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the principal clause. The second clause, "when the rains are over," cannot stand alone as a sentence but depends for its meaning on the principal clause. It is a subordinate clause.

In the following sentences tell which clauses are principal clauses and which are subordinate. Tell what words connect the two clauses. In each sentence tell whether the subordinate clause belongs with the subject or the predicate of the principal clause.

1. We can go skating when mother comes back.
2. There will be time to make candy if we hurry.
3. It began to rain while we were in the store.
4. We shall look for shells when the tide goes out.
5. We shall start to-day, but John will not start until
to-morrow.

6. I will not stay if you go.

7. We must drive faster or we shall miss the train.
8. If you are not ready by five o'clock, Mary will not

wait for you.

9. We must go home when school closes.

218. A REVIEW OF CLAUSES

a. Wherever possible, separate the following sentences into their clauses. Tell whether each is principal or subordinate. Name the connecting words.

1. When the bough breaks, the cradle will fall.

2. He is both poor and lazy.

3. We cannot go because it is raining.

4. While I was sleeping, the door bell rang.

5. Where the water is quiet, boys are fond of learning

to swim.

6. By shooting his gun, John found where the boys were camping.

7. He does not like to work, but he is glad to play. 8. As we were passing the tree, I looked into the bird's nest.

9. I did as you told me to do.

b. List the infinitives (4) in the sentences above. c. Give the use of the italicized expressions (7).

219. A REVIEW

a. Name three words that connect the clauses of a compound sentence. Name three words that connect the subordinate clause with the principal clause.

b. Separate the following sentences into their clauses. Tell whether the clauses are principal or subordinate, and name the connectives.

I. If you see Mary, ask her to come.

2. I shall call for her when she is ready.

3. When the man was invited to call, he came.

4. As he approached the town he saw the church spires.

5. It was nearly noon when we reached the grounds. 6. It is not yours, but you may have it.

7. She did not go because she had not finished her

work.

8. You may begin to read when you have found your place.

9. If you wish to take a vacation, go to the hills. 10. You may do as I do.

II. The boys caught and cleaned three fish.

12. She is neither rich nor happy.

c. Make a list of the pronouns (22). Tell how each is used.

220. A COMPOSITION

Using the following outline, give an account of an imaginary or a real camping trip. Alter the outline in any way you choose to make it suit a real trip or your ideas of a trip. Be ready to read your accounts to the class, and to decide from the attractiveness of the compositions upon which trip you would have preferred to go. The picture on the next page will show you how two boys went camping.

1. Preparation.

A Camping Trip

Choosing the place.

Getting ready.

Clothing.

Fishing tackle, guns and ammunition.

Food and cooking utensils.

2. The trip.

The conveyance.

Incidents.

3. Arrival in camp.

Choosing the best place for the camp.

Pitching the tent.

Unpacking.

Cooking the first meal.

4. Pleasures.

Tramping.

Hunting and fishing.

Boating and swimming.

Story-telling around the camp fire.

5. Return home.

[graphic]

221. A LANGUAGE LESSON

Often in answering questions or making explanations very awkward sentences are formed. To the question, “What is an adjective?" the answer given often is: "An adjective is when a word modifies a noun." The writer knows that adjectives do not indicate time. What he means to say is, "An adjective is a word that modifies a noun." In the same way an adverb is not "when a word modifies a verb," but is a "word that modifies a verb."

Sometimes children write: "One of the proofs that the earth is round is when a ship is coming in from sea," or "One of the causes of the Revolution was when the people one night threw the tea overboard in Boston Harbor." These mistakes can be avoided by beginning in some such way as this: "One of the proofs that the earth is round is as follows: When a ship is coming in from sea," or "One of the causes of the Revolution is as follows."

Answer the following questions. If the answer consists of more than one sentence, write the first sentence only.

What is an adjective?
What is an adverb?

Give one event that led to the war with Spain.
Give one of the proofs that the earth is round.
Name some of the results of the Civil War.
Explain the cause of day and night.

Tell which of the following are correct:

you was or you were
this here or this

have saw or have seen

ain't got no or have no

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