ident Salles had granted full powers to the Brazilian minister at Brussels to ratify the protocols of Dec. 17, 1897, between Brazil and Belgium relating to the protection of industrial property.

An alleged monarchist plot caused great excitement in Rio de Janeiro last spring. According to the plan, divulged by one of the conspirators, President Salles was to be assassinated and the republic overturned.

On April 23 the Roman Catholic mission in Maragone was attacked by hostile Indians, who massacred eleven Capuchan brothers and sisters and over 100 children in their charge.

In the President's message to Congress, which met May 3, he spoke of the development of military instruction and of the necessity for improving war material; of the industrial depression that has prevailed more than a year, due to overspeculation in 1900, and to the overproduction of coffee and consequent low prices, tending to hurt the trade, and of the determination of the government to resume gold payments at the time agreed upon with Great Britain. Owing to increasing taxation and to the rise in the value of money there has been much discontent. President Salles, whose term will expire March, 1902, has been a good executive and done much to better the condition of his country. Commenting on the situation the London Statist (July 13,1901)

says:

"Brazil, then, offers the curious spectacle of a country where the national revenue shows well, shows a very considerable surplus, and enables the government to resume the payment of the full interest on the debt, and where at the very same time the economic condition is very unsatisfactory. We have touched upon most of the causes of the unsatisfactory economic condition.

But there is one other very important cause, and it is the contempt of labor bred by the long existence of slavery. The Brazilian proper, still retaining the feelings of the slaveowner, thinks it derogatory to him to work himself, or to bring up his children to do so. Many of them wear long nails for the mere purpose of proclaiming to the world that they do nothing so mean as work. And the notion that a white man of pure blood should not stoop to labor is shared in by the very children almost from their infancy. One result is a scarcity of labor, with the consequences referred to. The half-castes, the negroes and the Indians

are alleged to be poor workers. Whether that be so or not, at all events there is a loud complaint against them. And it is said that the most efficient of all the workers are Italians and Basques. The Italians, who settle in very large numbers in Argentina and are considered such desirable residents there, do not settle in Brazil, probably because of an uncongenial climate. They remain in the country as little a while as possible, and they save every penny they can in the hope of being able to get away all the earlier. all the earlier. Thus they are accused of forming a kind of roving population and at the same time of draining the country of

its money. If the Brazilians would awaken to their own true interest, and seriously set to work, few countries in the world possess greater resources or would be likely to have a more brilliant future. Even if the Brazilians could attract the right kind of settlers in sufficient numbers there would be a future before them. But as matters stand at present there is a scarcity of labor. There is the demoralization which always accompanies contempt for work. There is scheming, jobbery and corruption. Everybody tries to get public employment. For, except the professions, nobody who respects himself is willing to work in any other capacity. Thus the staff of the gov

ernment is immensely too great. Salaries are too small. Peculation and corruption are common. And the country suffers very severely."

were

In June some newspaper articles published in American papers on German colonization in southern Brazil and its probable effect on the dismemberment of the republic. For many years the German colonies have been growing and the number of Germans now in Brazil is said to be 300,000. Germans hold many important positions and their influence in commercial and political affairs is growing. By many it is believed that the German societies are planning to bring a part of Brazil under the German flag. It is significant that newcomers retain their nationality. Should a revolution occur, it is asserted that they would embrace the opportunity to throw off the yoke of the Brazilian government. Certain circumstances lend a color of truth to the statement that "they are playing the game of commercial conquest and colonial aggression, socially, politically and in every other way." The move to Germanize the country and gain a foothold for the Fatherland is looked upon as "a clear contravention of the Monroe Doctrine." In the States of Santa Catharina and Rio Grande do Sul the German residents are most numerous and in many of their settlements they are probably as much Germans to-day as if they lived in Prussia. It is to be noted that German immigration to Brazil is not large; in 1898 there were only 477 settlers, and in the year 1900 there were 129 from Germany. Italians have been coming in much larger numbers, there being 1,300,000 of them in Brazil. The Italian immigrants numbered 3.775 in 1900 out of a total of 13,801 Portuguese, 6,285; Spanish, 1,758; Turkish, 874; Austrians, 262; French, 172; Russians, 146, and 89 from the United States.

