ed by the Swiss guards, a most bloody conflict took place, which terminated in the total defeat and destruction of the guards, and the complete triumph of the Parisians. The king at the commencement of the engagement had-not certainly in the spirit of Henry IV.-made his retreat across the gardens of the Tuilleries, with the queen, to the hall of the assembly, who continued their fitting in the midft of this unexampled scene of terror and confufion, and the inceffant noise of musquetry and cannon. All freedom of deliberation was now at an end. A decree paffed without debate, declaring the executive power fufpended, and fummoning a national convention to meet on the 20th of September. The king and queen meanwhile were committed close prifoners to the temple. A most fpirited justificatory declaration of the measure of suspenfion was published by the affembly, concluding with these words: "We have difcharged our duty in seizing with courage on the only means of preferving liberty that occurred to our confideration; we shall be spared remorse at leaft, nor shall we have to reproach ourselves with having seen a means of faving our country and not having em. braced it."

On the following day a new provisional executive council was appointed, confifting of the popular ministers Roland, Servan, and Claviere, dismissed by the king; to whom was added M. Le Brun, as minister of foreign affairs. M. Luckner, M. Dumourier now acting in the capacity of general in the army, and the other commanders, fubmitted with readiness to the authority of the assembly. M. Fayette alone attempted resistance; but finding himself wholly unsupported by his troops, he was obliged to make a precipitate escape. Being intercepted in his flight, and delivered up to the Pruffians, he was committed close prifoner to the fortress of Spandau, where he has been treated with a feverity not to be wholly ascribed to the part

taken by him in the late revolution. The combined armies of Austria and Pruffia in the mean time made a rapid and alarming progress. The town of Longwy furrendered on the 21st of August, and in a few days afterwards that of Verdun; yet even in these circumstances the national affembly had the magnanimity to declare war against the king of Sardinia, who had given repeated and flagrant proofs of his hoftile disposition towards France.

Since the deposition of the king the prisons had been filled with persons accused or fufpected of difaffection to the exifting government; and a fort of phrensy seizing the populace on the expected approach of the duke, the pri-, fons were forced open on the night of the 2d of September, and a most horrid and indiscriminate maffacre of the prifoners took place. It is said that, application being made on this occafion to M. Danton, minister of JUSTICE, to interpofe his authority in order to put a stop to these detestable enormities, he replied, "When the people have done their part I will perform mine."

On the 20th of September the national convention met at Paris, and a decree immediately passed by acclamation for the eternal abolition of royalty in. France. Such had been the infidious negligence of the court, that the country was wholly unprepared for its defence; and M. Dumourier, to whom the destiny of France was now entrusted, could scarcely oppose thirty thousand men to the army of the duke of Brunswic, confifting of eighty thousand. With this small force he determined to make his stand at the forest of Argonne, the paffes of which after repeated attempts the duke found himself unable to force. The French army receiving continual reinforcements, and the Pruffians fuffering under the united evils of sickness and famine, he was compelled to the humiliating neceffity of commencing his retreat on the ist of October, and by the 18th the Austrian and Prufian armies had completely evacuated

cuated France*. By this time the French arms were triumphant in every quarter. General Montesquiou entering Savoy on the 20th of September, was received with joyful acclamation at Chamberri the capital, and the whole country fubmitted almost without resistance. On the other fide, the fortress of Montalban and the entire county of Nice were conquered by general Anfelm. On the banks of the Rhine general Custine distinguished himself by the most brilliant successes-reducing successively the cities of Worms, Spire, Mentz, and Frankfort.

Early in November general Dumourier entered the Auftrian Netherlands; and on the 5th of November, a day facred to liberty, attacking the Austrian entrenchments at Jemappe near Mons, he gained a most complete and signal victory, the consequences of which were decisive as to the fate of the Netherlands. Mons instantly furrendered. Tournay, Ostend, Ghent, and Antwerp foon followed; and on the 14th the French general made his triumphal entry into Brussels. And before the end of the year, the whole of the Austrian low countries, Luxembourg only excepted, together with the city and territory of Leige, were subjected by the victorious arms of France. Such

were

* The noble one of Buchanan on the retreat of the emperor Charles V. from Metz, addressed to Henry II. king of France, is admirably ap plicable to the retreat of Brunswic, and the triumph of Dumourier.

