn" is modified by the adverb "easily" and the prepositional phrase "by the oxen.”

a. In these sentences find the predicate verbs, subject substantives, and objects of verbs (3).

1. Having carelessly broken the pencil point, the pupil borrowed a knife.

2. Having found a suitable place near a river, the pioneer built a log house.

3. Having been fatally injured in battle, the soldier
was carried to the rear.

4. Having seen the President, John went home.
5. Bent with age, the old man crossed the street.
6. Having climbed the stairs quickly, we were out of
breath.

7. The work, having been carefully done, was highly
recommended.

8. The books taken from this room yesterday have been found.

9. She has been told about it before.

10. The money recently stolen from the bank was recovered.

b. Make a list of participles without helpers which modify nouns (3); of participles with the helper having (4); of participles with the helper having been (2); of adverbs (6) that modify participles, and the participles they modify; as,

drawn

easily

149. PARTICIPIAL PHRASES

A participle, like a verb, is completed by an object, or a predicate noun, pronoun, or adjective. Whether the participle requires an object, or a predicate noun, pronoun, or adjective depends upon the verb from which it comes.

1. The boy, having finished his lesson, may go home. (object)

2. John, being a boy, did not cry. (predicate noun) 3. The apple, being bitter, was thrown away. (predicate adjective)

In the first sentence the participle "having finished" has an object, "lesson.' "Lesson" is the object, because "finished" as a verb requires an object. In the secod and third sentences "boy" is a predicate noun and "bitter" is a predicate adjective, because the verb be requires a predicate noun or a predicate adjective to complete its meaning.

A participle with its object, or predicate noun, pronoun, or adjective, is called a participial phrase.

Participles, like other adjective modifiers, are diagrammed below the words they modify. The object of a participle is diagrammed like the object of a verb; as, Mary, having quickly finished her lesson, went out.

a. In the following sentences diagram the subject substantives, predicate verbs, and objects, if any.

1. The boy, having finished the lesson, was ready for
bed.

2. Mary, having been ill, was not given any oranges.
3. The child, having eaten his dinner, was ready for
play.

4. The roses grown by Mary took the prize.

5. Having torn her dress accidentally, Alice went home.

6. Having been a boy once, the man understood the trick.

7. The trains, frequently delayed by broken rails, were very late.

8. Dick, having seen the pin, did not sit down.

9. His lessons having been well learned, John was ready for the game.

10. The cap being mine was returned to me.

b. Tell whether the above groups of words in italics are participial phrases or not, and give the reason for your decision. Remember that a participial phrase consists of the participle, or the participle and its helpers, and the object, or predicate noun, pronoun, or adjective, with their modifiers. c. Complete the diagrams of sentences 1-4.

150. A COMPOSITION

The Panama Canal

During the Spanish-American War one of our warships, the "Oregon," made her famous trip from the Pacific Coast to the Atlantic, around Cape Horn, to help defend the eastern coast against the Spanish fleet. The length of time required to do this made the United States realize the need of a canal across the Isthmus of Panama.

Congress authorized the President to buy the rights of the French Company-which had attempted to build a canal here, and failed-and to obtain the land through which the canal should run. On December 18, 1903, the final treaty was made that gave to the United States a strip of land five miles wide on either side of the canal. The United States paid Panama $10,000,000, and agreed to pay $250,000 annually after nine years.

Before the actual digging of the canal was begun, the

region was made healthful. Colonel Gorgas was appointed to rid the Zone of yellow fever, malaria, and other tropical diseases, and to keep it clean. He removed thousands of tons of refuse, built reservoirs to supply pure water, dug sewers and drains, paved streets, and drained swamps. Thousands of gallons of oil were used to kill the mosquitoes, which are the carriers of malaria and yellow fever.

In addition to all this preparatory work, houses, factories, bakeries, refrigerating plants, and laundries were built to supply the army of workmen with homes, proper food, and clothing. Great shops and storehouses were erected to make and repair the many machines that were used in building the canal. In all, more than two thousand buildings were put up.

Three great tasks were involved in the construction of the canal, the building of Gatun Dam, the construction of six locks, and the cutting through Culebra Mountain.

To build the dam was like building a giant hill. The structure is about one and one-half miles long, two fifths of a mile wide at the base, and as high as a six-story building. The material in the dam would make a wall three feet high and three feet thick, extending halfway around the world.

There are six locks, three on the Atlantic and three on the Pacific side. Each lock is like a huge tub, one thousand feet long, big enough to accommodate the largest steamship. The locks are opened and closed at each end by two steel doors on hinges.

Making Gaillard (Culebra) Cut was one of the most wonderful feats ever accomplished by man. For nine miles the cut was made through rock. All day long, drills bored into the mountain side. Charges of dynamite were then exploded, tearing the rock away and breaking