In August M. Alberto Salles, brother of the President, published a manifesto in which he severely arraigned republicanism in Brazil. His declaration that the country had gone backward because of the republic made a sensation. It shows that public sentiment is strongly in favor of a monarchy.

According to a recent interview with Señor Burlido, who was involved in the monarchist plot frustrated in March by the arrest of Admiral Mello, the conspiracy to restore the monarchy is widespread. He is

represented as saying that "the present monarchical movement in Brazil is extensive, embracing the entire aristocracy and the financiers, while most of the provinces sympathize with it."

On Sept. 17 the report of the Minister of Finance was published, in which he shows that 100,000 contos of paper currency ($54,600,000 face value) have been redeemed. "The government has instituted a fund for guaranteeing the paper currency, of which an amount equal to $7,299,750 United States gold has been assigned. With the rise in the rate of exchange the gold value of currency has increased from $92,463,500 to $145.995.000. The foreign payments in gold have been resumed, the government having had over $9,733,000 at its disposal for this purpose. The government has redeemed $3.406,550 worth of the foreign debt and also $12,166,250 of the internal gold loans and 6,200 contos ($3,385,200 face value) of internal gold loans and 6,200 contos ($3,385,200 face value) of internal paper loans.

The

It has, moreover, improved the collecting of inland taxes. The revenue from stamp duties has risen from 9,000 to 15,000 contos (from $4,914,000 to $8,190,000), and that from the tax on retailed goods rose from 14,000 to 36,000 contos (from $7,644,000 to $19,656,000). railways, which before they were leased were working at a loss, are now bringing revenue to the treasury. Besides rendering these services, the government has also paid over $9,733,000 of unconsolidated debts already existing in and outside the country.

"Owing to the government's policy the value of the paper currency has been enhanced so that now, taking 10d. as the rate of exchange 45,680 contos ($24,941,280 face value) will suffice to pay the interest on external loans (amounting to $9,260,950), whereas, in 1898, with the exchange at 6d., to meet the same payment (which then amounted to $7,538,209), a sum of nearly 62,000 contos ($33,852,000 face value) was required. At the same rate of exchange the guaranteed interest cost the treasury over 44,000 contos ($24,024,000 face value), but now this expense amounts to less than 27,000 contos ($14,742,000 face value)."

The exports of Brazil during the first half of 1901 amounted to 360,432.422 milreis ; the two principal items were coffee (168,

Bureau of the American Republics, October, 1901, pp. 683,684.

022,576 milreis) and caoutchouc (101,565,593 milreis). The imports for the five months, January-May, amounted to 139,353,782 milreis.

In August the Argentine minister to Brazil presented a draft of a new commercial treaty, the main features of which are said to be a reduction of the Argentine duty on Brazilian coffee and a reduction of the Brazilian duty on Argentine flour.

Baron de Santa Ana Nery, the renowned Brazilian author, died at Paris in August. He wrote two books on Brazil, published in 1889 and 1891; also "The Country of the Amazon" (1895). He prepared many short articles intended to enlighten Europeans concerning his country.

Brazil's representatives at the Pan-American Congress, held in Mexico City, November-December, 1901, were Luis Guimaraei, A. Fortaura Xavier and José Hygino. The last-named delegate died Dec. 10 from pneumonia complicated with heart trouble. BIBLIOGRAPHY.-Frank G. Carpenter, "South America, Social, Industrial and Political" (1900); H. W. Bates, "Central and South America" (1885); R. G. Watson, "Spanish and Portuguese America" (1884); W. E. Curtis, "The Capitals of Spanish America" (1888); E. Reclus, "The Earth and Its Inhabitants, South America," Vol. 2 (1895); Consular Reports, No. 2696, Annual Series, "Trade of Bahia for the Year 1900;" Consular Reports, No. 547, Miscellaneous Series, "State of Maranhao" (1901); also No. 558. "Financial and Economic Situation in Brazil" (1900), and 530, "State of Amazonas" (1900); U. S. Consular Reports, 1901; Bulletin of the Bureau of the American Republics, 1901; The Statist (London), 1901.

EUGENE PARSONS.