"Tu bellicofæ dux bone Galliæ
Sperare promptam cuncta superbiam
Compefcuifti: tu dedifti

Indomito laqueos furori.

Quis vultus illi? qui dolor intimis
Arfit medullis? Spiritus impotens
Cum claustra spectaret Mosellæ

Et juvenum intrepidam corronam.

Sic unda rupes sævit in obvias;
Claufus caminis ignis inæstuat:
Hyrcana fic tigris ruento
Dente fuas furit in catenas."

were the astonishing effects of that glorious enthusiasm, which can only be inspired by the love of FREEDOM*!

In the midst of the exultation occafioned by this unexampled series of triumphs, a decree was passed by acclamation in the assembly November 19, 1792, in the following terms:-" The national convention declare, in the name of the French nation, that they will grant fraternity and affistance to all those people who wish to procure liberty. And they charge the executive power to send orders to the generals to give assistance to fuch people; and to defend citizens who have suffered and are now fuffering in the cause of liberty."

This famous decree, which deserved to be confidered in no other light than as a magnificent and empty vaunt, was productive of very strange and serious consequences. Two other decrees of the affembly also demand a specific notice: the one erecting the Duchy of Savoy into an 84th department of the French republic, contrary to a fundamental article of the constitution, by which the renounced all foreign conquests: the other, on the capture of Antwerp, declaratory of the freedom of navigation on the river Scheldt.

* Long had the giant-form on Gallia's plains

*

Inglorious slept, unconscious of his chains;
Round his large limbs were wound a thousand strings,

By the weak hands of confeffors and kings;
O'er his closed eyes a triple veil was bound,
And steely rivets locked him to the ground:
While stern bastille with iron cage inthralls
His folded limbs, and hems in marble walls.
-Touch'd by the patriot flame, herent amaz'd
The flimfy bonds, and round and round him gaz'd;
Starts up from earth, above the admiring throng
Lifts his colossal form, and towers along:
High o'er his foes his hundred arms he rears,
Ploughshares his swords, and pruning-hooks his spears;
Calls to the good and brave with voice that rolls
Like Heaven's own thunder round the echoing poles;
Gives to the winds his banner broad unfurl'd,

And gathers in its shade the living WORLD.

Before

DARWIN'S BOTANIC GARDEN.

Before we revert to the affairs of Great Britain, it may be proper tranfiently to notice the fituation of the different powers of Europe not actually engaged in the crufade against France.

Great pains had been taken by the courts of Vienna and St. Petersburg to engage the republic of Poland in the last war against Turkey; and the king of Poland had been perfonally present at the memorable interview of Cherfon. But the servile dependency on Ruffia, in which the republic had been held fince the æra of the acceffion of Stanislaus, was odious to the Poles; and a new interest-that of PRUSSIA-had lately gained the afcendency in the diet, under the favorable auspices of which Poland seemed for a time to recover some share of importance in the European scale of power. The propofition of war was rejected; and a treaty of amity and defenfive alliance concluded with Pruffia February 1790. In the diet held at Warsaw May 1791, a new constitutional code was announced and promulgated, to the great joy of the nation, deeply sensible of the evils resulting from her former inefficient and defective form of government. By the new formula the crown of Poland was declared to be hereditary, and the executive power vested solely in the monarch. The privileges of the aristocracy were circumscribed within narrower limits, and the bleffings of liberty in fome degree extended to the mass of the people. The king of Pruffia, by his ambaffador at Warsaw, formally congratulated the king and the republic of Poland on this happy event. But foon the scene totally changed. The empress of Russia declared her entire disapprobation of the late revolution, and, as the guarantee of the former constitution, ordered an army of one hundred thousand men to enter the territories of the republic.

Finding no force fufficient to stop, or scarcely to impede their progress, the Ruffian generals proceeded to Warfaw; and the whole country being now in their hands, the

new