lesson before you came. (Action completed in the past time.) I shall have finished my lesson by tomorrow. (Action to be completed in the future time.)

A verb that shows action completed at present is in the present perfect tense; as, "I have gone.' A verb that shows action completed in the past is in the past perfect tense; as, “I had gone.'

A verb that shows action to be completed in the future is in the future perfect tense; as, "I shall have gone.

It may be some time before you understand the exact meaning of the perfect tenses but you can always recognize them by the auxiliaries (helpers) used.

Have and has are used as helpers in the present perfect tense; had is used in the past perfect tense. Shall have and will have are used in the future perfect tense.

a. Tell the tense of the following verbs:

b. In these sentences, tell whether the verbs are transitive or intransitive, linking or complete, regular or irregular. Tell, also, the tense of each. 1. We shall tell him to-morrow.

2. She has finished her education.
3. They have played many games.
4. He will not break the rules.

5. I shall have written the letter when you come.
6. They went to Paris last year.

7. We go to school every day.

272. A REVIEW

a. What auxiliary, if any, is used in the future tense? the future perfect tense? the present perfect tense? the past perfect tense? the past tense? the present tense?

b. Finish the following sentences by adding the present tense of the verb sing:

Finish, by adding the past tense of the verb sing:

Finish the following sentences by adding the future tense of the verb sing. (Use shall as a helper in the first person, and will in the second and third persons to denote future time.)

Finish the following sentences by adding the pres

ent perfect tense of the verb sing:

Finish the following sentences by adding the past

perfect tense of the verb sing:

Finish the following sentences by

future perfect tense of the verb sing. to use shall and will correctly.

adding the

Be careful

c. Make a list of the verbs in the sentences in lesson 100, and after each write its classification into transitive or intransitive, linking or complete, regular or irregular. Write, also, the tense.

d. Parse the words in italics in these sentences:

1. The knife, being his, was returned to him.
2. Those are the books that were lost last week.
3. Who will be your next teacher?

4. I do not know whom to ask.

5. That day was a very pleasant one.

273. THE ACTIVE VOICE AND THE
PASSIVE VOICE

Compare the following sentences:

1. John caught the ball.

2. The ball was caught by John.

In the first sentence above, the subject represents the actor, and the verb form used is "caught.” In the second sentence the subject receives the action, and the verb form used is "was caught." This difference in the form of a verb to show whether the subject acts or receives the action is called voice.

In the first sentence above, the verb "caught" shows that the subject is the actor. This verb is in the active voice. In the second sentence, "was caught" shows that the subject receives the action, and is in the passive voice.

John catches the ball. (The subject represents the actor. The verb is in the active voice.)

The ball will be caught by John. (The subject receives the action. The verb is in the passive voice.)

Notice that intransitive verbs cannot have passive voice, as there is no receiver of the action expressed by the verb; as "Roosters crow."

a. Tell whether the verbs in the following sentences are in the active or passive voice, and give the reason for your answer. Use the sentences.

above as models.

1. The boy threw a stone.

2.

A stone was thrown by the boy.

3. The early bird eats the worm.

4. The worm is eaten by the early bird.
5. Father will shoot a deer.

6. A deer will be shot by father.

7. Harry has climbed the tree.

8. The tree has been climbed by Harry.

9. The nest was built by the robin.

10. Harry had been sent on an errand by his mother II. The tickets will be sold by Martha.

12. The ladies gave a reception yesterday.

13. The fireman rang the bell three times.

14. She chose her partner.

15. The children obey the rules.

16. The bird was killed by the boy.

17. Many pupils have been promoted by the teacher. 18. The letters will be written to-morrow.

19. Ada has read the book.

20. All will see the parade soon.

21. Many chose partners early in the evening.

b. Beginning with sentence 7, read the sentences, changing the verbs from the active voice to the passive or from the passive voice to the active, as the case may be.