BRIDGES, STONE ARCH, LONG SPAN.The longest single-span arch bridge ever constructed will probably be opened for use in the spring of 1903. It is now being built over the Petrusse Valley for the Grand Duchy of Luxemburg. The roadway will be 144 ft. above the Petrusse River, which runs through the deep ravine separating Luxemburg from its railway station. It will have a span of 275 ft. and the arch will in reality consist of two distinct parallel bridges, 19 ft. 7 in. wide. the foundations of which are of concrete.

There are several novel features in its

construction; the roadway is supported over the spandrels by four 17-foot semicircular arches at each end, and beyond the main arch there are two smaller ones, each of which measures 70.8 ft.

The width of the bridge between parapets will be 52 ft.

The stone for this massive structure is quarried in the vicinity and there will be about 776.952 cubic ft. of masonry, besides 45 tons of metal. The cost is estimated at $270,000.

Another large bridge of one span is over the river Pruth in Galaicia on the line of the Austrian Stanislau-Woronienka Railroad. This has a single arch of 2131 ft. with a rise of 58 ft. It is built of native sandstone and is said to have cost only $40,000.

The Lavour Bridge in France, on the Limoges and Brives Railway has a single span of 2013 ft.

In England the Grosvenor Bridge over the Dee at Chester has a span of 200 ft. The Ballochmyle Viaduct on the Glasgow and Southwestern Railroad has a span of 180 feet.

The longest one-span arch bridge which is now in existence and completed is in the United States. It is the Cabin John Bridge near the city of Washington, and has a span of 220 ft. with a rise of 57.26 ft.

The ravine crossed by this bridge is called Cabin John Run, having been named for an old man who lived on its banks..

The bridge was projected by BrigadierGeneral Montgomery C. Meigs and about six years were occupied in its construction. It was finished in 1863.

BUTLER, NICHOLAS MURRAY, was elected president of Columbia University, succeeding Dr. Seth Low, Jan. 6. Prof. Butler is one of the most competent and widely known of American educators, although he is still a young man, only forty years of age. Perhaps no one in the United States except Prof. Low would be so acceptable to the faculty and students of the university, as is their new chief, who has been long associated with his alma mater in practical work.

Nicholas Murray Butler was born at Elizabeth, N. J., April 2, 1862. He was graduated at Columbia in 1882 (A. M. 1883; Ph. D., 1884): University Fellow in Philosophy 1882-5. He studied at Berlin and Paris in 1884-5 since which time he has

been one of the educators at Columbia: assistant in philosophy, 1885-6; tutor, 1886-9; adjunct professor, 1889-90; dean of faculty of philosophy since 1890.

He was the founder and president of the New York College for the training of teachers, which is now called Teachers College, 1886-91. Member of the N. J. State Board of Education 1887-95. Special commissioner from New Jersey to the Paris Exposition 1889 and president of the Paterson (N. J.) Board of Education, 1892-3.

Editor of the Educational Review, of the Great Educator's Series, also of the Columbia University Contributions to Philosophy and Education. He is the author of "Meaning of Education" and editor of monographs on Education in the United States submitted as part of the educational exhibit at the Paris Exposition in 1900.

CARNEGIE INSTITUTION, THE, is the name given to the national university which was incorporated in Washington, January 4, 1902, and for which Mr. Carnegie gives $10,000,000. The incorporators are Secretary Hay; Edwin D. White, Justice of the Supreme Court; D. C. Gilman, late president of Johns Hopkins University; Charles D. Walcott, superintendent of the geological survey; John S. Billings, former surgeon-general of the navy, and Carroll D. Wright, commissioner of labor.

The preparation of the articles of incorporation was intrusted to Marcus Baker of the coast survey. The institution is organized "for a perpetual term." Its avowed objects are "the promotion of study and re search, the power to acquire, hold and convey real estate and other property, and to establish general and special funds; to assist investigations in science, literature or art, to co-operate with governments, universities, colleges, technical schools, learned societies and individuals; to appoint committees of experts to direct special lines of research; to publish and distribute documents; to conduct lectures and hold meetings; to acquire and maintain a library, and in general to do and perform all things necessary to promote the objects of said institution."

