285. THE NOMINATIVE OF DIRECT ADDRESS Find the predicate verbs and subject substantives: 1. Fred, you were perfect in spelling. 2. Will you go fishing with me, Frank? 3. Here, Harry, is the place. In the sentences above, the words "Fred," "Frank," and "Harry" do not belong either with the subject or with the predicate. They represent the person spoken to or addressed, and are called nominatives of address. As the name indicates, a noun used as a nominative of address is in the nominative case. Notice that the name of the person addressed is always separated from the remainder of the sentence by a comma or commas. a. In the following sentences, select the nouns used as nominatives of address and parse them according to the model in lesson 253. I. Have you seen my hat, mother? 2. Come with me, Harry, please. 4. Look, Frank, you must not touch it. 5. Remember to tell the truth, always, my son. 6. Mary, I enjoy hearing you play. 7. Knowing the way, you will lead us, John. b. Tell the mood of the verbs in sentences 5, 6, 7. c. List the regular verbs. Give the principal parts of the irregular verbs. d. Parse the words in italics. For nouns, use the model in lesson 253; for pronouns, the model in lesson 260; for adjectives, lesson 282; for adverbs, 284. 286. THE NOMINATIVE OF EXCLAMATION In the following sentences, do the nouns in italics represent the person or thing spoken to, or the person or thing spoken about? 1. The moon! Why, baby, you cannot play with it! 2. Poor little girl! She shivered with the cold. 3. The dear old lady! Did she make this for me! When a noun is used as an exclamation, as in the sentences above, it is called a nominative of exclamation. Be careful not to confuse it with the nominative of direct address. Read again the question that introduces the lesson, then tell how the nominative of exclamation differs from the nominative of address. a. Tell the use of the nouns in italics below. MODEL: Fred! Why, mother, Fred is in New York. "Fred" is the name of the person about which something is exclaimed. Therefore, it is a nominative of exclamation. "Mother" is the name of the person spoken to. Therefore, "mother" is a nominative of address. 1. Fred! Why, mother, Fred is in New York. 4. Listen, my children, and you shall hear about it. 6. We must try to save them, father. 7. The curfew! It shall not ring to-night. 8. The snow! The snow! See it snow, mother! 12. She smoothed her work and folded it right, 14. And now, O wise man, name your wish. b. In the sentences above, find a definite article; an indefinite article; a descriptive adjective; a possessive adjective; a personal pronoun; an indefinite pronoun; a noun in the nominative case; a noun in the accusative case; a pronoun in the accusative case. c. Tell the voice, mood, and tense of the verbs. 287. SOME USES OF THE ACCUSATIVE CASE The Adjunct Accusative1 Find the predicates, subjects, and objects in these sentences: 1. The class elected John president. 2. We painted the house white. In the first sentence, "president" helps to complete the predicate and names the same person as the object. In sentence 2, "white" helps to complete the predicate and describes the object. "President" in sentence 1, and "white" in sentence 2, are called adjunct accusatives. As the name implies, a noun used as an adjunct accusative is in the accusative case. a. In the following sentences, find the adjunct accusatives: MODEL: They chose him captain. "Captain" 1To the Teacher: The term adjunct accusative for this construction of a noun or adjective is used by the Joint Committee on Grammatical Nomenclature. Other terms used are: objective predicate, objective complement, factitive complement. helps to complete the predicate, "chose," and names the same person as the object, "him." Therefore, it is an adjunct accusative. 1. They chose him captain. 2. Can they make the tree straight, father? 3. We shall elect him president. 4. Mary will name her doll Jane. 5. She will make her a good friend. 6. They pumped the well dry. 7. The carpenter planed the board smooth. IO. The breeze made us cool. II. May I call this one mine, Harry? 12. Harry, please make this joint even. 13. They made this boy well. b. Find the nouns used in direct address and tell the case of each; the nouns that are subjects; the nouns that are predicate nouns. c. Find the nouns in the accusative case, and tell their use in the sentence. 288. SOME USES OF THE ACCUSATIVE CASE The Adverbial Accusative1 a. In the following sentences, find the nouns that designate measure, time, place, distance. I. The book cost one dollar. 2. The farm was bought last year. 3. The little birds flew south. 4. He walked three miles. 1To the Teacher: The term adverbial accusative adopted by the Committee on Grammatical Nomenclature is in other works called: nouns used adverbially, or the adverbial objective. In the sentences above, "dollar," "year," "south,” and "miles" are names. Therefore, they are nouns They also modify verbs by telling measure, time, distance, or place, so they are adverbs in use. The first sentence could be expanded to read: "The book cost the sum of one dollar." Then "dollar" would be the object of the preposition "of," and in the accusative case. The next sentence could be expanded to express the thought: "The farm was bought at the time of last year." Give the use of "year," and its case. The third sentence might be read, "The little birds flew in the direction of the south." What is the part of speech, use, and case of "south"? Expand the fourth sentence, making "miles" the object of the preposition "of." Nouns are used adverbially to designate measure, time, place, and distance. When so used they are called adverbial accusatives, and are in the accusative case. a. In the following sentences, find the adverbial accusatives and tell the case. MODEL: They gave the book to Martha last week. "Week" is a noun used to modify the verb “gave,' by telling time. Therefore, it is an adverbial accusative. 1. They gave the book to Martha last week. 3. The town was many miles away. 4. They painted the house white last year. 6. We worked a whole day. |