1. Rowing a boat is good exercise.

2. Feeling happy, he came in whistling a merry tune. 3. Having been bought by a kind master, the horse once more became fat.

4. Taking a good supply of provisions, we started on. 5. The boys swimming are having a good time. 6. Mother, having suspected some mischief, called the children in.

7. By winning the prize he won the esteem of his neighbors.

8. The lesson having been finished, we soon started home.

154. THE GERUND, AND REVIEW

Gerunds are diagrammed on a separate line; as, 1. Cutting the grass is his duty.

Cutting grass

the

is duty

his

2. She enjoys telling a story.

telling story

She enjoys

3. By earning a dollar, he could buy the book.

hecould buy book

the

earning dollar

a

By

a. In the following sentences list the prepositional phrases (9), the phrases introduced by a gerund, called gerundive phrases (4), the participial phrases (3). After each phrase write m if it is a modifier, s if it is a subject, or o if it is an object.

Do not forget that a participle or gerund must be followed by an object, predicate noun, or predicate adjective to make a phrase.

1. By arriving on time, John saw everybody.

2. Tearing her dress, Mary cried.

3. Driving a nail straight is sometimes hard work. 4. Being a girl, she could cry.

5. He tried making a garden.

6. We saw the burglar opening the window.

7. The man, tired of work, lay under a tree.

8. Having always been kept in a cage, the bird could not now find seeds.

9. By winning the game, our school won the pennant. 10. The book must have been written by an American. II. Answering the letter will not be easy.

12. The children, coming home from school, looked in at the open door.

b. Diagram sentences 1-4.

c. From lesson 150, select two gerunds and tell how they are used.

155. A COMPOSITION

Prepare to write the account of the Panama Canal, or, if you prefer, to write a detailed account of some one part; as, "Cleaning the City," "Gaillard Cut," "Opening the Canal," "The Panama-Pacific Exposition."

If you reproduce the account in the book, make a list of the words that are difficult to spell and have it handy for reference. If you write on any other topic, look up in the dictionary the difficult words you wish to use. Follow the outline given, or make

one of your own.

Make a list of the special names that begin with capital letters, such as, United States, Panama Canal, and others.

Find from the account which numbers are spelled out, as ten, and which are given in figures.

After you have finished, compare your work with the book in regard to the truth of your statements. Correct for capitalization and punctuation, and record your results under suitable headings.

156. A LANGUAGE LESSON

In the following sentences, choose the correct words from those in italics and give the reason for your choice. Remember to find what kind of word is required, to state the grammatical principle if there is one, to apply it to this special sentence, and to read the sentence correctly.

1. She (does n't or don't) see me.
2. It (does n't or don't) matter.
3. We have just (come or came).
4. Has the dog (ran or run) far?
5. She (seen or saw) me this afternoon.
6. I (did or done) the work by myself.
7. You (were or was) not wrong.

8. You (were or was) right.

9. Divide the money (among or between) him and me.
10. (Shall or will) we miss the train?

II. Father bought the pony for Fred and (I or me).
Is it (I or me) you wish to see?

12.

13. I cannot write with (those or that) kind of pen. 14. She thinks too (quick or quickly) for me.

15. The apple tastes (bad or badly).

Make sentences containing the words in parentheses above not used in the sentences.

157. A REVIEW

1. What names are given to the three principal parts of a verb? to the two participles?

2. How is the present participle formed?

3. Name the parts of the verb that may be used with helpers.

4. Name the helpers that may be used with each part.

5. What part of the verb never has helpers? 6. Tell two ways of expressing past time. 7. Name the pronouns that may be used either as subjects of verbs or as predicate pronouns.

8. Name the pronouns that may be objects of verbs or prepositions.

9. What part of speech modifies a participle? 10. Tell the ways in which the past participle of a verb may be used; in which the present participle may be used. Give examples of each.

11. When the present participle of a verb is used as a noun, what is it called?

12. What kind of modifiers do participles require? do infinitives require?

158. THE INFINITIVE

Besides being part of the predicate, the present form of the verb has another use in the sentence. Study the words in italics in the following

sentences:

1. To swim gives much pleasure.

2. I like to read.

3. To see is to believe.

In the first sentence "gives much pleasure" is the complete predicate. "To swim" is the subject. "Swim" is the present form of the verb used with the word "to," called the sign. "To swim" shows action and is used as the subject, which is the office of a noun or pronoun. In the second sentence "to read" is the object of the verb "likes." In the third sentence "to see" is the subject and "to believe" is the predicate noun.

Verb forms used in this way are called infinitives. Sometimes the present form of the verb, with the sign "to," is used as an adjective or adverbial modifier; as,

1. The man went to work. (adverbial modifier) 2. The time to sing has come. (adjective modifier) "To work" and "to sing," though they are not here used as nouns, are infinitives.

In the following sentences find the infinitives (14), and tell how they are used. Remember that "to" is the sign of the infinitive only when used with a verb.

1. The child asked to come.

2. I wanted to go.