The incorporators were chosen by Mr. Carnegie, who also gave direction to the purpose of the institution and will in a measure lead the way in its future development. The articles of incorporation having been filed in Washington with the recorder of deeds, the next step will be the organization

of a board of trustees. This will probably include the present incorporators and other representative men from various portions of the country.

Mr. Carnegie's donation is in the form of first-class securities, but not of the government issue, as outside investments pay a larger income.

CHANNING, WILLIAM ELLERY, died at his home in Concord, Mass., December 23, 1901. Thus passes the last of the famous coterie of New England's classical writers, including Thoreau, Hawthorne and Emerson-men who made Concord famous in the world of letters.

Mr. Channing was the author of "Poems" (1843-7); "The Woodman;” “Near Home;" "Eliot;" "John Brown." Also "Youth of the Poet and Painter;" "Thoreau, the Poet-Naturalist," "Conversations in Rome," etc., also many magazine articles. While his work showed less literary discipline than that of his three famous contemporaries, still his style was forcible and his works popular. He has left a quantity of manuscripts from which selections hereafter be made for publication.

will

William Ellery Channing was born at Boston, June 10th, 1818, and was a nephew of William Ellery Channing, the famous American clergyman, writer and philanthropist (1780-1842) who was one of the principal founders of American Unitarianism.

He was married in 1842 to Miss Ellen Fuller, a sister Fuller, a sister of Margaret Fuller and leaves five children.

As

CONGRESS, THE PROCEEDINGS OF THE FIFTY-SEVENTH (DECEMBER).-The Fiftyseventh Congress began its work on the 2nd of December. In the Senate, William P. Frye of Maine is President, owing to the death of President McKinley and the promotion of Vice-President Roosevelt. was expected, the speakership of the House fell to David B. Henderson of Iowa; he received 190 votes, his plurality over James D. Richardson of Tennessee, the only other candidate who was actually in the running, being 41.

The following new Senators were sworn in Charles H. Dietrich and Joseph H. Millard (Neb.), A. B. Kittredge (S. D.), and Paris Gibson (Mont.).

Since the close of the previous session, the only loss by death in the Senatorial ranks has been that of James H. Kyle of

South Dakota, whose place the Governor of that State has filled by Mr. Kittredge, mentioned above.

The constitution of the Congress, like that of its predecessor, is strongly Republican. In the House, there are 198 Republicans and 152 Democrats, the Populists and Silverites being only a negligible half-dozen. In the Senate there are 55 Republicans, 30 Democrats, and 3 "others." We may look, therefore, to see the Republican party measures pushed through without serious opposition.

It was evident from the beginning that the Congress would not be forced to cast about for matter deserving its attention. Several important issues-notably the HayPauncefote Treaty and the isthmian canal, the Frye-Hanna Ship Subsidy bill, and the Philippine tariff-were bequeathed to it by its predecessor. Besides, there is the eternal wrangling among the protectionists, the free-traders, and the champions of reciprocity, and the usual resurrection of the River and Harbor Appropriations bill. The reenactment of the Chinese Exclusion act, which expires next May, will also demand consideration.

RULES. Against strenuous objection from the opposition, the rules of the Fiftysixth Congress were adopted with slight modifications.

COMMITTEES.-In the main, the chairmanships of the important committees remain unchanged: Allison on Appropriations, Aldrich on Finance, Morgan on the Nicaraguan Canal, Frye on Commerce, Foraker on the Pacific Islands and Porto Rico, Platt on the Navy, and Hale on the Army, still serve. By the death of Senator Davis of Minnesota, Cullom of Illinois becomes chairman of the Committee on Foreign Affairs; and Senator Mason becomes head of the Committee on Post Offices by the retirement of three senators, who "ranked" the Illinois Senator on this committee. In the House the leading chairmen are Joseph G. Cannon of the Committee on Appropriations, William P. Hepburn of the Committee on the Isthmian Canal, John A. T. Hull of the Committee on Military Affairs, and (by the death of Nelson Dingley) Sereno A. Payne of the Committee on Ways and Means.

ESTIMATES OF APPROPRIATIONS.-On the first day of the session Secretary Gage transmitted to Congress his estimates of appropriations required for the government service for the fiscal year ending June 30,